@incollection{WachsSchubarthBilz, author = {Wachs, Sebastian and Schubarth, Wilfried and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Mobbing in der Schule. Auswirkungen auf das Wohlbefinden und M{\"o}glichkeiten der schulischen Pr{\"a}vention}, series = {Leistung und Wohlbefinden in der Schule: Herausforderung Inklusion}, booktitle = {Leistung und Wohlbefinden in der Schule: Herausforderung Inklusion}, editor = {Rathmann, Katharina and Hurrelmann, Klaus}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {Beltz Juventa}, address = {Weinheim}, isbn = {978-3-7799-3859-0}, pages = {121 -- 138}, language = {de} } @misc{WachsBilzFischeretal., author = {Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig and Fischer, Saskia M. and Schubarth, Wilfried and Wright, Michelle F.}, title = {Students' Willingness to Intervene in Bullying: Direct and Indirect Associations with Classroom Cohesion and Self-Efficacy}, series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {15}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, number = {11}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph15112577}, pages = {11}, abstract = {Although school climate and self-efficacy have received some attention in the literature, as correlates of students' willingness to intervene in bullying, to date, very little is known about the potential mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between classroom climate and students' willingness to intervene in bullying. To this end, the present study analyzes whether the relationship between classroom cohesion (as one facet of classroom climate) and students' willingness to intervene in bullying situations is mediated by self-efficacy in social conflicts. This study is based on a representative stratified random sample of two thousand and seventy-one students (51.3\% male), between the ages of twelve and seventeen, from twenty-four schools in Germany. Results showed that between 43\% and 48\% of students reported that they would not intervene in bullying. A mediation test using the structural equation modeling framework revealed that classroom cohesion and self-efficacy in social conflicts were directly associated with students' willingness to intervene in bullying situations. Furthermore, classroom cohesion was indirectly associated with higher levels of students' willingness to intervene in bullying situations, due to self-efficacy in social conflicts. We thus conclude that: (1) It is crucial to increase students' willingness to intervene in bullying; (2) efforts to increase students' willingness to intervene in bullying should promote students' confidence in dealing with social conflicts and interpersonal relationships; and (3) self-efficacy plays an important role in understanding the relationship between classroom cohesion and students' willingness to intervene in bullying. Recommendations are provided to help increase adolescents' willingness to intervene in bullying and for future research.}, language = {en} } @misc{WachsBilzNiproschkeetal., author = {Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig and Niproschke, Saskia and Schubarth, Wilfried}, title = {Bullying Intervention in Schools: A Multilevel Analysis of Teachers' Success in Handling Bullying From the Students' Perspective}, series = {Journal of Early Adolescence}, volume = {29}, journal = {Journal of Early Adolescence}, number = {5}, issn = {0272-4316}, doi = {10.1177/0272431618780423}, pages = {642 -- 668}, abstract = {To date, little has been known about teachers' success in bullying interventions. Thus, the present study analyzes how successfully teachers intervene in real bullying situations, based on an analysis of 1,996 reports by German students aged between 12 and 15 (49.2\% female) from 24 schools. Predictors of success included intervention strategy (authoritarian-punitive, supportive-individual, supportive-cooperative intervention), bullying form (physical, verbal, relational, cyber), and the student's bullying role (bully, victim, bystander) in the particular situation. Multilevel analyses showed that supportive-cooperative intervention strategies were the most successful in dealing with bullying in both the short and long term. In the long term, students evaluated teachers as being more successful in dealing with cyberbullying compared with physical bullying. Compared with students who observed bullying, students who perpetrated it were less likely to report that teachers' interventions were successful in the short term. Implications for bullying intervention, preservice teacher-training, and future research are discussed.}, language = {en} } @techreport{SchubarthBilzWachs, author = {Schubarth, Wilfried and Bilz, Ludwig and Wachs, Sebastian}, title = {Gewalt und Mobbing - auch eine Folge unterlassener Hilfeleistung? Ergebnisse einer Studie zum Lehrerhandeln bei Gewalt und Mobbing}, pages = {6}, abstract = {Immer wieder wird in der {\"O}ffentlichkeit {\"u}ber Mobbingf{\"a}lle an Schulen diskutiert und die Frage aufgeworfen, warum Lehrkr{\"a}fte so wenig dagegen unternehmen. Nun ist eine von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) gef{\"o}rderte Studie dieser Frage nachgegangen. Die repr{\"a}sentative Untersuchung unter der Sch{\"u}ler- und Lehrerschaft hat herausgefunden, inwieweit Lehrkr{\"a}fte Mobbingph{\"a}nomene {\"u}berhaupt wahrnehmen und ob bzw. wie sie dagegen vorgehen. Insgesamt entsteht ein sehr differenziertes Bild hinsichtlich des Lehrerhandelns bei Gewalt und Mobbing. Die große Mehrheit der Lehrkr{\"a}fte schaut bei Mobbing nicht weg, sondern versucht mit p{\"a}dagogischen Mitteln einzugreifen und Mobbing zu beenden. Zugleich zeigt sich aber auch, dass Lehrkr{\"a}fte nicht alles mitbekommen, dass sie Mobbing ganz unterschiedlich wahrnehmen und mitunter p{\"a}dagogisch unangemessen reagieren, womit die These erh{\"a}rtet wird, dass Mobbing auch eine Folge von unterlassener Hilfeleistung seitens der Lehrkr{\"a}fte sein kann.}, language = {de} } @incollection{WachsBilzFischeretal., author = {Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig and Fischer, Saskia M. and Schubarth, Wilfried}, title = {Students' Willingness to Intervene in Bullying: Direct and Indirect Associations with Classroom Cohesion and Self-Efficacy}, series = {Interventions to Reduce Bullying and Cyberbullying}, booktitle = {Interventions to Reduce Bullying and Cyberbullying}, editor = {Smith, Peter K. and Bauman, Sheri and Wong, Dennis}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, isbn = {978-3-03921-359-7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-360-3}, pages = {194 -- 204}, abstract = {Although school climate and self-efficacy have received some attention in the literature, as correlates of students' willingness to intervene in bullying, to date, very little is known about the potential mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between classroom climate and students' willingness to intervene in bullying. To this end, the present study analyzes whether the relationship between classroom cohesion (as one facet of classroom climate) and students' willingness to intervene in bullying situations is mediated by self-efficacy in social conflicts. This study is based on a representative stratified random sample of two thousand and seventy-one students (51.3\% male), between the ages of twelve and seventeen, from twenty-four schools in Germany. Results showed that between 43\% and 48\% of students reported that they would not intervene in bullying. A mediation test using the structural equation modeling framework revealed that classroom cohesion and self-efficacy in social conflicts were directly associated with students' willingness to intervene in bullying situations. Furthermore, classroom cohesion was indirectly associated with higher levels of students' willingness to intervene in bullying situations, due to self-efficacy in social conflicts. We thus conclude that: (1) It is crucial to increase students' willingness to intervene in bullying; (2) efforts to increase students' willingness to intervene in bullying should promote students' confidence in dealing with social conflicts and interpersonal relationships; and (3) self-efficacy plays an important role in understanding the relationship between classroom cohesion and students' willingness to intervene in bullying. Recommendations are provided to help increase adolescents' willingness to intervene in bullying and for future research.}, language = {en} } @misc{WachsGoerzigWrightetal., author = {Wachs, Sebastian and G{\"o}rzig, Anke and Wright, Michelle F. and Schubarth, Wilfried and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Associations among adolescents' relationships with parents, peers, and teachers, self-efficacy, and willingness to intervene in bullying: A social cognitive approach}, series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {17}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, number = {2}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph17020420}, pages = {16}, abstract = {We applied the Social Cognitive Theory to investigate whether parent-child relationships, bullying victimization, and teacher-student relationships are directly as well as indirectly via self-efficacy in social conflicts associated with adolescents' willingness to intervene in a bullying incident. There were 2071 (51.3\% male) adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 from 24 schools in Germany who participated in this study. A mediation test using structural equation modeling revealed that parent-child relationships, bullying victimization, and teacher-student relationships were directly related to adolescents' self-efficacy in social conflicts. Further, teacher-student relationships and bullying victimization were directly associated with adolescents' willingness to intervene in bullying. Finally, relationships with parents, peers and teachers were indirectly related to higher levels of students' willingness to intervene in bullying situations due to self-efficacy in social conflicts. Thus, our analysis confirms the general assumptions of Social Cognitive Theory and the usefulness of applying its approach to social conflicts such as bullying situations.}, language = {en} } @incollection{WachsSchubarthBilz, author = {Wachs, Sebastian and Schubarth, Wilfried and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Hate Speech als Schulproblem? Erziehungswissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf ein aktuelles Ph{\"a}nomen}, series = {Bewegungen : Beitr{\"a}ge zum 26. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Erziehungswissenschaft}, booktitle = {Bewegungen : Beitr{\"a}ge zum 26. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Erziehungswissenschaft}, editor = {Ackeren, Isabell van}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {Barbara Budrich}, address = {Opladen}, isbn = {978-3-8474-2385-0}, pages = {223 -- 236}, language = {de} } @misc{FischerWachsBilz, author = {Fischer, Saskia M. and Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Teachers' empathy and likelihood of intervention in hypothetical relational and retrospectively reported bullying situations}, series = {European Journal of Developmental Psychology}, journal = {European Journal of Developmental Psychology}, issn = {1740-5610}, doi = {10.1080/17405629.2020.1869538}, pages = {16}, abstract = {Prior research suggests that teachers with higher levels of empathy are more willing to intervene in bullying among students. However, these findings are based on hypothetical bullying situations and teachers' self-reports. In this study with 2,071 German students and their 556 teachers, we analysed reactions to hypothetical relational bullying situations as well as retrospectively reported bullying situations both from the teachers' as well as the students' perspectives. Results showed that teachers with higher levels of empathy reported stronger intentions to intervene in hypothetical relational bullying situations but were not more likely to intervene in retrospectively reported bullying situations. From the students' perspective, teachers' empathy was neither connected to the teachers' intention to intervene nor to the likelihood of intervention in the retrospectively reported situations. These different results could be taken as an opportunity to investigate whether existing findings could be influenced by methodological aspects such as teachers' self-reports. Implications for future research are discussed.}, language = {en} } @misc{KrauseBallaschkSchulzeReicheltetal., author = {Krause, Norman and Ballaschk, Cindy and Schulze-Reichelt, Friederike and Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Wachs, Sebastian and Schubarth, Wilfried and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {„Ich lass mich da nicht klein machen!" Eine qualitative Studie zur Bew{\"a}ltigung von Hatespeech durch Sch{\"u}ler/innen}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Bildungsforschung}, volume = {11}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Bildungsforschung}, issn = {2190-6904}, doi = {10.1007/s35834-021-00291-w}, pages = {169 -- 185}, abstract = {Von Hass und Hetze gepr{\"a}gte Kommunikationsformen im Internet stehen seit einigen Jahren im Fokus der {\"o}ffentlichen Aufmerksamkeit. Kaum beachtet wurden bisher jedoch die Fragen, ob sich solche als Hatespeech bezeichneten Ausdrucksweisen auch in der Schule zeigen und wie Sch{\"u}ler/innen derartige Vorf{\"a}lle bewerten und bew{\"a}ltigen. Um Antworten auf diese Fragen zu finden, wurden 21 leitfadengest{\"u}tzte, episodische Interviews (nach Flick) mit Jugendlichen aus Berlin und Brandenburg zu ihren Erfahrungen und Bew{\"a}ltigungsstrategien in Bezug auf Hatespeech im schulischen Kontext ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse machen deutlich, dass Hatespeech-Erfahrungen von Sch{\"u}ler/innen als belastend wahrgenommen und die eigenen Potenziale zur Bew{\"a}ltigung individuell und situativ unterschiedlich bewertet werden. Insbesondere die subjektive Beeinflussbarkeit bzw. Kontrollierbarkeit des stressausl{\"o}senden Hatespeech-Vorfalls sowie die soziale Unterst{\"u}tzung im Setting der Schulklasse scheinen sich auf die Bew{\"a}ltigung auszuwirken. Die berichteten Bew{\"a}ltigungsstrategien lassen sich, dem Transaktionalen Stressmodell entsprechend, in emotionsfokussiert (Einbezug sozialer Unterst{\"u}tzung, Verdr{\"a}ngung und Vermeidung) und problemfokussiert (aktives Ignorieren und Counterspeech) kategorisieren. Die Ergebnisse st{\"u}tzen Forderungen nach Pr{\"a}ventionsarbeit in Schulen. Sch{\"u}ler/innen sollten dabei als Expert/innen der Lebenswelt Schule einbezogen werden. Außerdem scheinen Maßnahmen zur St{\"a}rkung sozialer und personaler Ressourcen sinnvoll zu sein, um konstruktive Bew{\"a}ltigungsstrategien zu erm{\"o}glichen. Zur Konkretisierung und Quantifizierung der Forschungsergebnisse ist weitere Forschung notwendig.}, language = {de} } @incollection{WachsSchubarthKrauseetal., author = {Wachs, Sebastian and Schubarth, Wilfried and Krause, Norman and Ballaschk, Cindy and Schulze-Reichelt, Friederike and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Hate Speech als Herausforderung f{\"u}r Schule und Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung}, series = {Hate Speech - Multidisziplin{\"a}re Analysen und Handlungsoptionen. Theoretische und empirische Ann{\"a}herungen an ein interdisziplin{\"a}res Ph{\"a}nomen}, booktitle = {Hate Speech - Multidisziplin{\"a}re Analysen und Handlungsoptionen. Theoretische und empirische Ann{\"a}herungen an ein interdisziplin{\"a}res Ph{\"a}nomen}, editor = {Wachs, Sebastian and Koch-Priewe, Barbara and Zick, Andreas}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {Springer VS}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-31792-8}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-31793-5_12}, pages = {279 -- 297}, abstract = {Hate Speech betrifft die Lebenswelt von Kindern und Jugendlichen in einem erheblichen Maße. Deshalb sind auch Schulen und Lehrkr{\"a}fte mit dem Ph{\"a}nomen zunehmend konfrontiert. Der Bildungs- und Erziehungsauftrag der Schule erfordert eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit rassistischen und menschenverachtenden Positionen. Um diesem Auftrag gerecht zu werden, bedarf es beim Umgang mit Hate Speech vermehrter Anstrengungen in Schule und Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung. Erste Leitlinien und Perspektiven zeichnen sich schon heute ab.}, language = {de} } @misc{BallaschkWachsKrauseetal., author = {Ballaschk, Cindy and Wachs, Sebastian and Krause, Norman and Schulze-Reichelt, Friederike and Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Bilz, Ludwig and Schubarth, Wilfried}, title = {„Dann machen halt alle mit." Eine qualitative Studie zu Beweggr{\"u}nden und Motiven f{\"u}r Hatespeech unter Sch{\"u}ler*innen}, series = {Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung}, volume = {16}, journal = {Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung}, number = {4}, issn = {1862-5002}, doi = {10.3224/diskurs.v16i4.01}, pages = {18}, abstract = {Das Thema Hatespeech r{\"u}ckt immer mehr in den Fokus der {\"O}ffentlichkeit und der Forschung. Im Gegensatz zu Hatespeech im Internet wird jedoch Hatespeech unter Jugendlichen, die von Angesicht zu Angesicht im Schulkontext ausge{\"u}bt wird, kaum beachtet. Hier setzt die vorliegende Studie an, in der Sch{\"u}ler*innen (n = 55), Lehrkr{\"a}fte (n = 18) und Sozialp{\"a}dagog*innen (n =16) auf der Basis leitfadengest{\"u}tzter Interviews dazu befragt wurden, was m{\"o}gliche Beweggr{\"u}nde und Motive daf{\"u}r sind, dass Sch{\"u}ler*innen Hatespeech in der Lebenswelt Schule und online aus{\"u}ben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass m{\"o}gliche Beweggr{\"u}nde f{\"u}r Hatespeech Angst vor Statusverlust, Gruppendruck, Provokation, Spaß, politisch-ideologische {\"U}berzeugung und Kompensation von Frust- und Minderwertigkeitsgef{\"u}hlen sind. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wird verdeutlicht, dass sich hinter diesen Gr{\"u}nden f{\"u}r Hatespeech oftmals Grundmotive nach Macht und Zugeh{\"o}rigkeit abzeichnen. Die Ergebnisse werden in Bezug auf anschließende Forschung und praktische Implikationen diskutiert.}, language = {de} } @misc{KansokDuscheBallaschkKrauseetal., author = {Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Ballaschk, Cindy and Krause, Norman and Seemann-Herz, Lisanne and Zeißig, Anke and Schulze-Reichelt, Friederike and Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {A systematic review on hate speech among children and adolescents: Definitions, frequencies and overlap with bullying}, series = {World Anti-Bullying Forum 2021, Stockholm}, journal = {World Anti-Bullying Forum 2021, Stockholm}, address = {Stockholm}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.10336.61448}, pages = {1}, abstract = {Hate speech is unequivocally seen as harmful to individuals and communities (United Nations, 2019), but little is yet known about the current state of research on the frequency of hate speech among children and adolescents. Evidence suggests that definitional ambiguities of hate speech exist in academic research (e.g., Brown, 2017). But without a precise theoretical definition of hate speech, standardized assessment methods and the ability to soundly differentiate it from related phenomena, empirical research may lack validity and comparability. For research on children and adolescents in particular, hate speech needs to be differentiated from bullying (e.g., Lehmann, 2019). In a systematic review, we thus identified and systematized empirical studies on hate speech.}, language = {en} } @misc{WachsWettsteinBilzetal., author = {Wachs, Sebastian and Wettstein, Alexander and Bilz, Ludwig and Krause, Norman and Ballaschk, Cindy and Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Wright, Michelle F.}, title = {Playing by the Rules? An Investigation of the Relationship Between Social Norms and Adolescents' Hate Speech Perpetration in Schools}, series = {Journal of Interpersonal Violence}, volume = {37}, journal = {Journal of Interpersonal Violence}, number = {21-22}, issn = {0886-2605}, doi = {10.1177/08862605211056032}, pages = {21143 -- 21164}, abstract = {Hate speech is often discussed and investigated as an online phenomenon, while hate speech among adolescents in the real world (e.g., in schools) has rarely been researched. Consequently, not much is known about potential interpersonal correlates and theoretical frameworks that might help us better understand why adolescents engage in hate speech in offline environments. To add to the literature, this study investigates hate speech perpetration among young people by utilizing the Social Cognitive Theory; more specifically, the association between witnessing and perpetrating hate speech in schools, and whether this relation is weakened or strengthened by anti-hate speech injunctive norms and deviant peer pressure. The sample consists of 1719 young people (45.1\% boys, 53.6\% girls, 1.3\% gender diverse) between 11 and 18 years old (Mage = 13.96; SD = .98) from 22 schools in Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to measure hate speech involvement and adolescents' perception of social norms (i.e., anti-hate speech injunctive norms and deviant peer pressure). Multilevel regression analyses revealed that witnessing and perpetrating hate speech were positively associated. Moreover, injunctive anti-hate speech norms were negatively related and deviant peer pressure positively related to hate speech perpetration. Finally, increasing levels of injunctive anti-hate speech norms weakened the relation between witnessing and perpetrating hate speech, whereas higher levels of deviant peer pressure strengthened this association. The findings demonstrate that the Social Cognitive Theory is a useful framework for understanding hate speech perpetration in schools. The results also highlight the importance of taking into account social norms and interpersonal relationships (e.g., within the class) when designing anti-hate speech prevention programs and not focusing solely on intrapersonal factors.}, language = {en} } @misc{FischerBilzWachs, author = {Fischer, Saskia M. and Bilz, Ludwig and Wachs, Sebastian}, title = {Teachers' empathy and the likelihood that they will intervene in bullying: Differences between students' and teachers' perspectives}, series = {Bullying Research Symposium 2020}, journal = {Bullying Research Symposium 2020}, abstract = {Teachers play a crucial role in bullying interventions. Recent research has suggested that empathy is particularly important for this. But two important limitations arise. Firstly, all of these findings are based on artificial bullying scenarios presented in vignettes. Secondly, the likelihood that teachers will intervene is assessed solely from the teacher's perspective. Based on data from 2,071 German students and their 93 teachers, the connection between teachers' self-reported empathy and the likelihood that they will intervene in bullying was assessed using a bullying vignette as well as a retrospectively reported bullying situation that had been experienced by the teachers or the students in question. The associations were analysed in multilevel regression models from the teachers' and the students' perspective. Results showed that teachers who are more empathic are more likely to report that they would intervene in a hypothetical relational bullying situation. However, this finding could not be replicated when using real, remembered bullying situations. In addition, when based on students' perspectives, no significant associations between teachers' empathy and their actual or intended intervention behaviour were found. In this presentation we will discuss implications for the validity of existing research and for future research.}, language = {en} } @misc{WachsWettsteinBilzetal., author = {Wachs, Sebastian and Wettstein, Alexander and Bilz, Ludwig and G{\´a}mez-Guadix, Manuel}, title = {Adolescents' motivations to perpetrate hate speech and links with social norms}, series = {Comunicar - Media Education Research Journal}, volume = {71}, journal = {Comunicar - Media Education Research Journal}, number = {2}, issn = {1134-3478}, doi = {10.3916/C71-2022-01}, abstract = {Hate speech has become a widespread phenomenon, however, it remains largely unclear why adolescents engage in it and which factors are associated with their motivations for perpetrating hate speech. To this end, we developed the multidimensional "Motivations for Hate Speech Perpetration Scale" (MHATE) and evaluated the psychometric properties. We also explored the associations between social norms and adolescents' motivations for hate speech perpetration. The sample consisted of 346 adolescents from Switzerland (54.6\% boys; Mage=14; SD=0.96) who reported engagement in hate speech as perpetrators. The analyses revealed good psychometric properties for the MHATE, including good internal consistency. The most frequently endorsed subscale was revenge, followed by ideology, group conformity, status enhancement, exhilaration, and power. The results also showed that descriptive norms and peer pressure were related to a wide range of different motivations for perpetrating hate speech. Injunctive norms, however, were only associated with power. In conclusion, findings indicate that hate speech fulfills various functions. We argue that knowing the specific motivations that underlie hate speech could help us derive individually tailored prevention strategies (e.g., anger management, promoting an inclusive classroom climate). Furthermore, we suggest that practitioners working in the field of hate speech prevention give special attention to social norms surrounding adolescents.}, language = {en} } @misc{WachsBilzWettsteinetal., author = {Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig and Wettstein, Alexander and Wright, Michelle F. and Krause, Norman and Ballaschk, Cindy and Kansok-Dusche, Julia}, title = {The Online Hate Speech Cycle of Violence: Moderating Effects of Moral Disengagement and Empathy in the Victim-to-Perpetrator Relationship}, series = {Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking}, volume = {25}, journal = {Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking}, number = {4}, issn = {2152-2715}, doi = {10.1089/cyber.2021.0159}, pages = {223 -- 229}, abstract = {Adolescents around the globe are increasingly exposed to online hate speech (OHS). And yet little is known about the varying roles of involvement and the determinants of adolescents' hate speech perpetration. Building on previous research, this study aims to test the cycle of violence hypothesis for OHS and to analyze whether moral disengagement (MD) and empathy moderate the victim-to-perpetrator relationship. The sample consists of 3,560 seventh to ninth graders (52.1 percent girls), recruited from 40 schools across Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess OHS involvement, MD, and empathy. Multilevel analyses revealed that victims of OHS were more likely to report OHS perpetration. In addition, victims of OHS were more likely to report OHS perpetration when they reported higher levels of MD than those with lower levels of MD. Finally, victims of OHS were less likely to report OHS perpetration when they reported higher levels of empathy than those with lower levels of empathy. The findings extend the cycle of violence hypothesis to OHS and highlight the need to address MD and empathy in hate speech prevention. Implications for future research will be discussed.}, language = {en} } @misc{WettsteinCastellanosBilzetal., author = {Wettstein, Alexander and Castellanos, Melisa and Bilz, Ludwig and Wachs, Sebastian}, title = {Die Verbreitung von Hatespeech an Schulen in Deutschland und der Schweiz aus Sch{\"u}ler:innen- und Lehrer:innenperspektive}, series = {Bildung im digitalen Wandel. 9. GEBF-Tagung Bamberg}, journal = {Bildung im digitalen Wandel. 9. GEBF-Tagung Bamberg}, publisher = {Otto-Friedrich-Universit{\"a}t Bamberg}, address = {Bamberg}, pages = {78}, language = {de} } @misc{KrauseWachsBilzetal., author = {Krause, Norman and Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig and Schubarth, Wilfried}, title = {„Ich glaube, es gibt auch einige Kollegen, die es sich nicht zutrauen". Eine qualitative Studie zu Gr{\"u}nden aus- bleibender Intervention p{\"a}dagogischen Schulpersonals bei Hatespeech unter Sch{\"u}ler:innen}, series = {Bildung im digitalen Wandel. 9. GEBF Tagung Bamberg}, journal = {Bildung im digitalen Wandel. 9. GEBF Tagung Bamberg}, publisher = {Otto-Friedrich-Universit{\"a}t Bamberg}, address = {Bamberg}, pages = {78}, language = {de} } @misc{KansokDuscheBilzFischeretal., author = {Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Bilz, Ludwig and Fischer, Saskia M. and Wachs, Sebastian}, title = {Lehrpersoneninterventionen bei Hatespeech: Dimensionalit{\"a}t, Messinvarianz und Kriteriumsvalidit{\"a}t einer neuen Skala}, series = {Bildung im digitalen Wandel. 9. GEBF Tagung Bamberg}, journal = {Bildung im digitalen Wandel. 9. GEBF Tagung Bamberg}, publisher = {Otto-Friedrich-Universit{\"a}t Bamberg}, address = {Bamberg}, pages = {78}, language = {de} } @misc{WachsBilzWettsteinetal., author = {Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig and Wettstein, Alexander and Wright, Michelle F. and Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Krause, Norman and Ballaschk, Cindy}, title = {Associations Between Witnessing and Perpetrating Online Hate Speech Among Adolescents: Testing Moderation Effects of Moral Disengagement and Empathy}, series = {Psychology of Violence}, volume = {12}, journal = {Psychology of Violence}, number = {6}, issn = {2152-0828}, doi = {10.1037/vio0000422}, pages = {371 -- 381}, abstract = {Objective: The open expression of hatred, hostility, and violence against minorities has become a common online phenomenon. Adolescents are at particular risk of being involved in different hate speech roles (e.g., witness, perpetrator). However, the correlates of their involvement as perpetrators and the mechanisms that might explain their involvement in hate speech across different roles have not yet been thoroughly investigated. To this end, this study investigates moral disengagement and empathy as correlates of online hate speech perpetration and the moderation effects of empathy and moral disengagement in the relationship between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech. Method: The sample consists of 3,560 7th to 9th graders from 40 schools in Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were utilized to assess online hate speech involvement, moral dis- engagement, and empathy. Results: Multilevel regression analyses revealed that moral disengagement and witnessing online hate speech were positively associated with online hate speech perpetration, while empathy was negatively associated with it. The findings also showed that the positive relationship between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech was stronger at higher levels of moral disengagement and weaker when moral disengagement was low. The association between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech was weaker when adolescents had higher rather than lower levels of empathy. Conclusions: The findings underscore the need for prevention efforts to accelerate moral engagement and empathy as critical future directions in hate speech prevention. This study also contributes to our understanding of underlying mechanisms that explain adolescents' involvement across different roles in hate speech.}, language = {en} } @misc{BallaschkSchulzeReicheltBilzetal., author = {Ballaschk, Cindy and Schulze-Reichelt, Friederike and Bilz, Ludwig and Wachs, Sebastian}, title = {„Ist das (schon) Hatespeech?" Grenzziehungen von Sch{\"u}ler_innen und schulischem Personal zwischen legitimen {\"A}ußerungen und Hatespeech}, series = {28. DGfE-Kongress "Entgrenzungen"}, journal = {28. DGfE-Kongress "Entgrenzungen"}, address = {Bremen}, abstract = {Der Vortrag pr{\"a}sentiert erste Forschungsergebnisse zu Grenzziehungspraktiken in Bezug auf das Begriffsverst{\"a}ndnis von Hatespeech. Daf{\"u}r wurden Sch{\"u}ler*inen (n = 55), Lehrkr{\"a}fte (n = 18) und Sozialp{\"a}dagog_innen (n = 16) leitfadengest{\"u}tzt interviewt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Befragten die Grenze zwischen sozial akzeptiertem Verhalten und Hatespeech entlang folgender Fragen verhandeln: Welche Gruppen sind das Ziel von Hatespeech, wie wird Hatespeech ausge{\"u}bt und wo findet sie statt? Die Interviewten ziehen die Grenze zwischen legitimen Meinungs{\"a}ußerungen und Hatespeech sehr verschieden. Bei der Frage, welche Gruppen von Hatespeech betroffen sind, wird deutlich, dass abwertende {\"A}ußerungen gegen behinderte Sch{\"u}ler_innen eher als Hatespeech eingeordnet werden als Abwertungen gegen transgeschlechtliche Sch{\"u}ler_innen. In Bezug auf die Frage, wie Hatespeech ausge{\"u}bt wird, wird die Grenze zu Hatespeech h{\"a}ufig als {\"u}berschritten gesehen, wenn sie im Zusammenhang mit Gewalt und Mobbing auftritt. Hinsichtlich der Frage wo Hatespeech auftritt, gaben die Befragten an, Hatespeech vorrangig als Online-Ph{\"a}nomen wahrzunehmen, wobei auch diverse F{\"a}lle von Hatespeech in der Schule beschrieben werden. Schlussfolgernd l{\"a}sst sich ein Bedarf erkennen, Sch{\"u}ler_innen und p{\"a}dagogisches Schulpersonal f{\"u}r unterschiedliche Zielgruppen, Ausdrucksformen und F{\"a}lle von Hatespeech in der Schule zu sensibilisieren, um Schule als einen diskriminierungskritischen Raum zu gestalten.}, language = {de} } @misc{KansokDuscheWachsBilz, author = {Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Systematisches Review zu Hatespeech bei Kindern und Jugendlichen: Definition, Verbreitung und {\"U}berlappung mit verwandten Ph{\"a}nomenen}, series = {28. DGfE-Kongress "Entgrenzungen"}, journal = {28. DGfE-Kongress "Entgrenzungen"}, address = {Bremen}, abstract = {Die wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit der Verbreitung von Hatespeech (HS) bei Heranwachsenden sowie mit den {\"U}berschneidungen z.B. mit Mobbing hat im deutschsprachigen Raum erst begonnen (z.B. Wachs et al., 2021). Der geplante Vortrag pr{\"a}sentiert die Ergebnisse eines systematischen Reviews des internationalen Forschungsstandes. Hierbei waren die folgenden Fragen leitend: 1. Wie wird HS in Studien mit Kindern und Jugendlichen (5-21 Jahre) definiert? 2. Wie stark ist HS in dieser Altersgruppe verbreitet? 3. Wie wird HS von verwandten Formen der Gewalt definitorisch abgegrenzt und wie hoch ist die empirische {\"U}berlappung? Eine String-Suche in sozialwissenschaftlichen Datenbanken erbrachte insgesamt 1.850 Publikationen. Die Einschlusspr{\"u}fung stufte davon 18 Publikationen aus zehn Studien als relevant ein. Zwei Kodiererinnen werteten die Publikationen kriteriengeleitet aus (κ =.80) und ermittelten ihre Qualit{\"a}t. Alle Studien (USA, Europa, Asien) basierten auf Jugendstichproben, keine Studie untersuchte Kinder. Die identifizierten HS-Definitionen, Messinstrumente und Abgrenzungskriterien variierten erheblich. Jugendliche erleben HS am h{\"a}ufigsten aus der Beobachter*innenperspektive (31-69\%), gefolgt von Opfererfahrungen (7\%-23\%) und T{\"a}ter*innenschaft (5\%-11\%). Mobbing und HS korrelieren miteinander (r =.15 - .47). Der Vortrag endet mit praktischen Implikationen f{\"u}r zuk{\"u}nftige Forschungen (z.B. Vorschlag einer breiten HS-Definition).}, language = {de} } @misc{KrauseBilzWachs, author = {Krause, Norman and Bilz, Ludwig and Wachs, Sebastian}, title = {Dem Hass entgeg(n)en - Eine qualitative Studie zu Interventionsmaßnahmen von p{\"a}dagogischem Schulpersonal bei Hatespeech in der Schule}, series = {28. DGfE-Kongress "Entgrenzungen"}, journal = {28. DGfE-Kongress "Entgrenzungen"}, address = {Bremen}, abstract = {Hatespeech-Erfahrungen k{\"o}nnen sich negativ auf das Wohlbefinden auswirken (Krause et al., 2021). Als h{\"a}ufig erste Erwachsene, an die sich Sch{\"u}ler*innen hilfesuchend wenden k{\"o}nnen, liegt es in der Verantwortung des p{\"a}dagogischen Schulpersonals, eine Intervention zu initiieren. Bisher wurde jedoch nicht untersucht, welche Interventionsmaßnahmen in Bezug auf Hatespeech in der Schulpraxis durchgef{\"u}hrt werden. Aus diesem Grund werden in dem vorliegenden Beitrag Interviews von Sch{\"u}ler*innen (n=21) und P{\"a}dagog*innen (n=27) zum Interventionshandeln des p{\"a}dagogischen Schulpersonals bei Hatespeech ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf verschiedene Interventionsziele (Aufl{\"o}sen der beobachteten Hatespeech-Situation als kurzfristiges Prim{\"a}rziel sowie verhaltensbezogene und einstellungsbezogene Sekund{\"a}rziele) hin. Weiterhin konnten zwei Interventionsstrategien unterschieden werden: direktiv-disziplinierende Interventionen (z.B. Bestrafungen, Instruktionen) und partizipativ-verhandelnde Interventionen (z.B. kompromissorientierte Mediationen, integrativ-konsensorientierte Verhandlungen). Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass Lehrkr{\"a}fte auf {\"a}hnliche Strategien zur{\"u}ckgreifen wie bei anderen Gewaltph{\"a}nomenen. Bei einstellungsmotivierter Hatespeech st{\"o}ßt eine rein verhaltenskonditionierende Interventionslogik jedoch an ihre Grenzen, woraus sich Forderungen nach Fortbildungsmaßnahmen f{\"u}r das Schulpersonal und Maßnahmen zur St{\"a}rkung einer Werteerziehung f{\"u}r die Sch{\"u}ler*innen ableiten lassen.}, language = {de} } @misc{KansokDuscheBallaschkKrauseetal., author = {Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Ballaschk, Cindy and Krause, Norman and Zeißig, Anke and Seemann-Herz, Lisanne and Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {A Systematic Review on Hate Speech among Children and Adolescents: Definitions, Prevalence, and Overlap with Related Phenomena}, series = {Trauma, Violence, \& Abuse}, volume = {24(2023)}, journal = {Trauma, Violence, \& Abuse}, number = {4}, issn = {1524-8380}, doi = {10.1177/15248380221108070}, pages = {2598 -- 2615}, abstract = {Little is known about the current state of research on the involvement of young people in hate speech. Thus, this systematic review presents findings on a) the prevalence of hate speech among children and adolescents and on hate speech definitions that guide prevalence assessments for this population; and b) the theoretical and empirical overlap of hate speech with related concepts. This review was guided by the Cochrane approach. To be included, publications were required to deal with real-life experiences of hate speech, to provide empirical data on prevalence for samples aged 5 to 21 years and they had to be published in academic formats. Included publications were full-text coded using two raters (κ = .80) and their quality was assessed. The string-guided electronic search (ERIC, SocInfo, Psycinfo, Psyndex) yielded 1,850 publications. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and their findings were systematized. Twelve publications were of medium quality due to minor deficiencies in their theoretical or methodological foundations. All studies used samples of adolescents and none of younger children. Nine out of 10 studies applied quantitative methodologies. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies were included. Results showed that frequencies for hate speech exposure were higher than those related to victimization and perpetration. Definitions of hate speech and assessment instruments were heterogeneous. Empirical evidence for an often theorized overlap between hate speech and bullying was found. The paper concludes by presenting a definition of hate speech, including implications for practice, policy, and research.}, language = {en} }