@misc{FlorianSchrickerZenzetal., author = {Florian, Tobias and Schricker, Klaus and Zenz, Constantin and Otto, Andreas and Schmidt, Leander and Diegel, Christian and Friedmann, Hannes and Seibold, Marc and Hellwig, Peter and Fr{\"o}hlich, Fabian and Nagel, Falk and Kallage, Peter and Buttazzoni, Michele and Rack, Alexander and Requardt, Herwig and Chen, Yunhui and Bergmann, Jean Pierre}, title = {Combining in situ synchrotron X-ray imaging and multiphysics simulation to reveal pore formation dynamics in laser welding of copper}, series = {International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture}, volume = {204}, journal = {International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture}, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, issn = {0890-6955}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2024.104224}, pages = {1 -- 22}, abstract = {Laser beam welding has emerged as a powerful tool for manufacturing copper components in electrical vehicles, electronic devices or energy storage, owing to its rapid processing capabilities. Nonetheless, the material's high thermal conductivity and low absorption of infrared light can introduce process instabilities, resulting in defects such as pores. This study employs a hybrid approach that combines in situ synchrotron X-ray imaging with compressible multiphysics process simulation to elucidate pore-forming mechanisms during laser beam welding of copper. High-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging with an acquisition rate of 20,000 images/second facilitates the identification of relevant process regimes concerning pore formation during laser beam welding of copper with a wavelength of 1070 nm. Furthermore, in situ observations with high temporal and spatial resolution present a unique database for extensive validation of a multi-physics process simulation based on welding processes using different concentric intensity distributions. These validated simulation results enable thorough comprehension of process-related pore formation based on the interaction between keyhole, melt pool and resulting flow field. The findings show that pore formation is driven by four different mechanisms: bulging, spiking, upwelling waves at the keyhole rear wall and melt pool ejections. The synergy of high- speed synchrotron X-ray imaging and multi-physics modeling provides a fundamental understanding of the chronological sequence of events leading to process-related pore formation during laser beam welding of copper.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchrickerSchmidtNageletal., author = {Schricker, Klaus and Schmidt, Leander and Nagel, Falk and Diegel, Christian and Friedmann, Hannes and Seibold, Marc and Hellwig, Peter and Fr{\"o}hlich, Fabian and Kallage, Peter and Chen, Yunhui and Requardt, Herwig and Rack, Alexander and Bergmann, Jean Pierre}, title = {A comprehensive study on the influence of spatial power distribution on time-dependent keyhole behavior in laser beam welding of copper by means of high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging}, series = {Optics \& laser technology}, volume = {192, Part E}, journal = {Optics \& laser technology}, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0030-3992}, doi = {10.1016/j.optlastec.2025.113999}, pages = {1 -- 15}, abstract = {This paper examines the impact of spatial power distributions on the time-dependent keyhole behavior during laser beam welding of copper using high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging. The experimental setup utilized a COHERENT HighLight FL8000-ARM fiber laser with concentric intensity distribution created by an optical fiber cable. The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF, beamline ID19) was used to conduct high-speed synchrotron imaging at 20,000 images per second to study the spatio-temporal keyhole behavior. Keyhole geometries were extracted through advanced image processing techniques, allowing quantification of parameters like depth, aperture, bulging, and determination of related oscillation frequencies. The results showed that core-dominated processes exhibit significant variations in keyhole geometry. In contrast, ring-dominated processes exhibited reduced penetration depths but increased melt pool dynamics due to altered absorption conditions and increased temperatures within the melt pool. A stabilized core-ring power distribution minimized fluctuations, resulting in improved process stability. The findings were summarized in a model concept describing three characteristic keyhole regimes: core-dominated, ring-dominated, and stabilized core-ring processes.}, language = {en} }