@misc{RaabDrohanRaabetal., author = {Raab, Thomas and Drohan, Patrick J. and Raab, Alexandra and Schneider, Anna and Bonhage, Alexander}, title = {A novel view in geopedology : how small landforms from past land use affect the pedosphere}, series = {Centennial Celebration and Congress of the International Union of Soil Sciences}, journal = {Centennial Celebration and Congress of the International Union of Soil Sciences}, publisher = {Florenz}, pages = {1}, abstract = {LiDAR-based high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) can now provide a centimetre-accurate image of the Earth's surface. Soil science is still in the early stages of realising how fundamentally this new technology will change our understanding of the formation, properties and functions of the pedosphere and in particular the uppermost part of it, which usually represents A horizons. With the help of high-resolution DEMs, it is possible to identify and classify small topographic features that were previously not considered in soil mapping. Therefore, precise landform analyses will be crucial in assessing variations in soil horizonation and soil stratigraphy and will provide the framework for a new perspective in Geopedology that truly integrates Geomorphology and Pedology from pedon to soil landscapes. In the digital domain, this geopedological approach is growing rapidly by using artificial intelligence (AI) to automatically identify small landforms and visualise the heterogeneity of diverse pedological information. We present the results of the study of different types of relict anthropogenic landforms (RALs) and highlight their characteristics and differences compared to natural, undisturbed soils. The origins of these relict features can vary greatly, as can their distribution, morphology and age. The analysis of high-resolution relief models in Europe and the USA shows that morphological features can be found, particularly in forest that were created in pre-industrial times. Settlement structures (e.g. stone walls, burial sites) or linear relief forms created by soil cultivation (e.g. field terraces, furrow systems) are common. Relict Charcoal Hearths (RCHs), which originate from historic charcoal burning, are usually small circular platforms surrounded by pits or ditches, but can still cover a considerable part of the area. A relatively complex geomorphology can be observed in historic mining areas, which may include different landform types such as mine shafts and spoil heaps, resulting in a very heterogeneous pedological mosaic. To summarise, all studies reveal a high variation of soil properties controlled by small relief structures. Pedology should take this more into account in the future and improve knowledge of the impact of RALs on the pedosphere and other components of ecosystems.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchneiderRaabRaabetal., author = {Schneider, Anna and Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Bonhage, Alexander}, title = {Anthropogene Kleinreliefformen als Relikte fr{\"u}herer Landnutzung - Großfl{\"a}chige Kartierung aus digitalen Gel{\"a}ndemodellen}, series = {Pangeo / DEUQUA 2024 Abstracts}, journal = {Pangeo / DEUQUA 2024 Abstracts}, pages = {159 -- 159}, abstract = {Die direkten Auswirkungen menschlicher Landnutzung auf B{\"o}den und Sedimente betreffen h{\"a}ufig nur wenige Dezimeter Tiefe unter der Erdoberfl{\"a}che, erstrecken sich horizontal aber sehr weitr{\"a}umig. Indirekte anthropogene Einfl{\"u}sse auf geomorphologische und hydrologische Prozesse als ein Merkmal des Anthropoz{\"a}ns ergeben sich als kumulative Auswirkungen solcher wenig intensiven, aber großfl{\"a}chigen Eingriffe. Viele Landnutzungsformen hinterlassen charakteristische anthropogene Reliefver{\"a}nderungen und Kleinreliefformen, die in hochaufl{\"o}senden digitalen Gel{\"a}ndemodellen (DEMs) abgebildet sind. Die Auswertung von DEMs erm{\"o}glicht es damit, anthropogene Kleinreliefformen {\"u}ber große Areale zu erkennen und so (pr{\"a}-)historische Landnutzung zu lokalisieren und hinsichtlich ihrer fl{\"a}chenhaften Verbreitung und Verteilungsmuster zu beschreiben. W{\"a}hrend sich die technischen M{\"o}glichkeiten zur DEM-Auswertung v.a. durch KI-gest{\"u}tzte Methoden rapide weiterentwickeln, bleiben vielfach Unsicherheiten hinsichtlich der zeitlichen Klassifizierung und Repr{\"a}sentativit{\"a}t der erfassten Formen. Wir pr{\"a}sentieren Ergebnisse aus mehreren Fallstudien, in denen anthropogene Kleinreliefformen aus DEMs großfl{\"a}chig kartiert und erg{\"a}nzt durch bodenkundliche und sedimentologische Untersuchung morphogenetisch interpretiert wurden. Diese Studien konzentrieren sich auf Relikte der Holzkohleproduktion, des Bergbaus und der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzung in Untersuchungsgebieten in Brandenburg, Nordbayern, Schlesien, Nordwestirland und dem Nordosten der USA. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen durchwegs eine große Verbreitung anthropogener Kleinreliefformen in rezenten Waldgebieten und damit einen erheblichen Einfluss fr{\"u}herer Landnutzung auf aktuelle Bodenlandschaften. W{\"a}hrend Relikte der historischen Holzkohleproduktion nur vereinzelt mit Bodenerosion in Verbindung stehen, zeigt sich f{\"u}r Kleinreliefformen aus Bergbau und Ackerbau h{\"a}ufiger ein Zusammenhang mit anthropogen beeinflusster Morphodynamik. Die Fallstudien zeigen auch Effekte der {\"U}berpr{\"a}gung und eine Tendenz zur Abbildung {\"u}berwiegend j{\"u}ngerer Landnutzungsrelikte in DEMs und unterstreichen damit, dass f{\"u}r ein Verst{\"a}ndnis von Mensch-Umwelt Interaktionen die DEM-gest{\"u}tzte Rekonstruktion der vergangenen Landnutzung mit Auswertung weiterer Geoarchive kombiniert werden muss.}, language = {de} } @misc{BonhageRaabRaabetal., author = {Bonhage, Alexander and Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Schneider, Anna and Malik, Ireneusz and Wistuba, Malgorzata and Verschoof-van der Vaart, Wouter}, title = {Land use legacy landforms at the UNESCO Heritage Site Tarnowskie G{\´o}ry, Upper Silesia, Poland : stratigraphy, soils and age}, series = {Geoarchaeology}, volume = {40}, journal = {Geoarchaeology}, number = {1}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1520-6548}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.22028}, pages = {1 -- 8}, abstract = {Metallurgy in Upper Silesia (Poland) has a long tradition of international significance, which was emphasized in 2017 when the historic silver mine in Tarnowskie G{\´o}ry was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site. The area consists of various anthropogenic landforms, the stratigraphy of which has hardly been studied so far. In this study, we describe five main morphological units: Unit I (RCH) and Unit II (RCH pit), resulting from charcoal production; Unit III (shaft) and Unit IV (shaft heap), resulting from mining; and Unit V (reference forest soil). The first four units are a variation of a Technosol with inherently different properties from the reference forest soil. Unit I exhibits typical properties of a relict charcoal hearth (RCH), whereas Unit II resembles a pit. Unit III consists of a mostly infilled mining shaft remain (MSR), characterized by relocated subsoil. Unit IV consists of material from the adjacent Unit III that has been dumped directly aside. The studied RCH was used no earlier than during the second half of the 17th century, probably between 1725 and 1813. The studied MSR was used most likely between the 3rd and 5th centuries, which is much older than described so far. Together, the units reflect the characteristic heterogeneity of soils in shaft mining and RCH areas.}, language = {en} } @misc{LehmkuhlGerwinRaabetal., author = {Lehmkuhl, Frank and Gerwin, Werner and Raab, Thomas and Birkhofer, Klaus and Hinz, Christoph and Letmathe, Peter and Leuchner, Michael and Roß-Nickoll, Martina and R{\"u}de, Thomas R. and Trachte, Katja and W{\"a}tzold, Frank}, title = {Perspectives for the lignite post-mining landscapes of the lignite mining landscapes under changing environmental conditions - what can we learn from a comparison between the Rhenish and the Lusatian regions in Germany? : EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria \& Online | 14-19 April 2024}, publisher = {Copernicus GmbH}, doi = {10.5194/egusphere-egu24-2791}, abstract = {The German government's decision to phase out lignite mining by 2038 or earlier, as recently 2030 has been agreed for the Rhineland, will trigger a number of transition processes in Germany's remaining lignite mining areas. The two largest lignite mining areas are located in geographically different regions: Rhineland in the west and Lusatia in the east. As the socio-economic and environmental conditions in these two mining areas are set to change dramatically, the German government has adopted extensive economic support measures. However, the environmental changes will also lead to changes in the ecosystem functions and services provided by the future post-mining landscapes. Gerwin et al. (2023) compare the two main lignite producing regions of Germany in terms of their natural and cultural environments. The economic situation and its history are reflected and differences are outlined. Part of the differences in cultural development can be explained by the natural conditions, especially the edaphic factors and the climatic situation. Because of the specific geological settings, tailored mining technologies were developed and used in the two regions, with different effects on the resulting post-mining landscapes. We conclude that the landscapes of Lusatia and the Rhineland have been radically restructured by the long and varied history of lignite mining. Both regions will change significantly as the mining industry continues to decline and is expected to cease altogether within the next decade. These changes in the post-mining landscapes and the ecosystem services will provide both challenges and opportunities. The preconditions for positive socio-economic development and for sustainable land use concepts that also consider ecological aspects are different for the two regions. The exchange of knowledge and experience between the two mining regions is crucial to the success of this major transformation process, despite, or perhaps because of, these differences. Gerwin, W., Raab, T., Birkhofer, K., Hinz, C., Letmathe, P., Leuchner, M., Ro\&\#223;-Nickoll, M., R\&\#252;de, T., Trachte, K., W\&\#228;tzold, F., Lehmkuhl, F. (2023): Perspectives of lignite post-mining landscapes under changing environmental conditions: what can we learn from a comparison between the Rhenish and Lusatian region in Germany? Environmental Sciences Europe 35:36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-023-00738-z}, language = {en} } @misc{HeinkenBlumroederAdhikarietal., author = {Heinken, Thilo and Blumr{\"o}der, Jeanette S. and Adhikari, Yojana and Balthasar, Cathrina and Binder, Anja and Birkhofer, Klaus and Bischoff, Antje and Brosinsky, Arlena and Bubner, Ben and Clerc, Danica and Djoudi, El Aziz and Dobkowitz, Sophia and Francke, Till and Gerwin, Werner and Hartong, Heinrich and Hess, Carsten and Jarling, Ren{\´e} and Jouy, Florent and Leinen, Loretta and Meißner, Andreas and Raab, Thomas and Repmann, Frank and R{\"o}nnefarth, Susanne and Schaaf, Wolfgang and Schirrmacher, Marina and Schmehl, Marie-Therese and Schmitt, Thomas and Schr{\"o}der, Jens and Sch{\"u}le, Maren and Sturm, Knut and Welle, Torsten and Ibisch, Pierre L.}, title = {PYROPHOB - A post-fire ecosystem research project to inform management for resilient forest development}, series = {Tuexenia}, volume = {44}, journal = {Tuexenia}, issn = {0722-494X}, doi = {10.14471/2024.44.004}, pages = {35}, abstract = {PYROPHOB (fire-resistant) is the name of an interdisciplinary research project that is running for five years from 2020 to 2025. In this project, eight institutions are investigating the ecological effects of wildfires and subsequent forest management strategies in pine forests (plantations) in Brandenburg (NE Germany), with the aim of formulating practical recommendations for managing fire-prone forests and the effective restoration of post-fire forest areas. We provide a brief overview of what is known about the effects of wildfire on abiotic and biotic parameters in temperate pine forests, as well as the effects of silvicultural treatments. To date, we know little about how different components of biodiversity are linked in post-fire forest ecosystems and how management affects their functioning. By describing the project, we illustrate the requirements for the implementation of such an applied research project. We emphasize the importance of the study design for dealing with interdisciplinary questions and for the quantitative synthesis of research results. The project comprises a set of standardised field plots in two wildfire areas covering different post-fire management options. Fifteen study sites were established, including two reference sites in unburned pine stands, each with ten study plots as replicates. In situ nitrogen mineralisation, litter decomposition tests and soil biological activity are used for soil biological characterisation. Microclimate data is measured continuously. Standing and lying dead wood and tree regeneration are recorded as key indicators of the success of forestry treatments. Further methods com-prise terrestrial laser scanning, remote sensing techniques as well as surveys of vegetation and above and below ground biomass. Identification of fruiting body-forming fungi, phytoparasites and ectomycorrhizal fungi is supported by marker gene sequencing. Faunistic indicators comprise predatory soil arthropods (pairs of emergence tents and soil traps), saproxylic beetles (flight traps and funnel traps), moths (automated window traps), mammals (camera traps), and breeding birds (visual and acoustic observation). We discuss the strengths and limitations of the project design. We are able to systematically capture short-term temporal shifts in parameters and trends in post-fire ecosystem development. Research in a real landscape with ongoing environmental changes and interventions pres-ents challenges for experimental design, data analysis and interpretation. The drivers of ecosystem development are rarely completely independent or perfectly balanced, and lack of replication is ine-vitable. The two fires did not occur in the same year and season, resulting in different initial conditions for the colonisation of the burned areas. Finally, a large part of one study area was again affected by a fire in 2022, which destroyed direct comparability with the other sites. Despite these obstacles the project has started to generate valuable results to address management and conservation challenges.}, language = {en} } @incollection{Raab, author = {Raab, Thomas}, title = {Subdued mountains of Central Europe}, series = {Mid-Latitude Slope Deposits (Cover Beds)}, booktitle = {Mid-Latitude Slope Deposits (Cover Beds)}, edition = {Second edition}, publisher = {Eslevier}, isbn = {978-0-323-96003-8}, doi = {10.1016/B978-0-323-96003-8.00011-6}, pages = {9 -- 114}, language = {en} }