@incollection{BrzoskaVoigtlaenderSpalleketal., author = {Brzoska, Patrick and Voigtl{\"a}nder, Sven and Spallek, Jacob and Razum, Oliver}, title = {Potenziale und Limitationen der Reha-Statistik-Datenbasis f{\"u}r die rehabilitationswissenschaftliche Migrationsforschung}, series = {Gesundheit, Migration und Einkommensgleichheit}, booktitle = {Gesundheit, Migration und Einkommensgleichheit}, publisher = {DRV Schriftenband}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-00-033860-1}, pages = {121 -- 130}, language = {de} } @misc{SpallekZeebRazum, author = {Spallek, Jacob and Zeeb, Hajo and Razum, Oliver}, title = {What do we have to know from migrants' past exposure to understand their health status? A life course approach}, series = {Emerging Themes in Epidemiology}, volume = {8}, journal = {Emerging Themes in Epidemiology}, issn = {1742-7622}, doi = {10.1186/1742-7622-8-6}, pages = {6}, language = {en} } @misc{ReeskeSpallek, author = {Reeske, Anna and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Sozio{\"o}konomische Aspekte der Prim{\"a}rpr{\"a}vention von Adipositas bei Kindern und Jugendlichen - Ansatzpunkte vor dem Hintergrund eines lebenslaufbasierten Ansatzes der Adipositasentstehung}, series = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz}, volume = {54}, journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz}, number = {3}, issn = {1436-9990}, doi = {10.1007/s00103-010-1221-x}, pages = {272 -- 280}, language = {de} } @misc{SpallekZeebRazum, author = {Spallek, Jacob and Zeeb, Hajo and Razum, Oliver}, title = {Prevention among Immigrants: The example of Germany}, series = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {10}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2458-10-92}, pages = {92}, language = {en} } @misc{ZeebSpallekRazum, author = {Zeeb, Hajo and Spallek, Jacob and Razum, Oliver}, title = {Epidemiologische Perspektiven der Migrationsforschung am Beispiel von Krebserkrankungen}, series = {Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie}, volume = {58}, journal = {Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie}, number = {3}, issn = {1439-1058}, doi = {10.1055/s-2008-1067347}, pages = {130 -- 135}, language = {de} } @misc{SpallekRazum, author = {Spallek, Jacob and Razum, Oliver}, title = {Gesundheit von Migranten: Defizite im Bereich der Pr{\"a}vention}, series = {Medzinische Klinik}, volume = {102}, journal = {Medzinische Klinik}, number = {6}, issn = {2193-6218}, doi = {10.1007/s00063-007-1058-8}, pages = {451 -- 456}, language = {de} } @misc{SpallekRazum, author = {Spallek, Jacob and Razum, Oliver}, title = {Migration und Geschlecht}, series = {Public Heatlth Forum}, volume = {23}, journal = {Public Heatlth Forum}, number = {2}, issn = {1876-4851}, doi = {10.1515/pubhef-2015-0027}, pages = {73 -- 75}, language = {de} } @misc{ReissSpallekRazum, author = {Reiss, Katharina and Spallek, Jacob and Razum, Oliver}, title = {Die Entwicklung des Rauchverhaltens im Kontext der Migration nach Deutschland}, series = {Public Health Forum}, volume = {23}, journal = {Public Health Forum}, number = {2}, issn = {1876-4851}, doi = {10.1515/pubhef-2015-0031}, pages = {85 -- 87}, language = {de} } @misc{RazumSpallek, author = {Razum, Oliver and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Migration und Gesundheit}, series = {Public Health Forum}, volume = {23}, journal = {Public Health Forum}, number = {2}, issn = {1876-4851}, doi = {10.1515/pubhef-2015-0021}, pages = {54 -- 57}, language = {de} } @misc{ErnstReeskeSpalleketal., author = {Ernst, Sinja Alexandra and Reeske, Anna and Spallek, Jacob and Petersen, Knud and Brand, Tilman and Zeeb, Hajo}, title = {Care-related factors associated with antepartal diagnosis of intrauterine growth restriction: a case-control study}, series = {BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth}, volume = {14}, journal = {BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth}, issn = {1471-2393}, doi = {10.1186/s12884-014-0371-5}, pages = {371}, language = {en} } @misc{RazumSpallek, author = {Razum, Oliver and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Addressing health-related interventions to immigrants: migrant-specific or diversity-sensitive?}, series = {International Journal Public Health}, volume = {59}, journal = {International Journal Public Health}, number = {6}, issn = {1661-8556}, doi = {10.1007/s00038-014-0584-4}, pages = {893 -- 895}, language = {en} } @techreport{BrzoskaVoigtlaenderReutinetal., author = {Brzoska, Patrick and Voigtl{\"a}nder, Sven and Reutin, Barbara and Yilmaz-Aslan, Y{\"u}ce and Barz, Irina and Starikow, Klara and Reiss, Katharina and Dr{\"o}ge, Angela and Hinz, Julia and Exner, Anne and Striedelmeyer, Lena and Krupa, Elzbieta and Spallek, Jacob and Berg-Beckhoff, Gabriele and Schott, Thomas and Razum, Oliver}, title = {Rehabilitative Versorgung und gesundheitsbedingte Fr{\"u}hberentung von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland}, publisher = {Bundesministerium f{\"u}r Arbeit und Soziales}, address = {Bonn}, pages = {143}, language = {de} } @misc{ErnstBrandReeskeetal., author = {Ernst, Sinja Alexandra and Brand, Tilman and Reeske, Anna and Spallek, Jacob and Petersen, Knud and Zeeb, Hajo}, title = {Care-Related and Maternal Risk Factors Associated with the Antenatal Nondetection of Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Case-Control Study from Bremen,Germany}, series = {BioMed Research International}, journal = {BioMed Research International}, issn = {2314-6141}, doi = {10.1155/2017/1746146}, pages = {1746146}, language = {en} } @misc{SpallekGrosserHoellerHoltrichteretal., author = {Spallek, Jacob and Grosser, Angelique and H{\"o}ller-Holtrichter, Chantal and Doyle, Ina-Merle and Breckenkamp, J{\"u}rgen and Razum, Oliver}, title = {Early childhood health in Bielefeld, Germany (BaBi study) : study protocol of a social-epidemiological birth cohort}, series = {British Medical Journal Open}, volume = {7}, journal = {British Medical Journal Open}, number = {8}, issn = {2044-6055}, doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018398}, pages = {5}, language = {en} } @incollection{RazumButlerSpallek, author = {Razum, Oliver and Butler, Jeffrey and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Gesundheitliche Chancen und Risiken von MigrantInnen: Handlungsm{\"o}glichkeiten einer kommunalen Gesundheitspolitik}, series = {Handbuch Lokale Integrationspolitik}, booktitle = {Handbuch Lokale Integrationspolitik}, editor = {Gesemann, Frank and Roth, Roland}, publisher = {Springer Fachmedien}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-13409-9}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-13409-9_25}, pages = {565 -- 584}, language = {de} } @misc{ReeskeSpallek, author = {Reeske, Anna and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Deeper Analysis Desirable}, series = {Deutsches {\"A}rzteblatt}, volume = {114}, journal = {Deutsches {\"A}rzteblatt}, number = {41}, doi = {10.3238/arztebl.2017.0689c}, pages = {689 -- 690}, abstract = {The Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes A Population-Based Analysis of a Nationwide Screening Program by Dr. phil. Hanne Melchior, Diana Kurch-Bek, Dr. med. Monika Mund in issue 24/2017}, language = {en} } @misc{WeckmannChenotStrackeetal., author = {Weckmann, Gesine and Chenot, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois and Stracke, Sylvia and Haase, Annekathrin and Spallek, Jacob and Angelow, Aniela}, title = {Auswirkung von {\"U}berweisungskriterien zum Nephrologen bei chronischer Niereninsuffizienz - Analyse einer Populationsbasierten Stichprobe}, series = {Das Gesundheitswesen}, volume = {79}, journal = {Das Gesundheitswesen}, number = {08/09}, issn = {1439-4421}, doi = {10.1055/s-0037-1605664}, pages = {656 -- 804}, language = {de} } @misc{GrosserHoellerHoltrichterBreckenkampetal., author = {Grosser, Angelique and H{\"o}ller-Holtrichter, Chantal and Breckenkamp, J{\"u}rgen and Hoffmann, Renata and Spallek, Jacob and Razum, Oliver}, title = {Impact of migration background on the uptake of antenatal care: the BaBi birth cohort study, Germany}, series = {Das Gesundheitswesen}, volume = {79}, journal = {Das Gesundheitswesen}, number = {08/09}, issn = {1439-4421}, doi = {10.1055/s-0037-1605903}, pages = {656 -- 804}, language = {en} } @misc{BerensRederRazumetal., author = {Berens, Eva-Maria and Reder, Maren and Razum, Oliver and Kolip, Petra and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Informed choice in mammography screening program: a survey among first-time invitees in Germany}, series = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {27}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, number = {Suppl. 3}, issn = {1464-360X}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckx187.213}, pages = {S. 83}, language = {en} } @misc{GrosserHoellerHoltrichterMianietal., author = {Grosser, Angelique and H{\"o}ller-Holtrichter, Chantal and Miani, Celine and Hoffmann, Renata and Breckenkamp, J{\"u}rgen and Spallek, Jacob and Razum, Oliver}, title = {Caesarean birth frequency among women with and without migration background in Germany: the BaBi birth cohort study, Germany}, series = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {27}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, number = {Suppl. 3}, issn = {1464-360X}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckx187.466}, pages = {S. 183}, language = {en} } @misc{GrosserHoellerHoltrichterMianietal., author = {Grosser, Angelique and H{\"o}ller-Holtrichter, Chantal and Miani, Celine and Hoffmann, Renata and Breckenkamp, J{\"u}rgen and Razum, Oliver and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Impact of migration background on the uptake of antenatal care: the BaBi birth cohort study, Germany}, series = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {27}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, number = {Suppl. 3}, issn = {1464-360X}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckx187.467}, pages = {S. 183}, language = {en} } @misc{BerensRiedelRederetal., author = {Berens, Eva-Maria and Riedel, J{\"o}rg and Reder, Maren and Razum, Oliver and Kolip, Petra and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Postalische Befragung von Frauen mit t{\"u}rkischem Migrationshintergrund - Identifizierung, Stichprobenbereinigung und Response im Rahmen der InEMa-Studie}, series = {Das Gesundheitswesen}, volume = {79}, journal = {Das Gesundheitswesen}, number = {12}, issn = {0941-3790}, doi = {10.1055/s-0035-1564076}, pages = {1000 -- 1003}, language = {de} } @misc{SpallekSchumannZeeb, author = {Spallek, Jacob and Schumann, Maria and Zeeb, Hajo}, title = {Utilization of prevention and health promotion among migrants}, series = {Public Health Forum}, volume = {26}, journal = {Public Health Forum}, number = {2}, issn = {1876-4851}, pages = {116 -- 120}, abstract = {The uptake of existing preventive and health promotion offers by migrants in Germany is rather heterogeneous, and major information gaps are noted. Current results provide limited evidence that migrants and their children seem to use prevention and health promotion services less frequently than non-migrants. In order to improve access to preventive and other health services for migrants, a combination of migrant-specific and migrant-sensitive approaches seems to be useful.}, language = {en} } @misc{GrosserHoellerHoltrichterDoyleetal., author = {Grosser, Angelique and H{\"o}ller-Holtrichter, Chantal and Doyle, Ina-Merle and Schmitz, Jutta and Hoffmann, Renata and Ergin-Akkoyun, Emine and Mauro, Antonia and Breckenkamp, J{\"u}rgen and Razum, Oliver and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Rekrutierungsstrategien f{\"u}r Migrantinnen in einer Geburtskohorte am Beispiel der BaBi-Studie}, series = {Das Gesundheitswesen}, volume = {81}, journal = {Das Gesundheitswesen}, number = {8/9}, issn = {0941-3790}, doi = {10.1055/a-0600-2392}, pages = {621 -- 628}, abstract = {Die Rekrutierung von Studienteilnehmern aller relevanten Bev{\"o}lkerungsgruppen stellt eine der Herausforderungen in der (sozial-)epidemiologischen Forschung dar. Es existiert eine Vielzahl von Strategien, die der Rekrutierung von ethnischen Minderheiten und bestimmter Migrantengruppen dienen k{\"o}nnen. Unklar ist bisher, ob diese Strategien auch bei der Etablierung einer Geburtskohorte geeignet sind. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Darstellung und Evaluation von Rekrutierungsstrategien f{\"u}r Migrantinnen in einer Geburtskohorte am Beispiel der BaBi-Studie. Die Rekrutierung erfolgte von Oktober 2013 bis Oktober 2016. Als Vorbereitung wurden Fokusgruppen mit Schwangeren und M{\"u}ttern und leitfadengest{\"u}tzte Experteninterviews mit Hebammen und Gyn{\"a}kologInnen durchgef{\"u}hrt, um Studienmaterialien, Befragungsinstrumente und Sprachpr{\"a}ferenzen zu pr{\"u}fen. In der Vorstudie wurden unterschiedliche Rekrutierungswege getestet. Im Rekrutierungsverlauf fand eine kontinuierliche Evaluation statt, um erfolgreiche Rekrutierungsstrategien f{\"u}r Teilnehmerinnen mit Migrationshintergrund zu ermitteln und anzupassen. Von den eingeschlossenen 980 Teilnehmerinnen hatten 390 einen Migrationshintergrund (40\%). Es wurden aktive und passive Rekrutierungsstrategien verfolgt, in denen u. a. t{\"u}rkische {\"U}bersetzungen und multikulturelles Personal zum Einsatz kamen. F{\"u}r die passive Rekrutierung {\"u}ber gyn{\"a}kologische Praxen und Hebammen mussten die schwangeren Frauen und W{\"o}chnerinnen eine hohe Motivation f{\"u}r die Rekrutierung mitbringen. Die aktive Rekrutierung in den Geburtskliniken (Ansprache durch Study-Nurses) erh{\"o}hte den Anteil an Teilnehmerinnen mit Migrationshintergrund von 22 auf 49\% aller Teilnehmerinnen. Durch fr{\"u}hzeitige {\"U}berpr{\"u}fungen und Anpassungen der Zugangswege konnte die Teilnahmebereitschaft erh{\"o}ht werden. F{\"u}r die Rekrutierung von Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund sind gr{\"u}ndliche Vorbereitungen in Form von Befragungen (Fokusgruppen, Leitfadeninterviews) und einer Vorstudie sinnvoll. Von Beginn an sind Verfahren zur fr{\"u}hzeitigen Evaluation der unterschiedlichen Rekrutierungsstrategien und ein erh{\"o}hter Personalaufwand (z. B. f{\"u}r (R{\"u}ck-/ {\"U}bersetzungen) einzuplanen). Der Einschluss von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund in sozialepidemiologischen Studien sollte in Deutschland zur Normalit{\"a}t werden.}, language = {de} } @misc{BerensRederRazumetal., author = {Berens, Eva-Maria and Reder, Maren and Razum, Oliver and Kolip, Petra and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Informed choice in mammography screening program among migrant and non-migrant women: a survey among first-time invitees in Germany, 2013-2015}, series = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {28}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, number = {Suppl. 1}, issn = {1464-360X}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/cky047.107}, pages = {S. 55}, abstract = {Background: In Germany, women aged 50 to 69 are invited biennially to the population-based mammography screening programme (MSP). There is still a broad discussion whether the benefits of the programme outweigh its harms. Hence, the concept of informed choice is of particular importance for MSP. The aim of this survey was to assess the proportion of informed choices among migrant and non-migrant women invited to the German MSP for the first time. Methods: A random sample of 17,349 women aged 50 from a sub-region of North Rhine Westphalia was invited to participate in a postal cross-sectional survey conducted in German and Turkish. Turkish and other migrants were identified by country of birth and German resettlers additionally by self-reported resettler-status. Turkish migrant women were oversampled, due to expected lower response-rates. The effect of migration status on informed choice and on its three components (knowledge, attitude and intention) were assessed by chi-square tests and logistic regression modelling. Results:5,847 (33.7\%) women responded to the postal questionnaire. 4,113 complete cases were included in the analyses. The proportion of women making informed choices was low (27.1\%). Turkish migrant women had the highest odds for making an uninformed choice (OR 5.30, 95\%CI 1.92-14.66) independent of educational level. Other migrant groups only had slightly higher odds for making an uninformed choice (German resettlers: OR 1.50, 95\%CI 1.00-2.25; other migrants: OR 1.57, 95\%CI 0.96-2.57) compared to non-migrant women. Fewer Turkish and other immigrant women intended to participate in the MSP. Immigrant women had a more positive attitude and a lower proportion of sufficient knowledge compared to non-migrant women. Conclusions: The overall proportion of informed choice in the German MSP is low and knowledge is poor. Measures are needed to improve information materials, strengthen health literacy and create a user-friendly environment facilitating informed choices especially for migrant women.}, language = {en} } @misc{MianiBreckenkampGrosseretal., author = {Miani, Celine and Breckenkamp, J{\"u}rgen and Grosser, Angelique and H{\"o}ller-Holtrichter, Chantal and Ergin-Akkoyun, Emine and Hoffmann, Renata and Doyle, Ina-Merle and Spallek, Jacob and Razum, Oliver}, title = {Socio-economic determinants of breastfeeding uptake and duration intention among women with and without migration background. Results from the BaBi birth cohort study in Bielefeld, Germany}, series = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {28}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, number = {Vol. 1}, issn = {1464-360X}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/cky047.093}, pages = {S. 50}, abstract = {Background: Disparities in breastfeeding practices have been observed between migrants and majority populations in many countries. We compared breastfeeding practices among women with and without a migration background in Bielefeld, Germany, using data from a birth cohort. Methods: In 2013-16, we conducted 967 standardised interviews with women aged over 18 during pregnancy or shortly after birth, collecting data on breastfeeding uptake and duration intention, as well as on socio-economic and migration background. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed, adjusting for clinical factors (e.g. age, parity, birthweight). Results: Breastfeeding uptake was more common among women with a migration background than among non-immigrants (88.9\% vs. 83\%, p < 0.05). It was particularly high among 2nd and 3rd generation women (92\%). Women with a migration background tended to intend to breastfeed longer than non-immigrants (6.2\% vs 7.6\% between 6 months and one year and 0.67\% vs. 2.53\% beyond one year). When controlling for clinical and socio-economic characteristics, only a statistically significant correlation between breastfeeding uptake and the opinion of the mother and of the partner with regard to breastfeeding remained, with a negative opinion decreasing the chances of uptake (OR 0.5; CI 0.25-0.79 and OR 0.2; CI 0.12-0.36, respectively). Mothers and partners of women with migration background were more likely to strongly support breastfeeding than those of non-immigrants. Duration intention was positively associated with having a migration background (1.98; CI 1.10-3.55) and negatively associated with income, with higher income decreasing likelihood of breastfeeding beyond 6 months (OR 0.6; CI 0.44-0.94). Conclusions: This study found differences in breastfeeding uptake and duration intention among women with and without a migration background. This calls for public health actions targeting different socio-economic groups if one wants to come closer to the WHO recommended breastfeeding rates. Initiatives that are inclusive of the mother and the partner of the expectant women are also worth considering.}, language = {en} } @misc{ScholaskeLindnerMatthesKurtetal., author = {Scholaske, Laura and Lindner-Matthes, Denise and Kurt, Medlin and Duman, Elif Aysimi and Sahbaz, C. and Spallek, Jacob and Entringer, Sonja}, title = {Intergenerational transmission of health disparities among Turkish-origin residents in Germany: role of maternal stress and stress biology during pregnancy. A study protocol}, series = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {28}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, number = {Suppl. 1}, issn = {1464-360X}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/cky048.044}, pages = {S. 126}, abstract = {Background:Turkish-origin immigrants constitute one of the biggest migration groups in Germany where they exhibit higher levels of social disadvantage when compared to the majority population. Research has elucidated the underlying mechanisms by which social disadvantage is biologically embedded to impact health over the lifespan. However, relatively little is known about how its effects are transmitted across generations. Aims of the study: To elucidate the effects of maternal migration status and socioeconomic status on stress-related maternal-placental-foetal (MPF) biological processes across gestation and on subsequent infant birth and health outcomes. Methods: We are conducting a longitudinal cohort study of N = 450 child-mother dyads with serial measures across gestation and birth through the first year of life. Our proposed study population will include approximately equal numbers of Turkish-origin women in Germany, German women in Germany, Turkish women living in Turkey and their offspring. Study visits are conducted from the second trimester of pregnancy to the end of the first year of life to assess maternal socio-economic and migration-related information, psychological well-being, nutrition, medical risk variables, and MPF stress biology markers from maternal blood and saliva samples. Infant anthropometric measures, developmental outcomes and stress markers in saliva are assessed throughout the first year of life. Analyses: We will test specific hypotheses regarding the association between migration background, socioeconomic status and MPF stress biology. We will furthermore quantify the association of maternal migration background- and social disadvantage-related MPF stress biology measures on pregnancy and child health outcomes. Discussion: This is the first study on foetal programming of health disparities with a focus on Turkish-origin women in Germany. The significance and impact of this study derives from the importance of achieving a better understanding of underlying mechanisms that alter disease vulnerability in minority and disadvantaged populations.}, language = {en} } @misc{ReeskeBehrensSchumannSpallek, author = {Reeske-Behrens, Anna and Schumann, Maria and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Integrierte Strategien zur kommunalen Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderung in multikulturellen Gesellschaften}, series = {Das Gesundheitswesen}, volume = {80}, journal = {Das Gesundheitswesen}, number = {08/09}, issn = {1439-4421}, doi = {10.1055/s-0038-1667612}, pages = {772 -- 773}, abstract = {Hintergrund: Der Zusammenhang zwischen Migration und Gesundheit ist komplex. Aktuelle Erkl{\"a}rungsmodelle f{\"u}hren Faktoren an, die bei Migranten zu gesundheitlichen Vor- aber auch Nachteilen f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnen. Angebote der Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderung m{\"u}ssen sich - neben gezielten Maßnahmen f{\"u}r Migranten - so ausrichten, dass sie der Diversit{\"a}t der Bev{\"o}lkerung gerecht werden. Neue Chancen bieten dabei integrierte kommunale Strategien zur Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderung, die die Bedarfe der Menschen in ihren Lebenswelten adressieren. Methoden: Basierend auf theoretischen und empirischen Arbeiten sowie Praxisbeispielen aus dem Bereich Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderung und Pr{\"a}vention werden anhand von sechs Bausteinen Ans{\"a}tze f{\"u}r eine migrationssensible, integrierte kommunale Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderung entwickelt. Ergebnisse: Wesentliche Bausteine einer integrierten Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderungsstrategie beinhalten: migrationssensible Gesundheitsberichterstattung, ressort{\"u}bergreifende Vernetzung von lokalen Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderungsakteuren unter Einbindung von Migrantenorganisationen, strukturelle Verankerung von „K{\"u}mmererfunktionen" (z.B. Koordinierungsstelle Migration \& Gesundheit), Strukturentwicklung im Quartier, Qualifizierung von Fachkr{\"a}ften zu Diversit{\"a}t und Gesundheit, interkulturelle {\"O}ffnung der kommunalen Verwaltung. Schlussfolgerungen: Die strukturelle Verankerung von Gesundheit mittels integrierter kommunaler Strategien bietet neue M{\"o}glichkeiten f{\"u}r die Umsetzung von Diversity Mainstreamingprozessen, wie einer fachbereichs{\"u}bergreifenden Vernetzung und interkulturellen {\"O}ffnung der Verwaltung. Neben den sechs Bausteinen erfordert integriertes Handeln bei der Entwicklung von gesunden Lebenswelten eine diversit{\"a}tssensible Grundhaltung, interkulturelle Kompetenz und die Partizipation von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund.}, language = {de} } @misc{FischerHoffmannLoeffleretal., author = {Fischer, Stefanie and Hoffmann, Stephanie and L{\"o}ffler, Antje and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Ergebnisse einer Querschnittsanalyse zur {\"a}rztlichen Gesundheitsversorgung im l{\"a}ndlichen Raum}, series = {Das Gesundheitswesen}, volume = {80}, journal = {Das Gesundheitswesen}, number = {08/09}, issn = {1439-4421}, doi = {10.1055/s-0038-1667814}, pages = {S. 833}, abstract = {Hintergrund: Herausforderungen, wie die geringste Hausarztdichte Deutschlands und eine ung{\"u}nstige Altersstruktur beeinflussen die {\"a}rztliche Versorgung in strukturschwachen Regionen Brandenburgs. Das Forschungsprojekt DIGILOG untersucht im Rahmen des Gesundheitscampus Brandenburg die Zufriedenheit der {\"a}lteren Bev{\"o}lkerung mit dem Zugang zur Haus- und Facharztversorgung. Methoden: Anfang 2018 wurden per standardisiertem Fragebogen mit sowohl geschlossenen als auch offenen Fragen 3.006 zuf{\"a}llig ausgew{\"a}hlte 50 - 70-j{\"a}hrige Einwohner im Landkreis Oberspreewald-Lausitz zu soziodemografischen Merkmalen sowie zur aktuellen und k{\"u}nftigen Haus- und Facharztversorgung befragt. Die Response betr{\"a}gt 17,5\% und ergibt eine Stichprobe mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 62 Jahren (51\% weiblich). Ergebnisse: Der Zugang gilt als zufriedenstellend (Hausarzt (HA) 93\%, Facharzt (FA) 87,8\%). Es werden k{\"u}nftig Berentung, mangelnde Nachfolge und lange Wartezeiten bef{\"u}rchtet. 84\% haben im letzten Jahr einen FA konsultiert (h{\"a}ufigste: Augenarzt (93 ×), Urologe, Orthop{\"a}de (je 74 ×). Der HA ist in rund x̃ = 4 km [0 - 64] und 10 Min. [0 - 90], der FA in x̃ = 15 km [0 - 338] und 20 Min. [0 - 338] {\"u}berwiegend mit dem Auto (HA 60,9\%; FA 77\%) erreichbar. Beim HA wird 59 Min. [0 - 180], beim FA 57 Min. [0 - 240] gewartet. Schlussfolgerungen: Obwohl derzeit der Zugang trotz offener Arztstellen insgesamt noch zufriedenstellend ist, drohen in naher Zukunft Versorgungsdefizite, zeitnah besonders in der fach{\"a}rztlichen Versorgung. Neue Versorgungskonzepte, wie Community Nurses oder digitale L{\"o}sungen, k{\"o}nnten diese z.T. auffangen und Wartezeiten bei akuten Beschwerden verk{\"u}rzen.}, language = {de} } @misc{BerensMohwinkelEckertetal., author = {Berens, Eva-Maria and Mohwinkel, Lea-Marie and Eckert, Sandra van and Reder, Maren and Kolip, Petra and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Uptake of Gynecological Cancer Screening and Performance of Breast Self-Examination Among 50-Year-Old Migrant and Non-migrant Women in Germany: Results of a Cross-Sectional Study (InEMa)}, series = {Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health}, volume = {21}, journal = {Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health}, number = {3}, issn = {1557-1920}, doi = {10.1007/s10903-018-0785-7}, pages = {674 -- 677}, abstract = {Our aim was to provide data regarding uptake of gynecological early detection measures and performance of breast self-examinations among migrant women in Germany. Cross-sectional self-reported data were collected using paper-and-pencil questionnaires. Descriptive analyses, Chi square-tests, and logistic regression were applied. Results were adjusted for educational level. Of 5387 women, 89.9\% were autochthonous, 4.1\% German resettlers, 2.8\% Turkish, 3.1\% other migrants. Participation rates regarding cancer screening differed significantly, with the lowest proportion in Turkish migrants (65.0\%), resettlers (67.8\%), other migrants (68.2\%) and autochthonous population (78.2\%). No differences in performance of breast self-examinations were detected. When adjusted for education, results indicated only slight changes in the odds to participate in screening irregularly or not at all. Results support existing evidence by showing lower participation rates in cancer screening among migrant women, but there were no differences regarding breast self-examinations. Migrant women form a potential high-risk group for late-stage diagnosis of cervical or breast cancer.}, language = {en} } @incollection{SpallekSchumannYildirim, author = {Spallek, Jacob and Schumann, Maria and Yildirim, T{\"u}lan}, title = {Pr{\"a}vention und Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderung bei Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund}, series = {Referenzwerk Pr{\"a}vention und Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderung : Grundlagen, Konzepte und Umsetzungsstrategien}, booktitle = {Referenzwerk Pr{\"a}vention und Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderung : Grundlagen, Konzepte und Umsetzungsstrategien}, editor = {Hurrelmann, Klaus and Klotz, Theodor and Richter, Matthias and Stock, Stephanie and Hurrelmann, Klaus}, edition = {5., vollst{\"a}ndig {\"u}berarbeitete Auflage}, publisher = {Hogrefe}, address = {Bern}, isbn = {3-456-85590-7}, pages = {433 -- 448}, language = {de} } @incollection{SpallekSchumannReeskeBehrens, author = {Spallek, Jacob and Schumann, Maria and Reeske-Behrens, Anna}, title = {Migration und Gesundheit - Gestaltungsm{\"o}glichkeiten von Gesundheitsversorgung und Public Health in diversen Gesellschaften}, series = {Gesundheitswissenschaften}, booktitle = {Gesundheitswissenschaften}, editor = {Haring, Robert}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-662-54179-1}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-54179-1}, pages = {1 -- 12}, abstract = {Der Zusammenhang zwischen Migration und Gesundheit ist vielschichtig. In aktuellen Erkl{\"a}rungsmodellen werden verschiedene Determinanten und Dimensionen angef{\"u}hrt, die {\"u}ber den Lebenslauf von Migranten zu gesundheitlichen Vor- und Nachteilen f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnen. Gesundheitsversorgung und Public Health in einem Einwanderungsland wie Deutschland m{\"u}ssen diese gesundheitlichen Unterschiede beachten und - neben den bei besonderen Risikokonstellationen notwendigen gezielten Maßnahmen f{\"u}r Migranten - sich insgesamt so ausrichten, dass sie der Diversit{\"a}t der Bev{\"o}lkerung gerecht werden. Besondere Chancen bieten dabei Ans{\"a}tze, die im Rahmen von integrierten kommunalen Strategien zur Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderung die Bedarfe der Menschen in ihren Lebenswelten aufgreifen.}, language = {de} } @misc{SpallekBreckenkampKraywinkeletal., author = {Spallek, Jacob and Breckenkamp, J{\"u}rgen and Kraywinkel, Klaus and Schwabe, Wolfgang and Krieg, Volker and Greiner, Wolfgang and Damm, Oliver and Razum, Oliver}, title = {Need for nursing care support in cancer patients: Registry-linkage study in Germany}, series = {South Eastern European Journal of Public Health}, journal = {South Eastern European Journal of Public Health}, number = {11}, issn = {2197-5248}, doi = {10.4119/UNIBI/SEEJPH-2018-204}, pages = {1 -- 10}, abstract = {Aim: In Germany, very little is known about the need for assistance and nursing care support among cancer patients after hospitalization. The aim of this study was to describe nursing care support for cancer patients and to analyse whether these patients need more care assistance than other persons in need for care. Methods: This was a registry linkage study conducted in 2011. Cases were identified from the population-based cancer registry for the Muenster District in north-western Germany and in factually anonymised form linked by a semi-automatic probabilistic procedure (the standard procedure of the cancer registry) with medical examination records of patients applying for assistance and nursing care support from the regional statutory health insurance. The application records of 4,029 patients with colon, breast and prostate cancer were compared to a reference group of 13,104 non-cancer patients. Results: In only 41.7\% of colon, 45.8\% of breast and 37.4\% of prostate cancer patients was the malignancy the main underlying diagnostic cause for the application of assistance and nursing care. These patients were on average younger (mean age 71.1 vs. 76.8 years) than the non-cancer reference group, required higher levels of support (79.5 vs. 58.1\% "considerable" or higher level care need) and their applications were less likely to be rejected (odds ratios [ORs] 0.26, 0.28, and 0.31, respectively). By contrast, the proportion of successful applications and the level of support granted did not differ between multimorbid cancer patients with other main diagnoses as compared to non-cancer applicants. Conclusion: Patients with colon, breast or prostate cancer do not need per se more nursing care than non-cancer patients. Only if cancer is the main underlying diagnosis for nursing care support, higher levels of support are needed.}, language = {en} } @misc{WeckmannStrackeHaaseetal., author = {Weckmann, Gesine and Stracke, Sylvia and Haase, Annekathrin and Spallek, Jacob and Ludwig, Fabian and Angelow, Aniela and Emmelkamp, Jetske M. and Mahner, Maria and Chenot, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois}, title = {Diagnosis and management of non-dialysis chronic kidney disease in ambulatory care: a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines}, series = {BMC Nephrology}, journal = {BMC Nephrology}, number = {19}, issn = {1471-2369}, doi = {10.1186/s12882-018-1048-5}, pages = {18}, abstract = {Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is age-dependent and has a high prevalence in the general population. Most patients are managed in ambulatory care. This systematic review provides an updated overview of quality and content of international clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis and management of non-dialysis CKD relevant to patients in ambulatory care. Methods: We identified guidelines published from 2012-to March 2018 in guideline portals, databases and by manual search. Methodological quality was assessed with the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II instrument. Recommendations were extracted and evaluated. Results: Eight hundred fifty-two publications were identified, 9 of which were eligible guidelines. Methodological quality ranged from 34 to 77\%, with domains "scope and purpose" and "clarity of presentation" attaining highest and "applicability" lowest scores. Guidelines were similar in recommendations on CKD definition, screening of patients with diabetes and hypertension, blood pressure targets and referral of patients with progressive or stage G4 CKD. Definition of high risk groups and recommended tests in newly diagnosed CKD varied. Conclusions: Guidelines quality ranged from moderate to high. Guidelines generally agreed on management of patients with high risk or advanced CKD, but varied in regarding the range of recommended measurements, the need for referrals to nephrology, monitoring intervals and comprehensiveness. More research is needed on efficient management of patients with low risk of CKD progression to end stage renal disease.}, language = {en} } @misc{WeckmannHaaseSpalleketal., author = {Weckmann, Gesine and Haase, Annekathrin and Spallek, Jacob and Chenot, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois and Stracke, Sylvia and Angelow, Aniela}, title = {Public health implications of referral criteria for chronic kidney disease, population based analysis}, series = {European Journal of Public Healt}, volume = {28}, journal = {European Journal of Public Healt}, number = {4}, issn = {1101-1262}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/cky218.167}, pages = {466 -- 466}, abstract = {Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has an age-dependent prevalence of 10\% in adults. The majority of CKD patients are treated in general practice. Although international guidelines recommend referral in patients with GFR <30, the German Societies for Nephrology and Internal Medicine recommend specialist referral for all subjects with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <45 or eGFR 45-59 ml/min/ 1,73m2 with additional risk factors. This analysis was performed to evaluate the public health implications of lowering the threshold value for referral. Methods: Data of the population based cohort Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-2) were analysed to estimate the proportion of subjects who meet different referral criteria, billing data to estimate actual referral rate and public health implications of implementing different referral criteria were estimated with regard to cost and health resources utilization. Results: Data of 2328 subjects from SHIP-2 (53\% female; age M = 57 Jahre, SD = 14)were analyzed. 3\% of subjects had eGFR<45ml/min/1,73m2. 6\% had an eGFR between 45-59 ml/min/1,73m2. Proposed German referral criteria were met by 8\% of subjects, with 41\% in the age group 80+ meeting referral criteria, wheras NICE and KDIGO criteria limited referral to 1-2\%. Yearly referral as estimated from billing data was ca.2\%. Results are preliminary and data comparing cost and health resources utilization will be available at the conference. Conclusions: Adherence to the proposed German referral criteria would greatly increase the number of referrals, especially in the elderly. This can lead to a major increase in cost, as well as serious problems with respect to the capacity of the nephrological workforce. Because of lack of a specific nephrological therapy in earlier stages of CKD in patients without additional risk factors, the benefit of increasing referrals in this group seems doubtful. Referral criteria for common medical conditions should be evaluated rigorously.}, language = {en} } @misc{ScholaskeBroseSpalleketal., author = {Scholaske, Laura and Brose, Annette and Spallek, Jacob and Entringer, Sonja}, title = {The role of discrimination for the risk of preterm birth among Turkish immigrant women}, series = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {28}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, number = {4}, issn = {1464-360X}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/cky213.566}, pages = {192 -- 192}, abstract = {Background: Preterm birth (PTB) is one of the most severe risk factors for early child death and developmental impairment. Epidemiological research suggests that immigrants from lower to higher income countries exhibit a health decline over time that is transmitted to the offspring generation in which health disparities become prevalent already at a very early age in terms of adverse birth outcomes. Perceived discrimination (PD) is discussed in the context of health disparities related to migration. The relationship between PD and health outcomes is still understudied among Turkish immigrants in Germany. We examined whether PD contributes to PTB risk in Turkish immigrant women. Methods: We used data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). The newborn questionnaire ("Mother-Child: Age 0-1", 2003 - 2016, v33) provided information on birth outcomes and we included information on maternal socioeconomic situation, migration background and PD due to origin (for Turkish immigrant women only) that were collected in the survey before birth. The final sample comprised N = 2,525 (8.60\% Turkish immigrant women). A dummy variable indicating occurrence of PTB (0 = non PTB, i.e. ≥ 37 wks of gestation, 1 = PTB, i.e. < 37 weeks of gestation) was used as the outcome variable in logistic regression models. Results: Logistic regression models on the whole sample indicated a higher risk of PTB among Turkish compared to German native women (OR: 2.75) that remained after adjusting for socioeconomic status. Within the subsample of Turkish women, prenatal PD was related to a higher risk for PTB (OR: 4.91). Conclusions: Unlike in other studies we found evidence for a higher prevalence of PTB among Turkish immigrant women in the SOEP data. PD may explain the prevalence of PTB among Turkish immigrant women in Germany. There is a need for further research examining the impact of discrimination on the intergenerational transmission of health disparities among Turkish immigrants in Germany.}, language = {en} } @misc{LampertKuntzSchneideretal., author = {Lampert, Thomas and Kuntz, Benjamin and Schneider, Sven and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Soziale Ungleichheit und Gesundheit: die Entwicklung sozialepidemiologischer Forschung in Deutschland}, series = {Public Health Forum}, volume = {26}, journal = {Public Health Forum}, number = {3}, issn = {0944-5587}, doi = {10.1515/pubhef-2018-0062}, pages = {212 -- 215}, abstract = {Die Sozialepidemiologie befasst sich mit der sozialen Verteilung von Erkrankungsrisiken und Gesundheitschancen und den daraus resultierenden gesundheitlichen Ungleichheiten. F{\"u}r die letzten 20 Jahre l{\"a}sst sich ein kontinuierlicher Zuwachs an sozialepidemiologischen Forschungsbefunden in Deutschland konstatieren. Mit den gesundheitlichen Ungleichheiten und den sozialen Determinanten der Gesundheit adressiert die Sozialepidemiologie Kernbereiche von Public Health, deren Bearbeitung auch in Zukunft erheblichen Einfluss auf die wissenschaftlichen, politischen und praxisorientierten Perspektiven des Fachs haben d{\"u}rfte.}, language = {de} } @misc{HoffmannSpallek, author = {Hoffmann, Stephanie and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Migration, Gesundheit und soziale Lage}, series = {Public Health Forum}, volume = {26}, journal = {Public Health Forum}, number = {4}, issn = {1876-4851}, doi = {10.1515/pubhef-2018-0107}, pages = {345 -- 348}, abstract = {Das Zusammenspiel zwischen Migration, Gesundheit und sozialer Lage ist durch verschiedene Wirkmechanismen gekennzeichnet. Die soziale Lage beeinflusst gesundheitliche Chancen und Risiken sowie die Migration selbst und tr{\"a}gt dazu bei, ob migrationsbedingte Einfl{\"u}sse auf die Gesundheit verst{\"a}rkt oder abgeschw{\"a}cht werden. Migration ist bedeutend f{\"u}r die Erkl{\"a}rung gesundheitlicher Ungleichheit, obgleich Verzerrungen und Messartefakte bei Interpretationen ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden m{\"u}ssen.}, language = {de} } @incollection{ZeebHuebnerSpallek, author = {Zeeb, Hajo and H{\"u}bner, W. and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Migration und gesundheitliche Ungleichheit}, series = {Diversit{\"a}t und gesundheitliche Chancengleichheit}, booktitle = {Diversit{\"a}t und gesundheitliche Chancengleichheit}, editor = {Pundt, Johanna and Cacace, Mirella}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {APOLLON University Press}, address = {Bremen}, isbn = {978-3-943001-40-2}, language = {de} } @misc{RederBerensSpalleketal., author = {Reder, Maren and Berens, Eva-Maria and Spallek, Jacob and Kolip, Petra}, title = {Development of the Informed Choice in Mammography Screening Questionnaire (IMQ): factor structure, reliability, and validity}, series = {BMC Psychology}, volume = {7}, journal = {BMC Psychology}, number = {1}, issn = {2050-7283}, doi = {10.1186/s40359-019-0291-2}, pages = {12}, abstract = {Background: Informed choice is of ethical and practical importance in mammography screening. To assess the level to which decisions regarding such screening are informed is thus imperative, but no specific instrument has been available to measure informed choice in the German mammography screening programme. The aims of this study were to develop the Informed Choice in Mammography Screening Questionnaire (IMQ) and to find first evidence for the factor structure, reliability and validity of its different components. Methods: The IMQ was sent to 17.349 women aged 50 in Westphalia-Lippe, Germany. The instrument has been developed after consideration of (1) the results of qualitative interviews on decision making in the mammography screening programme, (2) relevant literature on other informed choice instruments and (3) a qualitative study on influencing factors. The IMQ comprises 3 scales (attitude, norms, and barriers), 1 index (knowledge) and singular items covering intention to participate and sociodemographic variables. To assess the psychometric properties of the components of the IMQ, confirmatory factor and item response theory analyses were conducted. Additionally, reliability, validity and item statistics were assessed. Results: 5.847 questionnaires were returned (response rate 33.7\%). For attitude, the confirmatory factor analysis supported a one-factor structure. For norms, the model fit was not acceptable. Reliability levels were good with a Cronbach's α of.793 for attitude (4 items) and.795 for norms (5 items). For barriers, 9 items were deleted because of low discrimination indices; 6 items remained. The hypothesised assumption-subscale and the importance-subscale were confirmed, but these subscales showed poor reliabilities with Cronbach's α=.525 (4 items) and.583 (2 items). For the knowledge index, item response theory analysis showed that 6 out of 7 items were suitable. Hypotheses concerning the correlations between the different components were confirmed, which supported their convergent and divergent validity. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that the IMQ is a multidimensional instrument. Further development of the barriers and norms scales is necessary. The IMQ can be utilised to assess the level of informed choices as well as influencing factors.}, language = {en} } @misc{BerensKaucherEckertetal., author = {Berens, Eva-Maria and Kaucher, Simone and Eckert, Sandra van and Reder, Maren and Kolip, Petra and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Knowledge about mammography screening in Germany by education and migrant status - results of a cross-sectional study (InEMa)}, series = {Applied Cancer Research}, volume = {39}, journal = {Applied Cancer Research}, number = {6}, issn = {1980-5578}, doi = {10.1186/s41241-019-0076-1}, pages = {8}, abstract = {Background: The population-based mammography screening program (MSP) is aimed to reduce breast cancer mortality, to detect breast cancer at an early stage, and to allow for less invasive treatment. However, it also has some potential harms, such as overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Therefore, it is necessary that women receive sufficient and balanced information to enable informed decision-making. We examined knowledge about benefits and harms of the MSP in Germany among first-time invitees of different socio-demographic backgrounds. Methods: This observational study assessed knowledge about benefits and harms of the MSP among women who were invited to the MSP for the first time by six multiple choice items, using a postal survey. We investigated (i) single items of knowledge, (ii) the distribution of sufficient knowledge stratified by education, migration status and invitation, and (iii) possible determinants of sufficient knowledge by analyzing Odds Ratios (ORs) using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results: In total, 5397 women included in the analyses. 46.1\% of the study population had sufficient knowledge about benefits and harms of the MSP. However, women with low educational level and migration background had higher proportions of insufficient knowledge and used most frequently the option "don't know". Women had the most difficulties answering the numeric question and the question about the target group correctly. Results from the logistic regression showed that the odds of having sufficient knowledge were higher among well-educated women (OR 3.84, 95\%CI 3.24-4.55), among women who already received the MSP invitation (OR 1.38, 95\%CI 1.20-1.59) and lowest among Turkish women (OR 0.14, 95\%CI 0.07-0.25). Conclusions: Women with low education and migration background need adapted information regarding benefits and harms of the MSP and are important target groups for further developing the information material about mammography screening to reduce disparities in knowledge and enable informed decision-making.}, language = {en} } @misc{ScholaskeBroseSpalleketal., author = {Scholaske, Laura and Brose, Annette and Spallek, Jacob and Entringer, Sonja}, title = {Perceived discrimination and risk of preterm birth among Turkish immigrant women in Germany}, series = {Social Science \& Medicine}, volume = {236}, journal = {Social Science \& Medicine}, issn = {0277-9536}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112427}, pages = {7}, abstract = {Background: Health disparities, including adverse birth outcomes, exist between Turkish immigrants and the autochthonous population in Germany. The state of research on the risk of preterm birth (PTB, defined as <37 weeks of gestation), the leading cause of infant mortality and morbidity, among Turkish immigrant women is mixed. Perceived discrimination is discussed in the context of health disparities related to migration. We examined whether PTB risk is also increased in Turkish immigrant women in Germany and whether perceived discrimination due to origin contributes to this risk. Methods: We selected a sample from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study of German autochthonous and Turkish immigrant women who recently gave birth (between 2002 and 2016) (N = 2,525, incl. n = 217 Turkish immigrant women of which n = 111 completed an item on perceived discrimination). The included variables of central interest were immigrant status, perceived discrimination, gestational age, and socioeconomic situation. Results: Logistic regression models indicated that PTB risk was significantly higher for Turkish immigrant women than autochthonous women (OR: 2.75, 95\% CI [1.79-4.16]), even when adjusting for socioeconomic status. Within the subsample of Turkish immigrant women, perceived discrimination was related to a significantly higher PTB risk (OR: 4.91, 95\% CI [1.76-15.06]). Conclusions: Our study provides evidence for a higher PTB risk in Turkish immigrant women compared to autochthonous women in Germany. Perceived discrimination may contribute to this higher risk. The findings represent an important first step towards developing targeted interventions to improve pregnancy and birth outcomes in minority groups.}, language = {en} } @misc{LoefflerGrosserMianietal., author = {L{\"o}ffler, Antje and Grosser, Angelique and Miani, Celine and Doyle, Ina-Merle and Razum, Oliver and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Einflussfaktoren auf die Einf{\"u}hrung von Beikost bei S{\"a}uglingen - Ergebnisse der BaBi-Geburtskohorte in Deutschland}, series = {Gesundheitswesen 2019}, volume = {81}, journal = {Gesundheitswesen 2019}, number = {08/09}, publisher = {Georg Thieme Verlag KG}, address = {Stuttgart}, doi = {10.1055/s-0039-1694423}, pages = {686 -- 686}, abstract = {Hintergrund: Im ersten Lebensjahr erfolgt ein schrittweiser {\"U}bergang von Muttermilch bzw. S{\"a}uglingsmilchnahrung zur Familienkost, wobei die erste Gabe von Beikost zwischen 5. und 7. Lebensmonat erfolgen soll. Es ist wenig bekannt {\"u}ber soziodemographische bzw. klinische Einflussfaktoren auf die Beikosteinf{\"u}hrung. Methodik: Datengrundlage der vorliegenden Untersuchung waren Baseline und erstes Follow-Up der Bielefelder Geburtskohorte BaBi (2013 - 2016, n = 777). Angaben zur Stilldauer, Einf{\"u}hrung von Beikost sowie der Getr{\"a}nkegabe vor und w{\"a}hrend der Einf{\"u}hrung von Beikost wurden telefonisch erhoben, als die S{\"a}uglinge zwischen neun und 12 Monaten alt waren. Einflussfaktoren auf die Beikosteinf{\"u}hrung wurden mittels bi-und multivariater Datenanalyse untersucht. Ergebnisse: Bei Einf{\"u}hrung der Beikost waren die S{\"a}uglinge im Mittel 5,4 ± 1,2 Monate alt. 2,6\% der S{\"a}uglinge waren j{\"u}nger als vier Monate, 12,5\% der S{\"a}uglinge waren {\"a}lter als 6,5 Monate. Lineare Regressionsanalysen zeigten eine direkte Assoziation zwischen der ausschließlichen Stilldauer bzw. dem S{\"a}uglingsalter bei letzter Mutter-/S{\"a}uglingsmilchgabe und dem Beikostbeginn (b = 0,31 [95\%KI = 0,26 - 0,36; p ≤ 0,001; b = 0,12 [95\% KI 0,07 - 0,18], p ≤ 0,001). M{\"u}tterliche Determinanten wie Alter, Bildungsstatus, Migrationsstatus, Familienstand, Parit{\"a}t, pr{\"a}nataler BMI und Rauchstatus vor und w{\"a}hrend der Schwangerschaft hatten keinen Einfluss auf den Beginn der Beikostgabe. 73,6\% der befragten Frauen gaben an, schon einmal Probleme mit dem F{\"u}ttern seit Beginn der Beikosteinf{\"u}hrung gehabt zu haben. Diskussion: In der vorliegenden Analyse erfolgte der Beikostbeginn unabh{\"a}ngig von soziodemographischen und klinischen Parametern, jedoch f{\"u}hrte l{\"a}ngeres ausschließliches Stillen bzw. l{\"a}ngere Mutter-/S{\"a}uglingsmilchgabe zu einem sp{\"a}teren Beikostbeginn. Weitere Untersuchungen sind notwendig, um Art, Umfang und m{\"o}gliche Auswirkungen berichteter Probleme bei der Beikosteinf{\"u}hrung bzw. eines verz{\"o}gerten Beikostbeginns auf Mutter und Kind zu quantifizieren.}, language = {de} } @misc{SchneiderSpallekMauletal., author = {Schneider, Sven and Spallek, Jacob and Maul, Holger and Schilling, Laura}, title = {Schwangere, Nikotin und E-Zigaretten}, series = {Gesundheitswesen 2019}, volume = {81}, journal = {Gesundheitswesen 2019}, number = {08/09}, publisher = {Georg Thieme Verlag KG}, address = {Stuttgart}, doi = {10.1055/s-0039-1694440}, pages = {691 -- 691}, abstract = {Einleitung: In Deutschland raucht noch immer etwa jede f{\"u}nfte junge Frau Tabakzigaretten. Gleichzeitig erfreuen sich E-Zigaretten auch in Deutschland insbesondere unter jungen Erwachsenen zunehmender Beliebtheit. Maternaler Nikotinkonsum birgt schwerwiegende Risiken f{\"u}r die Schwangere und das Kind. Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, den Konsum von Tabak- und E-Zigaretten sowie die Risikowahrnehmung bez{\"u}glich E-Zigaretten unter Schwangeren zu erfassen. Methode: In der STudy on E-cigarettes and Pregnancy (STEP) wurden im Rahmen eines quantitativen Studienteils f{\"u}r 575 Schwangere an einer Geburtsklinik in Hamburg von April 2018 bis Januar 2019 die Tabak- und die E-Zigarettennutzung erfasst. In einem qualitativen netnographischen Studienteil wurden insgesamt {\"u}ber 1.000 Posts in webbasierten Schwangerschaftsforen inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Unmittelbar vor der Schwangerschaft nutzten 26,9\% der Schwangeren Tabakzigaretten und 7,8\% E-Zigaretten. Die Pr{\"a}valenzen reduzierten sich dann im ersten Trimenon auf 9,0\% f{\"u}r Tabakzigaretten und 0,5\% f{\"u}r E-Zigaretten. Am Ende der Schwangerschaft rauchten noch 3,1\% aller Befragten Tabakzigaretten - darunter jede Vierte mehr als 10 Zigaretten/Tag - und 0,2\% nutzten durchg{\"a}ngig E-Zigaretten. Die netnographische Analyse zeigte eine große Verunsicherung bei Schwangeren hinsichtlich der Risiken der E-Zigarettennutzung. Diskussion: Die Ergebnisse zeigten f{\"u}r das hier untersuchte Kollektiv, dass noch immer etwa jede zehnte Schwangere zu Beginn der Schwangerschaft Tabakzigaretten raucht. Dagegen ist E-Zigarettenkonsum in der Schwangerschaft nur wenig verbreitet, wenngleich er im Internet teilweise als unsch{\"a}dlich, harmlos und als Alternative zur Tabakzigarette diskutiert wird. Im Rahmen der Pr{\"a}vention sollten die potenziellen Gesundheitsgefahren und die umstrittene Wirksamkeit der E-Zigarette als Tabakentw{\"o}hnungshilfe thematisiert und von der E-Zigarettennutzung in der Schwangerschaft dringend abgeraten werden.}, language = {de} } @misc{SchroederHoebelSpalleketal., author = {Schr{\"o}der, Sara Lena and Hoebel, Jens and Spallek, Jacob and Knesebeck, Olaf von dem and Richter, M.}, title = {Sozio{\"o}konomische Unterschiede in der Inanspruchnahme haus- und fach{\"a}rztlicher Versorgung - Ergebnisse einer systematischen Literaturrecherche}, series = {Gesundheitswesen 2019}, volume = {81}, journal = {Gesundheitswesen 2019}, number = {08/09}, publisher = {Georg Thieme Verlag KG}, address = {Stuttgart}, doi = {10.1055/s-0039-1694561}, pages = {730 -- 730}, abstract = {Hintergrund: Sozio{\"o}konomische Ungleichheiten in der gesundheitlichen Versorgung werden h{\"a}ufig krankheitsspezifisch untersucht, w{\"a}hrend die Evidenz zu Unterschieden in der Inanspruchnahme in der Gesamtbev{\"o}lkerung bislang unzureichend ist. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, den internationalen Stand zum Zusammenhang zwischen dem Sozialstatus und der Inanspruchnahme von Haus- und Fach{\"a}rzten systematisch aufzubereiten. Methode: In den Datenbanken Medline und Web of Science wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche durchgef{\"u}hrt, um quantitative Studien aus den Jahren 2003 bis 2018 zu identifizieren. Von 1214 Treffern werden aktuell 69 Volltexte in Hinblick auf die Einschlusskriterien {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Ergebnisse: Die Inanspruchnahme wird entweder als „Anzahl der Arztkontakte" gemessen oder zwischen Nutzung und Nicht-Nutzung eines Haus- oder Facharztes in einem bestimmten Zeitraum unterschieden. Die bisher gesichteten Studien deuten darauf hin, dass sich die sozio{\"o}konomischen Ungleichheiten in der Inanspruchnahme der haus- und fach{\"a}rztlichen Versorgung unterscheiden. W{\"a}hrend Fach{\"a}rzte seltener von Menschen mit niedrigem Sozialstatus aufgesucht werden, sind die Ungleichheiten bei Haus{\"a}rzten geringer und die Studien konnten entweder keine sozio{\"o}konomischen Unterschiede aufzeigen oder fanden, dass Menschen mit niedrigem Sozialstatus h{\"a}ufiger eine Prim{\"a}rversorgung in Anspruch nehmen. Diskussion: Sozio{\"o}konomische Unterschiede zu Ungunsten der sozial benachteiligten Bev{\"o}lkerung bestehen m{\"o}glicherweise deutlicher bei Fach{\"a}rzten im Vergleich zu Haus{\"a}rzten. Gerade in der Inanspruchnahme von Fach{\"a}rzten besteht daher Handlungsbedarf zur Verringerung der Ungleichheiten, um eine bedarfsgerechte Inanspruchnahme der Versorgung zu gew{\"a}hrleisten. M{\"o}gliche Gr{\"u}nde f{\"u}r die Unterschiede sollen bei einem Vergleich der Studien untersucht werden, um Implikationen f{\"u}r eine Verbesserung der Versorgung abzuleiten.}, language = {de} } @misc{RichterDraganoLampertetal., author = {Richter, M. and Dragano, Nico and Lampert, Thomas and Schneider, Sven and Spallek, Jacob and Sundmacher, Leonie}, title = {Understanding the institutional context of health inequalities among young people: Study protocol for a multi-center research unit}, series = {Gesundheitswesen 2019}, volume = {81}, journal = {Gesundheitswesen 2019}, number = {08/09}, publisher = {Georg Thieme Verlag KG}, address = {Stuttgart}, doi = {10.1055/s-0039-1694623}, pages = {750 -- 751}, abstract = {Background: While health inequalities among young people are well described, the underlying mechanisms have been explored far less. Compositional and contextual characteristics of institutional contexts (e.g. kindergartens, schools) are likely to shape health inequalities among young people and may have an impact above and beyond individual-level determinants. The general research objectives of the research unit are to empirically study if characteristics of different institutional contexts are associated with the emergence of individual-level inequalities in health and c) to integrate findings from different life stages into a comprehensive theoretical model about the key mechanisms at individual and contextual levels. Methods and analysis: Building upon reviews of the existing evidence, each of the five subprojects of the research unit will analyse secondary data (cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys). The subprojects will focus on institutional contexts that serve as major socialization agents in society, such as the family, kindergarten, school, tertiary education/work, as well as the health care system. Linear or logistic multilevel modelling will be applied in order to examine the role of institutional characteristics for young people's health and health inequalities at the individual level. Ethics and dissemination: The dissemination activities include the publication of results in peer-reviewed journals, at international and national scientific conferences, as well as press releases in written and broadcast media to inform relevant stakeholders and the lay public. In the first funding stage, the research unit only uses secondary data of existing datasets. Therefore, ethical approval is not required.}, language = {en} } @misc{WandschneiderSauzetBreckenkampetal., author = {Wandschneider, Lisa and Sauzet, Odile and Breckenkamp, J{\"u}rgen and Spallek, Jacob and Razum, Oliver}, title = {Kleinr{\"a}umige Merkmale und ihr Einfluss auf ein niedriges Geburtsgewicht - eine theoriegeleitete Analyse}, series = {14. Jahrestagung der DGEpi, 11-13. September, Ulm}, journal = {14. Jahrestagung der DGEpi, 11-13. September, Ulm}, pages = {113 -- 113}, abstract = {Hintergrund: Der Wohnort kann eine Dimension sozialer Ungleichheiten darstellen, und es gibt Hinweise daf{\"u}r, dass sich dieser bereits auf die perinatale Entwicklung auswirken k{\"o}nnte. Die zugrunde liegenden Wirkmechanismen sind nach wie vor unbekannt; theorie-basierte und hypothesengeleitete Analysen fehlen. Um diesen Herausforderungen zu begegnen, untersucht diese Studie, inwieweit kleinr{\"a}umige Merkmale zu einem niedrigen Geburtsgewicht beitragen, unabh{\"a}ngig von individuellen Merkmalen. Auf der Grundlage eines konzeptionellen Modells1 wurden kleinr{\"a}umige Merkmale ausgew{\"a}hlt, erhoben und deren Auswirkungen auf niedriges Geburtsgewicht analysiert. Methoden: Die Individualdaten stammen aus der Geburtskohortenstudie „Gesundheit von Babys und Kindern in Bielefeld". Die Stichprobe besteht aus 958 Frauen und ihren S{\"a}uglingen, verteilt auf 80 statistische Bezirke in Bielefeld. Kleinr{\"a}umige Daten wurden anhand von lokalen L{\"a}rmkarten, dem Emissionskataster, Google Street View und dem Melderegister erhoben. Zur Quantifizierung des Einflusses kleinr{\"a}umiger Merkmale wurde eine lineare Mehrebenenanalyse mit einer Zwei-Ebenen-Struktur (Individuen, die in statistische Bezirke eingebettet sind) durchgef{\"u}hrt. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt sind die Auswirkungen der ausgew{\"a}hlten kleinr{\"a}umigen Merkmale gering bis nicht existent, es zeigen sich keine signifikanten Effekten f{\"u}r niedriges Geburtsgewicht. Tendenziell weisen Neugeborene aus {\"a}sthetisch weniger ansprechenden und subjektiv unsicher wahrgenommenen Stadtteilen einen h{\"o}heren Anteil an niedrigem Geburtsgewicht auf. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Analyse liefert keine eindeutigen Hinweise auf negative Auswirkungen kleinr{\"a}umiger Faktoren auf ein niedriges Geburtsgewicht. Auf methodischer Seite best{\"a}tigt die Studie, dass ein angemessener Stichprobenumfang, eine zuverl{\"a}ssige Expositionsabsch{\"a}tzung und die Operationalisierung des kleinr{\"a}umigen Kontextes mit Blick auf die verf{\"u}gbaren Daten die zentralen Herausforderungen des Forschungsfeldes darstellen.}, language = {de} } @misc{SchillingSpallekMauletal., author = {Schilling, Laura and Spallek, Jacob and Maul, Holger and Schneider, Sven}, title = {E-Zigaretten und Tabakzigaretten in der Schwangerschaft - eine Analyse von aktiver und passiver Exposition und Einstellung unter Schwangeren in Deutschland}, series = {14. Jahrestagung der DGEpi, 11.-13. Septmeber 2019, Ulm}, journal = {14. Jahrestagung der DGEpi, 11.-13. Septmeber 2019, Ulm}, pages = {117 -- 117}, abstract = {Hintergrund: In Deutschland greift ein Zehntel der Schwangeren zur Tabakzigarette. Gleichzeitig verbreiten sich E-Zigaretten insbesondere unter jungen Erwachsenen in Deutschland zunehmend. Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, die aktive und passive Exposition durch E-Zigaretten- und Tabakzigaretten sowie die Einstellung zur E-Zigarette unter Schwangeren in Deutschland zu erforschen. Methoden: Im Rahmen der STEP (STudy on E-cigarettes and Pregnancy) beantworteten 575 Schwangere an einer Geburtsklinik in Hamburg von April 2018 bis Januar 2019 Fragen zur E-Zigaretten- und Tabakzigarettenexposition sowie ihren Einstellungen zur E-Zigarette. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt nutzten 1,2\% der Befragten ausschließlich E-Zigaretten, 6,7\% E- und Tabakzigaretten und 20,3\% ausschließlich Tabakzigaretten vor der Schwangerschaft. In der Schwangerschaft nutzten 0,5\% E-Zigaretten und 9,1\% Tabakzigaretten. 86,9\% aller Schwangeren waren der Ansicht, dass E-Zigaretten nicht als Alternative zu Tabakzigaretten genutzt werden sollten. Befragte, die die Tabakzigarette w{\"a}hrend der Schwangerschaft nutzten, vertraten seltener diese Einstellung als Nichtnutzer (78,0\% vs. 88,0\%; p=0,045). Der aktuelle Konsum der E-Zigarette (bzw. Tabakzigarette) durch den Partner erfolgte bei 5,5\% (bzw. 24,4\%) der Befragten. 18,5\% (bzw. 9,3\%) der Partner mit E-Zigarettenkonsum (bzw. Tabakzigarettenkonsum) konsumierten zuhause. Schlussfolgerungen: Die aktive E-Zigarettenexposition ist - im Gegensatz zur aktiven Tabakzigarettenexposition - in der Schwangerschaft bisher gering. Gleichzeitig kommt eine passive Exposition durch den konsumierenden Partner von Schwangeren h{\"a}ufiger bei der E-Zigarette vor. Die Ergebnisse betonen die Wichtigkeit der weiterf{\"u}hrenden Tabakpr{\"a}vention und der Erforschung der Gesundheitsrisiken des Passivdampfes in der Schwangerschaft.}, language = {de} } @misc{GrosserDoyleLoeffleretal., author = {Grosser, Angelique and Doyle, Ina-Merle and L{\"o}ffler, Antje and Breckenkamp, J{\"u}rgen and Spallek, Jacob and Razum, Oliver and Miani, Celine}, title = {The impact of psychosocial factors on breastfeeding duration in the BaBi-Study. Analysis of a birth cohort study in Germany}, series = {Gesundheitswesen 2019}, volume = {81}, journal = {Gesundheitswesen 2019}, number = {08/09}, publisher = {Georg Thieme Verlag}, address = {Stuttgart}, doi = {10.1055/s-0039-1694422}, pages = {686 -- 686}, abstract = {Background: Breastfeeding is beneficial for both mother and child. In Germany, national guidelines recommend fully breastfeeding for at least 4 months, which has only been reached by 34\% in 2012. The WHO's aim of exclusively breastfeeding for six months was reached by 19\% only. Socio-economic status and migration background have been identified to be associated with duration of breastfeeding but little is known about the impact of psychosocial factors e.g. personality traits and social support. We hypothesized that there are differences in the psychosocial profiles of mothers regarding the duration of breastfeeding. Methods: Baseline and follow up data of the Bielefeld BaBi birth cohort (2013 - 16) were analysed. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed in order to identify psychosocial determinants for fully breastfeeding for four and six months. Results: Out of 780 BaBi study participants, 548 fully breastfeed for four months (70.3\%) and 279 continued until at least six months (35.8\%). Logistic regression analyses shows that fully breastfeeding for at least four or six months is independently associated with the intention to breastfeed (OR 7.3 [C.I. 4.54.-11.21) and the attendance of antenatal class (OR 1.4 [C.I. 1.01.-2.06). Personality characteristics, social status und migration background showed no significant association with breastfeeding duration. Conclusion: Our study results suggest to promote individuals' breastfeeding intention and the attendance of antenatal classes to increase breastfeeding duration. Since differences in breastfeeding practices have the potential to create inequalities in mother and child health, more efforts are needed to intensify research on modifiable factors influencing breastfeeding duration.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchillingSchneiderKarlheimetal., author = {Schilling, Laura and Schneider, Sven and Karlheim, Christoph and Maul, Holger and Tallarek, Marie and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Perceived threats, benefits and barriers of e-cigarette use during pregnancy. A qualitative analysis of risk perception within existing threads in online discussion forums}, series = {Midwifery}, volume = {79}, journal = {Midwifery}, issn = {0266-6138}, doi = {10.1016/j.midw.2019.102533}, pages = {8}, abstract = {Objective Previous studies have shown that e-cigarettes are perceived as being less harmful than tobacco cigarettes by pregnant women and might be used to quit smoking during pregnancy. Our aim was to further explore and characterise perceived threats, benefits and barriers of e-cigarette use during pregnancy. Methods Our STudy on E-cigarettes and Pregnancy (STEP) was, among others, based on a netnographic approach of analysing existing threads in German-speaking online discussion forums dealing with perceived threats and benefits of e-cigarette use during pregnancy. For the analysis, we used an inductive-deductive qualitative content analysis. Findings Based on 25 online discussion threads containing 1552 posts, we identified perceived threats, perceived benefits and perceived barriers to e-cigarette use during pregnancy, among others, as main themes. Subthemes identified within the main theme perceived threats were severe nicotine related health risks, potential health risks of additional ingredients, relative risks and lack of knowledge and research studies. As perceived benefits, we identified possibility and facilitation of smoking cessation, harm reduction and financial benefits. Perceived barriers were lack of satisfaction and social stigma. Conclusion Our qualitative results suggest that the perception of the health threats related to e-cigarette use during pregnancy varies according to the nicotine content and the perception of relative risks compared with tobacco cigarettes. In addition to this, risk perception is defined through further health and non-health related barriers and benefits (e.g. suitability of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid, social stigma).}, language = {en} } @misc{LoefflerHoffmannFischeretal., author = {L{\"o}ffler, Antje and Hoffmann, Stephanie and Fischer, Stefanie and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Ambulante Haus- und Facharztversorgung im l{\"a}ndlichen Raum in Deutschland - Wie stellt sich die Versorgungssituation aus Sicht {\"a}lterer Einwohner im Landkreis Oberspreewald-Lausitz dar?}, series = {Das Gesundheitswesen}, volume = {83 (2021)}, journal = {Das Gesundheitswesen}, number = {1}, issn = {0941-3790}, doi = {10.1055/a-1010-6277}, pages = {47 -- 52}, abstract = {Ziel der Studie: Die medizinische Versorgung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ist von Verteilungsproblemen gepr{\"a}gt. Vor allem in l{\"a}ndlichen Regionen droht Unterversorgung. In dieser Studie wurde untersucht, wie {\"a}ltere Bewohner des Landkreises Oberspreewald-Lausitz (OSL) des Bundeslandes Brandenburg ihre derzeitige medizinische Versorgungssituation einsch{\"a}tzen und welche W{\"u}nsche und Bedenken sie hinsichtlich deren zuk{\"u}nftigen Entwicklung im Jahr 2030 haben. Methodik: In der vorliegenden Querschnitterhebung wurden 3006 Einwohner im Alter von 50-56 Jahren und von 65-71 Jahren des Landkreises OSL befragt. Ein Fragebogen mit geschlossenem und offenem Antwortformat wurde zur Erfassung der Zielstellung eingesetzt. Ergebnisse: In der vorliegenden Untersuchung {\"a}ußerten sich die Einwohner des Landkreises OSL aktuell zufrieden oder sehr zufrieden mit der haus{\"a}rztlichen (93,1\%) und der fach{\"a}rztlichen Versorgung (83,3\%). Innerhalb des Landkreises zeigen sich in einigen Regionen Defizite. Im Gebiet Lauchhammer/Schwarzheide {\"a}ußerten sich insbesondere zur fach{\"a}rztlichen Versorgung 27,1\% der Befragten unzufrieden oder sehr unzufrieden. Alternative und erg{\"a}nzende Versorgungsangebote wie die Community Nurse sind akzeptierte, jedoch derzeit unterrepr{\"a}sentierte Maßnahmen zur Sicherstellung der zuk{\"u}nftigen medizinischen Versorgung. Schlussfolgerung: Derzeit zeigen sich Bewohner des l{\"a}ndlichen, metropolenfernen Landkreises OSL zufrieden mit der ambulanten medizinischen Versorgung, jedoch stellen sich in einigen Regionen Defizite, insbesondere bei der zuk{\"u}nftigen Facharztversorgung dar. Alternative Versorgungsangebote wie Telemedizin sind seitens der Bewohner gew{\"u}nschte Maßnahmen zur Erg{\"a}nzung und Sicherstellung der zuk{\"u}nftigen medizinischen Versorgung im l{\"a}ndlichen Raum.}, language = {de} } @misc{MianiLudwigBreckenkampetal., author = {Miani, Celine and Ludwig, A. and Breckenkamp, J{\"u}rgen and Sauzet, Odile and Doyle, Ina-Merle and H{\"o}ller-Holtrichter, Chantal and Spallek, Jacob and Razum, Oliver}, title = {Socioeconomic and migration status as predictors of emergency caesarean section: a birth cohort study}, series = {BMC pregnancy and childbirth}, volume = {20}, journal = {BMC pregnancy and childbirth}, issn = {1471-2393}, doi = {10.1186/s12884-020-2725-5}, pages = {7}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Women with a migration background are reportedly at a higher risk of emergency caesarean section. There is evidence that this is due in part to suboptimal antenatal care use and quality of care. Despite the fact that migrant women and descendants of migrants are often at risk of socioeconomic disadvantage, there is, in comparison, scarce and incomplete evidence on the role of socioeconomic position as an independent risk factor for emergency caesarean delivery. We therefore investigate whether and how migration background and two markers of socioeconomic position affect the risk of an emergency caesarean section and whether they interact with each other. METHODS: In 2013-2016, we recruited women during the perinatal period in Bielefeld, Germany, collecting data on health and socioeconomic and migration background, as well as routine perinatal data. We studied associations between migration background (1st generation migrant, 2nd/3rd generation woman, no migration background), socioeconomic status (educational attainment and net monthly household income), and the outcome emergency caesarean section. RESULTS: Of the 881 participants, 21\% (n = 185) had an emergency caesarean section. Analyses showed no association between having an emergency caesarean section and migration status or education. Women in the lowest (< 800€/month) and second lowest (between 800 and 1750€/month) income categories were more likely (aOR: 1.96, CI: 1.01-3.81; and aOR: 2.36, CI: 1.27-4.40, respectively) to undergo an emergency caesarean section than women in the higher income groups. CONCLUSIONS: Migration status and education did not explain heterogeneity in mode of birth. Having a low household income, however, increased the chances of emergency caesarean section and thereby contributed towards producing health disadvantages. Awareness of these findings and measures to correct these inequalities could help to improve the quality of obstetric care.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchillingSchneiderMauletal., author = {Schilling, Laura and Schneider, Sven and Maul, Holger and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {STudy on E-Cigarettes and Pregnancy (STEP)-Study Protocolof a Mixed Methods Study on Risk Perception of E-Cigarette UseDuring Pregnancy and Sample Description}, series = {Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde}, volume = {80}, journal = {Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde}, number = {01}, issn = {1438-8804}, doi = {10.1055/a-1061-7288}, pages = {66 -- 75}, abstract = {Introduction: During pregnancy, the motherʼs healthy life-style is crucial for the health of the fetus. Potential risk factorsfor maternal and child health should therefore be identifiedand reduced as early as possible. The consumption of e-ciga-rettes represents one of these potential risk factors. Exploringrisk perceptions about e-cigarette use during pregnancy canprovide early indications of possible user motives. Therefore,our mixed methodsSTudy onE-cigarettes andPregnancy(STEP) aimed to comprehensively analyze risk perceptionsabout e-cigarette use during pregnancy based on anInte-gratedHealthBeliefModel (IHBM). This paper describes thestudy design, methods, sample population and limitations ofSTEP. Methods: Our sequential mixed methods study combinedqualitative and quantitative approaches. In the qualitativesection of the study which preceded the quantitative part ofthe study, we aimed to characterize risk perceptions aboute‑cigarette use during pregnancy. We used a netnographic re-search approach which analyzed discussion threads in onlineforums dealing with e-cigarette use during pregnancy. Theanalysis was based on an IHBM. Identified themes were incor-porated in the questionnaire which was developed for the quantitative part of the study. The quantitative section aimedto quantify, among other things, perceived threats, barriersand benefits and to explore differences in risk perception ac-cording to sociodemographic characteristics and tobacco ande-cigarette usage. Results: In the qualitative section, 1552 posts in 25 online dis-cussion threads dealing, inter alia, with e-cigarette use duringpregnancy were identified. The quantitative part looked atthe responses in the questionnaires handed in by 575 preg-nant women who attended a hospital in Hamburg (Germany)from April 2018 to January 2019 (response rate: 27.5\%). Conclusion: Data collection was successful for both the qual-itative and quantitative parts of the study. When interpretingthe results of STEP, different limitations should be taken intoaccount. The results of STEP provide starting points for thedevelopment of tailored preventive measures for pregnantwomen.}, language = {en} } @incollection{TallarekMlinarićSpallek, author = {Tallarek, Marie and Mlinarić, Martin and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Migration - Bedeutung und Implikationen f{\"u}r die Pr{\"a}vention und Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderung}, series = {Pr{\"a}vention und Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderung. Springer Reference Pflege - Therapie - Gesundheit}, booktitle = {Pr{\"a}vention und Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderung. Springer Reference Pflege - Therapie - Gesundheit}, editor = {Tiemann, Michael and Mohokum, Melvin}, edition = {1}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, isbn = {978-3-662-55793-8}, issn = {2662-6942}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-55793-8_28-1}, pages = {1 -- 13}, abstract = {Die Bev{\"o}lkerungsgruppe der Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund umfasst fast ein Viertel der Gesamtbev{\"o}lkerung in Deutschland und ist h{\"o}chst heterogen. Pauschalisierende Aussagen zum Gesundheitsstatus dieser Gruppe sind daher nicht m{\"o}glich. Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund sind nicht grunds{\"a}tzlich ges{\"u}nder oder kr{\"a}nker als die Mehrheitsbev{\"o}lkerung. Allerdings k{\"o}nnen sie sich aufgrund von Expositionen vor, w{\"a}hrend und nach der Migration in ihren Gesundheitschancen und -risiken von der Mehrheitsbev{\"o}lkerung unterscheiden. Pr{\"a}vention und Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderung sollten daraus resultierende spezifische Bedarfe ebenso ber{\"u}cksichtigen wie die Diversit{\"a}t der Bev{\"o}lkerung insgesamt. Erfolgversprechend ist eine Kombination aus diversit{\"a}tssensiblen, f{\"u}r die Gesamtbev{\"o}lkerung zug{\"a}nglichen Angeboten und migrationsspezifischen Ans{\"a}tzen in besonders risikoreichen Situationen. Kommunale, settingorientierte sowie soziokulturell angepasste Angebote verbessern die Erreichbarkeit der Zielgruppen maßgeblich.}, language = {de} } @misc{MianiRazumSpallek, author = {Miani, C{\´e}line and Razum, Oliver and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Health of the offspring of immigrants: the BaBi birth cohort study}, series = {Public Health Forum}, volume = {27}, journal = {Public Health Forum}, number = {4}, issn = {1876-4851}, doi = {10.1515/pubhef-2019-0062}, pages = {298 -- 300}, abstract = {Children with a migration background are more at risk of health-related problems than those without a migration background. The German health system still does not adequately meet the challenges of on increasingly heterogeneous population, not least due to a lack of adequate epidemiological data and models. The BaBi study contributes to gaining new insights in the development of health inequalities due to cultural diversity in Germany, with a focus on pregnancy and early childhood.}, language = {en} } @misc{GrosserDoyleLoeffleretal., author = {Grosser, Angelique and Doyle, Ina-Merle and L{\"o}ffler, Antje and Breckenkamp, J{\"u}rgen and Spallek, Jacob and Razum, Oliver and Miani, Celine}, title = {The impact of psychosocial factors on breastfeeding duration in the BaBi cohort study, Germany}, series = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {29}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, number = {4}, issn = {1464-360X}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckz187.122}, pages = {2}, abstract = {Background: Breastfeeding is considered beneficial for both mother and child. In Germany, national guidelines recommend fully breastfeeding for at least 4 months, a goal reached by only 34\% of mothers in 2012. The WHO's recommendation of exclusively breastfeeding for six months was met by 19\% only. Hardly modifiable factors such as socio-economic status and migration background have been associated with duration of breastfeeding but little is known about the impact of psychosocial factors such as personality traits and social support. We hypothesise that there are differences in the psychosocial profiles of mothers regarding the duration of breastfeeding. Methods: We analyse baseline and follow-up data of the Bielefeld BaBi birth cohort (2013-16). They include detailed migration and socio-economic backgrounds, as well as three measures of psychological characteristics: the optimism scale, the Big Five inventory and the locus of control scales. We perform bivariate and multivariate analyses in order to identify psychosocial determinants of fully breastfeeding for four and six months. Results: Out of 780 BaBi study participants, 548 fully breastfed for four months (70.3\%), of which 279 continued until at least six months (35.8\%). Logistic regression analyses show that fully breastfeeding for at least four or six months is independently associated with the intention to breastfeed and the attendance of antenatal class during this or previous pregnancies. Personality characteristics, social status and migration background show however no significant association with breastfeeding duration. Conclusions: Our study results support the promotion of individuals' breastfeeding intention and attendance to antenatal classes to increase breastfeeding duration. Since differences in breastfeeding practices have the potential to create inequalities in maternal and child health, more efforts are needed to intensify research on modifiable factors influencing breastfeeding duration.}, language = {en} } @misc{SauzetZolitschkaSpalleketal., author = {Sauzet, Odile and Zolitschka, Kim Alexandra and Spallek, Jacob and Breckenkamp, J{\"u}rgen and Razum, Oliver}, title = {An ego-centred approach for the evaluation of health inequalities in urban areas}, series = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {29}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, number = {4}, issn = {1101-1262}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckz186.243}, pages = {1}, abstract = {Background: Neighbourhood possesses attributes, structural, physical and social, for which pathways to health inequalities could be hypothesized. Hence, neighbourhood is a complex mixture of factors which cannot be simply defined by a delineation on a map, making common definitions of neighbourhood (e.g. administrative borders) problematic. We present a new concept for the evaluation of contextual health inequalities in an urban setting. Methods: An ego-centred approach to neighbourhood effects on health allows to establish to what degree the health outcomes of a person are on average correlated to the health outcomes of his/her neighbours. This approach does not necessitate the definition of what a neighbourhood is, or of its boundaries. Using data from the BaBi birth cohort following up 958 mother-child pairs in Bielefeld/Germany we illustrate how the method provides information about the spatial structure of a possible association between unmeasured neighbourhood factors and birthweight. Spatially correlated birthweight indicates a neighbourhood effect on maternal health. Results: A parametric model of the correlation structure gives two indicators: a distance after which health outcomes are no longer correlated (practical range), and the strength of correlation (RSV). We modelled birthweight directly and residuals after controlling for (spatially correlated) covariates. After adjusting for the mother's demographics and neighbourhood characteristics, birthweights remained spatially correlated with RSV of 11\% and a practical range of 128 m. Conclusions: Modelling the spatial correlation of a health outcome provides a measure of the degree of health correlation, thus offering new evidence on the production of health inequalities while incorporating current modelling approaches. Moreover, it measures heterogeneity in a city. This could be used as an indicator for policy makers or town planners to identify areas in need of socioeconomic investment.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchroederHoebelRoicketal., author = {Schr{\"o}der, Sara Lena and Hoebel, Jens and Roick, Julia and Markert, Jenny and Spallek, Jacob and Knesebeck, Olaf von dem and Richter, Matthias}, title = {Inequalities in the utilisation of primary and specialist physicians in Europe - a systematic review}, series = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {29}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, number = {4}, issn = {1101-1262}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckz186.377}, abstract = {Background: The evidence on inequalities in health clearly shows that people with lower socioeconomic status (SES) have poorer health and higher mortality. Nevertheless, generalized evidence for inequalities in healthcare is lacking. So far, the international literature was only summarised with regard to inequalities in the utilisation of disease-specific treatment. Therefore, our aim was to synthetize the literature on socioeconomic inequalities in the utilisation of primary and specialist physicians in the general population. Methods: This systematic review searched Medline und Web of Science from 2004 to 2018. Articles that reported quantitative data on the association of SES with utilisation of primary or specialist physicians in Europe were included. Title and abstract screening were performed by two independent researchers and 50 full texts are currently sifted whether they fulfil the inclusion criteria. Results: The studies analysed utilisation of physicians in terms of probability or frequency. The initial check of the studies indicates that socioeconomic inequalities in the utilisation of physicians differ between primary and specialist care. Specialist physicians were found to be visited with a higher probability and more often by the least disadvantaged in most studies. Inequalities in the utilisation of primary physicians revealed to be more diverse with a weak pattern of equally distributed probability of GP visits and more frequent utilisation by the disadvantaged. Conclusions: The preliminary results indicate that pro-rich utilisation seems to be more pronounced in visiting specialists compared to primary health care. Aiming to reduce inequalities in healthcare, public health actions might primarily focus on reaching a needs-based consultation of specialist physicians.}, language = {en} } @misc{ScholaskeRodriguezSarietal., author = {Scholaske, Laura and Rodriguez, Norma and Sari, Nida Emel and Spallek, Jacob and Ziegler, Matthias and Entringer, Sonja}, title = {The German Version of the Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory (MASI) for Turkish-Origin Immigrants. Measurement Invariance of Filter Questions and Validation}, series = {European Journal of Psychological Assessment}, volume = {36}, journal = {European Journal of Psychological Assessment}, number = {5}, issn = {2151-2426}, doi = {10.1027/1015-5759/a000567}, pages = {889 -- 900}, abstract = {The Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory (MASI) is an established measure of acculturative stress for people of Mexican origin living in the USA that has been associated with mental health outcomes in this population. We translated the MASI into German and adapted it for use with Turkish-origin immigrants in Germany. The MASI includes filter questions asking if a potentially stressful event had actually occurred before reporting the stress appraisal of these situations. Measurement invariance testing has become a standard practice to evaluate questionnaire translations, however, measurement invariance of filter questions has been scarcely studied. In Study 1, we evaluated measurement invariance of the filter questions between a German-based Turkish sample (N = 233) and the Mexican-origin sample from the original study (N = 174) and could show partial strong factorial invariance for three of the four factors. In Study 2, a validation study, relations between the German MASI scores and measures of acculturation and stress indicated discriminant validity. This study contributes to research on measurement invariance of filter questions, thereby providing a measure of acculturative stress that can be used in future research to understand the etiology of health disparities in Turkish-origin immigrants in Germany.}, language = {en} } @misc{SpallekScholaskeKurtetal., author = {Spallek, Jacob and Scholaske, Laura and Kurt, Medlin and Lindner-Matthes, Denise and Entringer, Sonja}, title = {Intergenerational transmission of health disparities among Turkish-origin immigrants in Germany: study protocol of a multi-centric cohort study (BaBi-stress and BaBeK study)}, series = {BMC pregnancy and childbirth}, volume = {20}, journal = {BMC pregnancy and childbirth}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1186/s12884-020-2853-y}, pages = {158}, abstract = {Background: Immigrants in Germany exhibit higher levels of social disadvantage when compared to the non-immigrated population. Turkish-origin immigrants constitute an important immigrant group in Germany and show disparities in some health domains that are evident from birth onwards. Several studies have shown the mechanisms by which social disadvantage is biologically embedded to affect health over the lifespan. Relatively little, however, is still known about if and how the maternal social situation is transmitted to the next generation. This study therefore aims to analyse the effects of maternal socioeconomic status and migration status on stress-related maternal-placental-fetal (MPF) biological processes during pregnancy on infant birth and health outcomes. Methods: This longitudinal cohort study of N = 144 child-mother dyads is located at two study sites in Germany and includes pregnant women of Turkish origin living in Germany as well as pregnant German women. During pregnancy, MPF stress biology markers from maternal blood and saliva samples, maternal socio-economic and migration-related information, medical risk variables and psychological well-being are assessed. After birth, infant anthropometric measures and developmental outcomes are assessed. The same measures will be assessed in and compared to Turkish pregnant women based on a collaboration with BABIP study in Istanbul. Discussion: This is the first study on intergenerational transmission of health disparities in Germany with a focus on women of Turkish-origin. The study faces similar risks of bias as other birth cohorts do. The study has implemented various measures, e.g. culturally sensitive recruitment strategies, attempt to recruit and follow-up as many pregnant women as possible independent of their social or cultural background. Nevertheless, the response rate among lower-educated families is lower. The possibility to compare results with a cohort from Turkey is a strength of this study. However, starting at different times and with slightly different recruitment strategies and designs may result in cohort effects and may affect comparability of the sub-cohorts.}, language = {en} } @misc{LudwigDoyleLoeffleretal., author = {Ludwig, Angelique and Doyle, Ina-Merle and L{\"o}ffler, Antje and Breckenkamp, J{\"u}rgen and Spallek, Jacob and Razum, Oliver and Miani, Celine}, title = {The impact of psychosocial factors on breastfeeding duration in the BaBi-Study. Analysis of a birth cohort study in Germany}, series = {Midwifery}, volume = {86}, journal = {Midwifery}, issn = {1532-3099}, doi = {10.1016/j.midw.2020.102688}, abstract = {Breastfeeding is beneficial for both mother and child. A breastfed child can benefit from improved mental developments, protection against infectious diseases and infectious disease mortality, and a decreased risk of overweight and obesity (Whalen and Cramton 2010)(Regional Office for Europe (World Health Organisation) 2019). Furthermore, there is evidence on protection against type 1 and 2 diabetes, allergic rhinitis, asthma or wheezing, atopic dermatitis, childhood leukemia, hypercholesterolemia later in life, sudden infant death syndrome (Whalen and Cramton 2010) and malocclusion (Victora et al. 2016). Breastfeeding women have a lower risk of breast and ovarian cancer, postpartum depression, and type 2 diabetes. They can, furthermore, benefit from prolonged lactational amenorrhea (Victora et al. 2016), improved postpartum sleep (Whalen and Cramton 2010) and postpartum weight loss (Kramer and Kakuma 2012).}, language = {en} } @misc{WandschneiderSauzetBreckenkampetal., author = {Wandschneider, Lisa and Sauzet, Odile and Breckenkamp, J{\"u}rgen and Spallek, Jacob and Razum, Oliver}, title = {Small-Area Factors and Their Impact on Low Birth Weight—Results of a Birth Cohort Study in Bielefeld, Germany}, series = {Frontiers in Public Health}, volume = {8}, journal = {Frontiers in Public Health}, issn = {2296-2565}, doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2020.00136}, pages = {10}, abstract = {Introduction: The location of residence is a factor possibly contributing to social inequalities and emerging evidence indicates that it already affects perinatal development. The underlying pathways remain unknown; theory-based and hypothesis-driven analyses are lacking. To address these challenges, we aim to establish to what extent small-area characteristics contribute to low birth weight (LBW), independently of individual characteristics. First, we select small-area characteristics based on a conceptual model and measure them. Then, we empirically analyse the impact of these characteristics on LBW. Material and methods: Individual data were provided by the birth cohort study "Health of infants and children in Bielefeld/Germany." The sample consists of 892 eligible women and their infants distributed over 80 statistical districts in Bielefeld. Small-area data were obtained from local noise maps, emission inventory, Google Street View and civil registries. A linear multilevel analysis with a two-level structure (individuals nested within statistical districts) was conducted. Results: The effects of the selected small-area characteristics on LBW are small to non-existent, no significant effects are detected. The differences in proportion of LBW based on marginal effects are small, ranging from zero to 1.1\%. Newborns from less aesthetic and subjectively perceived unsafe neighbourhoods tend to have higher proportions of LBW. Discussion: We could not find evidence for negative effects of small-area factors on LBW, but our study confirms that obtaining adequate sample size, reliable measure of exposure and using available data for operationalisation of the small-area context represent the core challenges in this field of research.}, language = {en} } @misc{KaucherKhilKajueteretal., author = {Kaucher, Simone and Khil, Laura and Kaj{\"u}ter, Hiltraud and Becher, Heiko and Reder, Maren and Kolip, Petra and Spallek, Jacob and Winkler, Volker and Berens, Eva-Maria}, title = {Breast cancer incidence and mammography screening among resettlers in Germany}, series = {BMC public health}, volume = {20}, journal = {BMC public health}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1186/s12889-020-08534-7}, pages = {10}, abstract = {Background - European studies showed that women with a migration background are less likely to participate in mammography screenings than autochthonous women. However, the participation in the German mammography screening programme (MSP) among ethnic German migrants from countries of the former Soviet Union (called resettlers) is unclear so far. The aim of this study was to identify possible differences regarding MSP participation between resettlers from the FSU and the general German population. Methods - Data from two independent, complementary studies from North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (a retrospective cohort study 1994-2013; a cross-sectional study 2013/14) were used for comparisons between resettlers and the general population: Odds Ratios (ORs) for MSP participation utilizing the cross-sectional data and time trends of breast cancer incidence rates as well as Chi-Square tests for breast cancer stages utilizing the cohort data. Results - Resettlers showed higher Odds to participate in the MSP than the general population (OR 2.42, 95\% CI 1.08-5.42). Among resettlers, a large increase in incidence rates was observed during the MSP implementation (2005-2009), resulting in stable and comparable incidence rates after the implementation. Furthermore, pre-MSP implementation, the proportion of advanced breast cancer stages was higher among resettlers than in the German population, post-MSP implementation the proportion was comparable. Conclusions - MSP participating seems surprisingly high among resettlers. An explanation for the increased willingness to participate might be the structured invitation procedure of the MSP. However, the exact reasons remain unclear and future research is needed to confirm this hypothesis and rule out the possibility of selection bias in the cross-sectional study.}, language = {en} } @techreport{HoffmannWachtlerSanderetal., author = {Hoffmann, Stephanie and Wachtler, Benjamin and Sander, Lydia and Blume, Miriam and Hilger-Kolb, Jennifer and Herke, Max and Matos Fialho, Paula Mayara and Pischke, Claudia R. and Novelli, Anna and Lampert, Thomas and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Health inequalities among infants and pre-school children: Protocol for a scoping review examining the moderating and mediating role of contextual and compositional family characteristics}, publisher = {Open Science Framework}, doi = {10.17605/OSF.IO/3U4ST}, abstract = {Background: Although early childhood is a life period of overall good health, research shows that families' socioeconomic position (SEP) is affecting children's health from pregnancy on, ultimately leading to health inequalities. Little is currently known about the pathways by which family SEP is influencing child health and health-related behaviour, and which role family characteristics play. The scoping review therefore aims to screen the international literature on the mediating and moderating effects of contextual and compositional family characteristics on socioeconomic health risks of pre-school children in developed countries. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews, three online databases (Pubmed, PsycINFO, and Scopus) will be searched for literature in English or German published after year 2000. The two-step data screening approach and the subsequent data extraction will be conducted independently by two researchers in consideration of specific criteria and a previously tested standardized data extraction form. Due to the broad research question at hand, various study designs (e.g. cross-sectional, intervention, cohort studies, and qualitative studies), SEP measures (e.g. education, income) and compositional (e.g. family size, migration) or contextual (e.g. parenting, housing) family characteristics influencing children's health will be included. Since diverse definitions and reporting formats of subjective health, health behaviour, well-being, and diseases will be considered, a substantial heterogeneity in outcome measures focusing on the age group of 0-6 years is expected. Thus, a narrative synthesis of the findings will be performed according to the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination framework. Ethics and dissemination: Because no primary data will be collected, ethical clearance will not be required. Dissemination will include peer-reviewed publications and conferences.}, language = {en} } @misc{LudwigMianiBreckenkampetal., author = {Ludwig, Angelique and Miani, C{\´e}line and Breckenkamp, J{\"u}rgen and Sauzet, Odile and Borde, Theda and Doyle, Ina-Merle and Brenne, Silke and H{\"o}ller-Holtrichter, Chantal and David, Matthias and Spallek, Jacob and Razum, Oliver}, title = {Are Social Status and Migration Background Associated with Utilization of Non-medical Antenatal Care? Analyses from Two German Studies}, series = {Maternal and Child Health Journal}, volume = {24}, journal = {Maternal and Child Health Journal}, number = {7}, issn = {1573-6628}, doi = {10.1007/s10995-020-02937-z}, pages = {943 -- 952}, abstract = {Objective: Non-medical antenatal care (ANC) refers to a range of non-medical services available to women during pregnancy aiming at supporting women and prepare them for the birth and the postpartum period. In Germany, they include antenatal classes, breastfeeding classes and pregnancy-specific yoga or gymnastics courses. Studies suggest that various types of non-medical ANC carry benefits for both the women and their babies. Little is known about the uptake of non-medical ANC among different socioeconomic population subgroups, but one may expect lower utilization among socio-economically disadvantaged women. We analyzed factors contributing to the utilization of non-medical ANC in general and antenatal classes in particular. Methods: Baseline data of the Bielefeld BaBi birth cohort (2013-2016) and the Berlin perinatal study (2011-2012) were analyzed. Comparing the two cohorts allowed to increase the socio-economic and migration background variance of the study population and to capture the effect of the local context on uptake of services. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to study associations between the uptake of non-medical ANC and socio-economic and migration status.ResultsIn Berlin and Bielefeld, being a first generation migrant and having lower levels of education were associated with lower non-medical ANC uptake. In Berlin, being a 2nd generation woman or having a low income was also associated with lower uptake. Conclusions for Practice: Our study suggests that non-medical ANC remains in some part the prerogative of non-migrant, well-educated and economically privileged women. Since differences in non-medical ANC have the potential to create inequalities in terms of birth outcomes and maternal health during pregnancy and post-partum, more efforts are needed to promote the use of non-medical ANC by all population groups.}, language = {en} } @techreport{BozorgmehrHintermeierRazumetal., author = {Bozorgmehr, Kayvan and Hintermeier, Maren and Razum, Oliver and Mohsenpour, Amir and Biddle, Louise and Oertelt-Prigione, Sabine and Spallek, Jacob and Tallarek, Marie and Jahn, Rosa}, title = {SARS-CoV-2 in Aufnahmeeinrichtungen und Gemeinschaftsunterk{\"u}nften f{\"u}r Gefl{\"u}chtete: Epidemiologische und normativ-rechtliche Aspekte}, doi = {10.4119/UNIBI/2943665}, pages = {37}, abstract = {Ziel des Factsheets ist es, das „Ausbreitungspotential" (als kumulatives Inzidenzrisiko) von SARSCoV- 2 in Aufnahmeeinrichtungen und Gemeinschaftsunterk{\"u}nften bei Auftreten eines Falls zu ermitteln, Zusammenh{\"a}nge mit Einrichtungstyp und Strategie des Ausbruchsmanagements zu explorieren und normativ-rechtliche Aspekte zu diskutieren. Zusammengefasst kann gesagt werden: - Das Risiko, mit dem weitere Bewohner*innen nach einem ersten nachgewiesenen Fall von SARS-CoV-2 (mittels PCR) positiv getestet werden ist in Aufnahmeeinrichtungen und Gemeinschaftsunterk{\"u}nften mit durchschnittlich 17\% als hoch einzusch{\"a}tzen, wobei es eine große Varianz zwischen den Einrichtungen gibt. - Eine Kollektivquarant{\"a}ne hat bezogen auf das Infektionsrisiko der unter Quarant{\"a}ne gestellten Bewohner*innen gegen{\"u}ber anderen Strategien keinen messbaren Vorteil. Ist innerhalb der Quarant{\"a}ne eine physische Distanzierung nur bedingt m{\"o}glich, ist von einer Erh{\"o}hung des Infektionsrisikos f{\"u}r die nicht-infizierten Bewohner*innen auszugehen. Studien zur Quarant{\"a}ne unter den vergleichsweisen g{\"u}nstigen Bedingungen von Kreuzfahrtschiffen best{\"a}tigen dies. Es gibt keine Daten dar{\"u}ber, ob die Kollektivquarant{\"a}ne einen gesundheitlichen Nutzen f{\"u}r die Bev{\"o}lkerung außerhalb der Einrichtung bedeutet. Da sie allerdings erhebliche normativ-rechtliche Probleme birgt, ist die Kollektivquarant{\"a}ne nach aktuellem Kenntnisstand zu vermeiden. - Die Unterbringung von Gefl{\"u}chteten sollte grunds{\"a}tzlich coronaschutzkonform erfolgen, d.h. m{\"o}glichst dezentral bzw. bei zentralen Einrichtungen m{\"o}glichst in Einzelunterbringung in kleinen Wohneinheiten, damit bei Auftreten eines Falls eine rasche Ausbreitung vermieden wird und eine ad{\"a}quate Kontaktnachverfolgung m{\"o}glich ist. - Nationale Empfehlungen zum Umgang mit SARS-CoV-2 in Aufnahmeeinrichtungen und Gemeinschaftsunterk{\"u}nften unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der bisher vor Ort entwickelten Pr{\"a}ventions- und L{\"o}sungsans{\"a}tze sowie epidemiologischer und normativ-rechtlicher {\"U}berlegungen sind dringend notwendig, um die beteiligten Akteur*innen in ihrem Engagement f{\"u}r die Gesundheit der Bewohner*innen zu unterst{\"u}tzen. Dieses Papier richtet sich an: Politikverantwortliche sowie Akteur*innen der Fl{\"u}chtlingsversorgung und der Wissenschaft.}, language = {de} } @misc{UlrichKohlerFachetal., author = {Ulrich, Hanna-Sophie and Kohler, Emma and Fach, Eva-Maria and Spallek, Jacob and Richter, Matthias and Mlinarić, Martin}, title = {Healthcare needs among unaccompanied minor refugees: a study protocol of a qualitative study explaining access and utilisation across place and gender}, series = {BMJ Open}, volume = {10}, journal = {BMJ Open}, number = {9}, issn = {2044-6055}, doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038882}, pages = {8}, abstract = {Introduction: Several studies have identified that unaccompanied minor refugees (UMRs) are allegedly 'vulnerable' and belong to a high-risk group in terms of psychological distress and post-traumatic stress disorder due to their preflight, periflight and postflight experiences. Psychosocial care (PSC) is of high importance for UMRs, but little is known about barriers to access and utilisation of PSC across place and gender. The aims of this gender-sensitive qualitative study will be to build on the existing body of literature and to provide qualitative evidence on the contexts and mechanisms of PSC for male and female UMRs in Germany by comparing two German regions. Methods and analysis: Following the study preparing realist review, a qualitative study will be undertaken in Berlin and Central German cities. Approximately 24 experts from the field of PSC and 12 lay UMRs will participate in face-to-face, semistructured interviews. Data will be transcribed and analysed based on the grounded theory research paradigm. Ethics and dissemination: Only participants who have been informed in both German and their native tongue and who have signed a declaration of consent will be included in the study. The study will comply rigorously with German data protection standards. Approval from the Ethical Review Committee at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany has been obtained and granted. The results of the study will be presented at several conferences and will be published in high-quality, peer-reviewed international journals. The results will display a differentiated picture of the PSC of UMRs in Germany. Such knowledge is a precondition for a 'science of change' that translates explanations into practical recommendations on how to improve healthcare policies.}, language = {en} } @misc{WachtlerHoffmannBlumeetal., author = {Wachtler, Benjamin and Hoffmann, Stephanie and Blume, Miriam and Rattay, Petra and Herr, Raphael and Deindl, Christian and Sundmacher, Leonie and Richter, Matthias and Spallek, Jacob and Lampert, Thomas}, title = {The impact of the family on health inequalities in children - A systematic scoping review}, series = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {30}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, number = {Supplement_5}, publisher = {Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {1101-1262}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.898}, pages = {1}, abstract = {Background Health inequalities in school-aged children and adolescents were repeatedly reported across Europe but less is known about the contextual and compositional factors of families that might influence and reproduce those health inequalities. In this systematic scoping review we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the available international literature on the mediating and moderating influence of the family on health inequalities in children and adolescents in Europe and North America. Methods This review follows the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. After defining the research question a search strategy was developed in cooperation with a scientific librarian and the study protocol was registered. A search of three databases (Pubmed, Scopus, PsycINFO) was conducted to identify relevant literature in English or German published between the year 2000 and 2019. A qualitative data charting process was used to extract the relevant data. Results In total 11.838 records were identified through the multi database search (Pubmed n = 6370, PsycINFO n = 3505, Scopus n = 1963). After elimination of duplicates and records from excluded countries, 8862 abstracts were screened by two researchers independently. Different cluster of evidence of family influences on health inequalities were identified: Parental behaviors and children's obesity, parents' smoking and drinking habits and adolescents' risk behaviors, parenting style and children's common mental disorders, parental resources and children's quality of life. Conclusions There are different aspects of family's contextual and compositional characteristics on health inequalities identifiable in the international literature. These characteristics might be new targets for family-focused health promotion strategies. Key messages: -A systematic scoping review found different family aspects that influence health inequalities in children and adolescents. - The identified family traits are promising targets for family-focused health promotion strategies to reduce health inequalities.}, language = {en} } @misc{MatosFialhoDraganoReuteretal., author = {Matos Fialho, Paula Mayara and Dragano, Nico and Reuter, Matthias and Metzendorf, Maria-Inti and Richter, Bernd and Richter, Matthias and Spallek, Jacob and Diehl, Katharina and Lampert, Thomas and Pischke, Claudia R.}, title = {Health inequalities during school-to-work transitions among young adults: Mapping the evidence}, series = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {30}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, number = {Supplement_5}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.278}, pages = {1}, abstract = {Background School-to-work transition is a sensitive period that can have a substantial impact on health over the life course. Previous studies suggest pronounced health inequalities during this period but little is known about the determinants at the individual, meso- and macro-levels. We aim to further elucidate possible health inequalities during school-to-work transitions with a focus on multilevel determinants, e.g. evidence on potential effects of contextual and compositional factors of specific institutions involved. Methods We are currently conducting a scoping review (funded by the German Research Foundation) to map the evidence on the above mentioned topic among young adults (aged 16-24 years), following the methodological framework proposed by Arksey and {\´O}Malley and PRISMA. The literature search was performed in Ovid MEDLINE, Web of Science, ILO and NIOSH, using sensitive search strategy developed by text-analysis. Only articles published between January 2000 - February 2020 and written in English or German are considered. The selection process is conducted following a two-step approach:1) screening of titles and abstracts 2) screening of full-texts by two independent reviewers. Any discrepancies in the selection process are resolved by a third researcher. Preliminary Results Following the five stages of the methodological framework, the scoping review is currently in stage 3 (study selection-screening phase). We found 25,069 potentially relevant articles in our primary search. 15,508 articles remained after the duplicates were removed. Up to now, 8,825 papers were screened of which 7,629 were excluded and 1,176 included which qualified for full-text reading. Complete results of the scoping review will be presented at the conference. Conclusions This scoping review will improve our knowledge about the emergence and development of health inequalities during school-to-work transitions by examining health of individuals in different institutional contexts. Key messages - Improving our knowledge of health inequalities during school-to-work transitions. - the role of determinants at the individual, meso- and macro-levels during this stage will also be examined.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchillingSpallekMauletal., author = {Schilling, Laura and Spallek, Jacob and Maul, Holger and Tallarek, Marie and Schneider, Sven}, title = {Active and Passive Exposure to Tobacco and e-Cigarettes During Pregnancy}, series = {Maternal and Child Health Journal}, volume = {25}, journal = {Maternal and Child Health Journal}, number = {4}, issn = {1092-7875}, doi = {10.1007/s10995-020-03037-8}, pages = {656 -- 665}, abstract = {Objectives Active and passive exposure to tobacco cigarettes during pregnancy is associated with multiple negative health outcomes for the fetus. In addition, exposure to e-cigarettes has been progressively discussed as a new threat to fetal health. Until now, there has been a lack of studies examining active and passive exposure to tobacco and e-cigarettes among pregnant women. The objective of our current STudy on E-cigarettes and Pregnancy (STEP) was to advance and complement the current knowledge regarding active and passive exposure to tobacco and e-cigarettes before pregnancy and during early and late pregnancy. Methods One element of the STEP study was a quantitative cross-sectional design: A sample of 540 pregnant women recruited at an obstetrician clinic in Hamburg from April 2018 to January 2019 were surveyed once via a standardized questionnaire and provided complete information regarding their consumption of tobacco and e-cigarettes. We performed a descriptive analysis of tobacco and e-cigarette use before pregnancy and during early and late pregnancy, as well as bivariate analysis of these variables with sociodemographic determinants. Passive exposure was assessed by asking the participating pregnant women about the consumption of tobacco and e-cigarettes by their partners, in general, and in their homes. Results Before pregnancy, 20.0\% of the participants used tobacco cigarettes exclusively, 1.3\% used e-cigarettes exclusively, and 6.5\% were dual users. Educational level was significantly associated with tobacco cigarette use (p < 0.001) and dual use (p = 0.047) before pregnancy. During early (late) pregnancy, 8.7\% (2.8\%) used tobacco cigarettes and 0.4\% (0.0\%) used e-cigarettes exclusively. Twenty-point nine percent of women's partners consumed tobacco cigarettes exclusively, 2.7\% consumed e-cigarettes exclusively, and 2.7\% consumed both. A total of 8.5\% (16.7\%) of the partners who consumed tobacco cigarettes exclusively (e-cigarettes exclusively) did so in the women's homes. Conclusions for Practice Among pregnant women, the use of tobacco cigarettes remains prominent before and during pregnancy, while e-cigarette use predominately occurs before pregnancy. Our study shows that pregnant women are frequently exposed to their partners' tobacco and e-cigarette use within their homes. Strategies to reduce such exposure should be further intensified. Significance In the last decade, e-cigarettes have become popular, and e-cigarette use has been increasing, even among pregnant women. However, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the exposure to e-cigarettes before pregnancy and during early and late pregnancy, as well as studies comparing e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes. The current study found that active exposure to e-cigarettes before pregnancy is high, while exposure during pregnancy is marginal. In contrast, exposure to tobacco cigarettes before and in early pregnancy is high but decreases during late pregnancy. In addition, the results of our study show that pregnant women are passively exposed to tobacco and e-cigarettes at home. Pregnant women should be advised against exposing themselves, actively or passively, to tobacco and e-cigarette smoke.}, language = {en} } @misc{TallarekBozorgmehrSpallek, author = {Tallarek, Marie and Bozorgmehr, Kayvan and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Towards inclusionary and diversity-sensitive public health: the consequences of exclusionary othering in public health using the example of COVID-19 management in German reception centres and asylum camps}, series = {BMJ Global Health}, volume = {5}, journal = {BMJ Global Health}, number = {12}, issn = {2059-7908}, doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003789}, pages = {9}, abstract = {The German government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been predominantly considered wellfounded. Still, the practice of mass quarantine in reception centres and asylum camps has been criticised for its discrimination of refugees and asylum seekers. Building on the concept of othering, this article argues that processes of othering are structurally anchored in German asylum regulations and they have further pervaded public health measures against COVID-19. The practice of mass quarantine made the negative consequences of exclusionary othering for public health particularly noticeable. In the light of recent data indicating this measure to be epidemiologically, legally and ethically insufficient, we apply the concept of othering to public health and discuss (1) exclusionary, (2) inclusionary and (3) diversity-sensitive approaches to public health. We finally conclude that a shift of perspective from exclusion to inclusion, from subordination to empowerment and from silencing to participation is urgently required.}, language = {en} } @misc{HerkeMoorWinteretal., author = {Herke, Max and Moor, Irene and Winter, Kristina and Hoffmann, Stephanie and Spallek, Jacob and Hilger-Kolb, Jennifer and Pischke, Claudia R. and Dragano, Nico and Novelli, Anna and Richter, Matthias}, title = {Role of contextual and compositional characteristics of schools for health inequalities in childhood and adolescence: protocol for a scoping review}, series = {BMJ Open}, volume = {10}, journal = {BMJ Open}, number = {12}, issn = {2044-6055}, doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038999}, pages = {7}, abstract = {Introduction Childhood and adolescence are crucial life stages for health trajectories and the development of health inequalities in later life. The relevance of schools for health and well-being of children and adolescents has long been recognised, and there is some research regarding the association of contextual and compositional characteristics of schools and classes with health, health behaviour and well-being in this population. Little is known about the role of meso-level characteristics in relation to health inequalities. The aim of this scoping review is to retrieve and synthesise evidence about the mediating or moderating role of compositional or contextual characteristics of schools for the association between students' socioeconomic position and health in primary and secondary education. Methods and analysis We will conduct a systematic search of electronic databases in PubMed/Medline, Web of Science and Education Resources Information Center. Studies must meet the following inclusion criteria: (1) The population must be students attending primary or secondary schools in developed economies. (2) The outcomes must include at least one indicator for individual health, health behaviour or well-being. (3) The study must include at least one contextual or compositional characteristic of the school context and one individual determinant of socioeconomic position. (4) The study must also examine the mediating or moderating role of the contextual or compositional characteristic of the school context for the associations between socioeconomic position and health, health behaviour or well-being. (5) The study must be published since 1 January 2000 in English or German language. We will provide a narrative synthesis of findings. Ethics and dissemination We will not collect primary data and only include secondary data derived from previously published studies. Therefore, ethical approval is not required. We intend to publish our findings in an international peer-reviewed journal and to present them at national and international conferences.}, language = {en} } @misc{HintermeierGencerKajikhinaetal., author = {Hintermeier, Maren and Gencer, Hande and Kajikhina, Katja and Rohleder, Sven and Santos-H{\"o}vener, Claudia and Tallarek, Marie and Spallek, Jacob and Bozorgmehr, Kayvan}, title = {SARS-CoV-2 among migrants and forcibly displaced populations: a rapid systematic review}, series = {medRxiv}, journal = {medRxiv}, doi = {10.1101/2020.12.14.20248152}, pages = {27}, abstract = {The economic and health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic pose a particular threat to vulnerable groups, such as migrants, particularly forcibly displaced populations. The aim of this review is (i) to synthesise the evidence on risk of infection and transmission among migrants, refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced populations, and (ii) the effect of lockdown measures on these populations. We searched MEDLINE and WOS, preprint servers, and pertinent websites between 1st December 2019 and 26th June 2020. The included studies showed a high heterogeneity in study design, population, outcome and quality. The incidence risk of SARS-CoV-2 varied from 0.12\% to 2.08\% in non-outbreak settings and from 5.64\% to 21.15\% in outbreak settings. Migrants showed a lower hospitalisation rate compared to non-migrants. Negative impacts on mental health due to lockdown measures were found across respective studies. However, findings show a tenuous and heterogeneous data situation, showing the need for more robust and comparative study designs.}, language = {en} } @misc{MianiBatramZantvoortWandschneideretal., author = {Miani, C{\´e}line and Batram-Zantvoort, Stephanie and Wandschneider, Lisa and Spallek, Jacob and Razum, Oliver}, title = {Potential of Standard Perinatal Data for Measuring Violation of Birth Integrity}, series = {Frontiers in global women's health}, journal = {Frontiers in global women's health}, number = {1}, issn = {2673-5059}, doi = {10.3389/fgwh.2020.581244}, pages = {8}, abstract = {Background: Measuring the phenomenon of violation of birth integrity (vBI) (e.g., obstetric violence) relies in part on the availability and content of maternity care providers' data. The population coverage and linkage possibilities that these data provide make for a yet untapped potential. Although vBI is a complex phenomenon best measured with dedicated instruments, we argue that maternity care providers' data could contribute to enhance our knowledge of the manifestations and frequency of vBI, and allow for analyses across different sub-groups of the population. Looking into the German standardized perinatal data, we investigate which variables are relevant to vBI-related research, and how complete their reporting is. Methods: First, we analyse state-of-the-art frameworks and recommendations, and, for each vBI-related domain, we search for and list corresponding variables in the perinatal data which could contribute to a better understanding of vBI issues. Second, we use an example and analyse the content of perinatal data obtained between 2013 and 2016 in the context of the BaBi birth cohort study set in Bielefeld, Germany. We use descriptive statistics to assess the completeness of the data. Results: The vBI-related variables can be classified in three main categories: discrimination based on specific patient socio-demographic attributes (e.g., height and weight to calculate BMI before pregnancy, foreign origin), indication for medical interventions (i.e., medicalization-related variables: indication for cesarean sections and induction), and supportive care, in particular the mobilization dimension (e.g., continuous fetal heartbeat monitoring). The data analyses included 876 births, of which 601 were vaginal birth. We found poor reporting on demographic variables in terms of completeness. Medicalization and mobilization variables are better documented, although limited in scope. Conclusions: Putting more emphasis on the completeness of standardized data could increase their potential for vBI-related research. Perinatal data alone are insufficient to assess vBI, but a broader, theory-informed discussion of indicators to be included in standardized datasets would contribute to capturing the different aspects of integrity violation in a more systematic way and expand the evidence-base on different types of vBI.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchillingSpallekMauletal., author = {Schilling, Laura and Spallek, Jacob and Maul, Holger and Schneider, Sven}, title = {Study on E-Cigarettes and Pregnancy (STEP) - Results of a Mixed Methods Study on Risk Perceptionof E-Cigarette Use During Pregnancy}, series = {Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde}, volume = {81}, journal = {Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde}, number = {02}, issn = {0016‑5751}, doi = {10.1055/a-1308-2376}, pages = {214 -- 223}, abstract = {Introduction E-cigarette use during pregnancy is a risk factor for maternal and fetal health. Early studies on animals showed that in utero exposure to e-cigarettes can have negative health outcomes for the fetus. There has been only limited research into the risk perceptions of e-cigarette use during pregnancy. This study was conducted to comprehensively characterize the constructs of risk perceptions with regard to e-cigarette use during pregnancy using an Integrated Health Belief Model (IHBM). Methods Our STudy on E-cigarettes and Pregnancy (STEP)used a mixed methods approach, with the study divided intoan initial qualitative part and a quantitative part. A netno-graphic approach was used for the first part, which consistedof the analysis of 1552 posts from 25 German-language on-line discussion threads on e-cigarette use during pregnancy. Using these qualitative results, a quantitative questionnaire was developed to explore risk perception constructs about e‑cigarette use during pregnancy. This questionnaire was subsequently administered to pregnant women (n = 575) in onehospital in Hamburg, Germany. Descriptive and bivariate analysis was used to examine differences in risk perception ac-cording to participantsʼ tobacco and e-cigarette user status before and during pregnancy. While the study design, methods and sample have been extensively described in our recently published study protocol in the January 2020 issue of Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde, this paper is devoted to apresentation of the results of our mixed methods study. Results Themes related to perceived threats identified in the qualitative study part were nicotine-related health risks and po-tential health risks of additional ingredients. Perceived benefits were possibility and facilitation of smoking cessationand a pre-sumed potential to reduce harm. The subsequent quantitative part showed that nearly all participants (99.3\%) perceivede‑cigarettes which contained nicotine as constituting a threat to the health of the unborn child. The most commonly perceived barrier was health-related (96.6\%), while the most commonly perceived benefit was a reduction in the amount of tobacco cigarettes consumed (31.8\%). We found that partic-ularly perceived benefits varied depending on the partici-pantʼs tobacco and e-cigarette user status. Conclusion When considering future prevention strategies, the potential health risks and disputed effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a tool for smoking cessation need to be taken intoaccount and critically discussed.}, language = {en} } @misc{NovelliSchuettigSpalleketal., author = {Novelli, Anna and Sch{\"u}ttig, Wiebke and Spallek, Jacob and Wachtler, Benjamin and Diehl, Katharina and Moor, Irene and Richter, Matthias and Dragano, Nico and Sundmacher, Leonie}, title = {Correlation of mesolevel characteristics of the healthcare system and socioeconomic inequality in healthcare use: a scoping review protocol}, series = {BMJ Open}, volume = {11}, journal = {BMJ Open}, number = {2}, issn = {2044-6055}, doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044301}, pages = {7}, abstract = {Introduction Although the impact of macrolevel characteristics of health systems on socioeconomic inequity in health has been studied extensively, the impact of access characteristics on a smaller scale of health systems has received less attention. These mesolevel characteristics can influence access to healthcare and might have the potential to moderate or aggravate socioeconomic inequity in healthcare use. This scoping review aims to map the existing evidence of the association of socioeconomic inequity in healthcare use and mesolevel access characteristics of the health system. Methods and analysis In conducting the scoping review, we follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols Extension for Scoping Reviews. The search will be carried out in four scientific databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus and PsycINFO. Main eligibility criteria are inclusion in the analysis of a measure of socioeconomic position, a measure of individual healthcare use and a mesolevel determinant of access to healthcare services. The selection process consists of two consecutive screening stages (first: title/abstract; second: full text). At both stages, two reviewers independently assess the eligibility of studies. In case of disagreement, a third reviewer will be involved. Cohen's kappa will be calculated to report inter-rater agreement between reviewers. Results are synthesised narratively, as a high heterogeneity of studies is expected. Ethics and dissemination No primary data are collected for the presented scoping review. Therefore, ethical approval is not necessary. The scoping review will be published in an international peer-reviewed journal, and findings will be presented on national and international conferences.}, language = {en} } @misc{LueckmannHoebelRoicketal., author = {Lueckmann, Sara Lena and Hoebel, Jens and Roick, Julia and Markert, Jenny and Spallek, Jacob and Knesebeck, Olaf von dem and Richter, Matthias}, title = {Socioeconomic inequalities in primary-care and specialist physician visits: a systematic review}, series = {International journal for equity in health}, volume = {20}, journal = {International journal for equity in health}, issn = {1475-9276}, doi = {10.1186/s12939-020-01375-1}, pages = {19}, abstract = {Background Utilization of primary-care and specialist physicians seems to be associated differently with socioeconomic status (SES). This review aims to summarize and compare the evidence on socioeconomic inequalities in consulting primary-care or specialist physicians in the general adult population in high-income countries. Methods We carried out a systematic search across the most relevant databases (Web of Science, Medline) and included all studies, published since 2004, reporting associations between SES and utilization of primary-care and/or specialist physicians. In total, 57 studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Results Many studies found socioeconomic inequalities in physician utilization, but inequalities were more pronounced in visiting specialists than primary-care physicians. The results of the studies varied strongly according to the operationalization of utilization, namely whether a physician was visited (probability) or how often a physician was visited (frequency). For probabilities of visiting primary-care physicians predominantly no association with SES was found, but frequencies of visits were higher in the most disadvantaged. The most disadvantaged often had lower probabilities of visiting specialists, but in many studies no link was found between the number of visits and SES. Conclusion This systematic review emphasizes that inequalities to the detriment of the most deprived is primarily a problem in the probability of visiting specialist physicians. Healthcare policy should focus first off on effective access to specialist physicians in order to tackle inequalities in healthcare.}, language = {en} } @misc{TallarekSpallek, author = {Tallarek, Marie and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Inclusionary und diversit{\"a}tssensibles Public Health in der Pandemie}, series = {Public Health Forum}, volume = {29}, journal = {Public Health Forum}, number = {1}, issn = {1876-4851}, doi = {10.1515/pubhef-2020-0112}, pages = {22 -- 26}, abstract = {Othering beschreibt die Markierung von Menschen als „anders" oder „nicht zugeh{\"o}rig". Ausgehend von den Konzepten des exclusionary und inclusionary Othering diskutiert dieser Beitrag drei Ans{\"a}tze zu i) exclusionary Public Health, ii) inclusionary Public Health und iii) diversit{\"a}tssensiblem Public Health. Die Implikationen der Ans{\"a}tze werden am Beispiel des Umgangs mit der COVID-19 Pandemie bei schutzsuchenden Menschen in Aufnahmeeinrichtungen und Sammelunterk{\"u}nften in Deutschland aufgezeigt.}, language = {de} } @incollection{SpallekRazum, author = {Spallek, Jacob and Razum, Oliver}, title = {Epidemiologische Erkl{\"a}rungsmodelle f{\"u}r den Zusammenhang zwischen Migration und Gesundheit}, series = {Handbuch Migration und Gesundheit : Grundlagen, Perspektiven und Strategien}, booktitle = {Handbuch Migration und Gesundheit : Grundlagen, Perspektiven und Strategien}, editor = {Spallek, Jacob and Zeeb, Hajo}, edition = {1}, publisher = {Hogrefe AG}, address = {Bern}, isbn = {978-3-456-85995-8}, doi = {10.1024/85995-000}, pages = {81 -- 90}, abstract = {Migration beeinflusst die Gesundheit. Ob sich Migration gesundheitlich positiv oder negativ auswirkt, h{\"a}ngt von einer Vielzahl von Faktoren ab, die in verschiedenen Erkl{\"a}rungsmodellen in einen Zusammenhang gebracht werden. Wichtig bei der Beschreibung des Zusammenhangs sind eine zeitliche Komponente und die Einbeziehung der individuellen Lebensl{\"a}ufe der Migrant*innen mit ihren Lebensabschnitten vor, w{\"a}hrend und nach der Migration.}, language = {de} } @incollection{ScholaskeSpallekEntringer, author = {Scholaske, Laura and Spallek, Jacob and Entringer, Sonja}, title = {Intergenerationale {\"U}bertragung von Migrationserfahrungen und fetale Programmierung von Krankheit und Gesundheit}, series = {Handbuch Migration und Gesundheit : Grundlagen, Perspektiven und Strategien}, booktitle = {Handbuch Migration und Gesundheit : Grundlagen, Perspektiven und Strategien}, editor = {Spallek, Jacob and Zeeb, Hajo}, edition = {1}, publisher = {Hogrefe AG}, address = {Bern}, isbn = {978-3-456-85995-8}, pages = {351 -- 368}, abstract = {Gesundheitsdisparit{\"a}ten manifestieren sich in der Nachkommengeneration von Migrant*innen teilweise schon in fr{\"u}hen Lebensjahren. Viele dieser Gesundheits-disparit{\"a}ten werden durch sozio{\"o}konomische Benachteiligung und Akkulturation vermittelt. Anhand des Konzeptes der fetalen Pro-grammierung kann erkl{\"a}rt werden, dass das m{\"u}tterliche Stresserleben - vermittelt {\"u}ber endokrine und immunologische Prozesse - die sp{\"a}tere Gesundheit und Krank-heitsvulnerabilit{\"a}t der Nachkommen bereits in der Schwangerschaft beeinflusst. Es gibt aus der internationalen Forschung zahlreiche Belege daf{\"u}r, dass endokrine und immunologische Prozesse den Zusam-menhang zwischen m{\"u}tterlichen migrationsbezogenen Stressoren und Schwangerschafts-, Geburts- und sp{\"a}teren Gesundheitsoutcomes des Kindes vermitteln. Bei Migrant*innen in Deutschland sind diese Zusammenh{\"a}nge weitestgehend unterforscht.}, language = {de} } @misc{UlrichKohlerSpalleketal., author = {Ulrich, Hanna-Sophie and Kohler, Emma and Spallek, Jacob and Richter, Matthias and Clauß, Daniel and Mlinarić, Martin}, title = {Explaining psychosocial care among unaccompanied minor refugees: a realist review}, series = {European child \& adolescent psychiatry}, volume = {31(2022)}, journal = {European child \& adolescent psychiatry}, number = {12}, issn = {1435-165X}, doi = {10.1007/s00787-021-01762-1}, pages = {1857 -- 1870}, abstract = {Research on the psychosocial care (PSC) of unaccompanied minor refugees (UMRs) has mainly taken a socioepidemiological approach and has focused on the perspectives of experts in the field. In contrast, the knowledge concerning the differing context factors and the underlying mechanisms of current PSC which could inform policy recommendations is scant. The study aims at unravelling the contexts, mechanisms and outcomes of PSC for UMRs. For a realist review (RR), scientific evidence and gray literature were synthesised consistent with the RAMESES publication standards for realist synthesis. Based on an iterative keyword search in electronic databases (e.g., PubMed) and screening, 34 works from 2005 to 2019 were included in a realist synthesis. Theory-informed context-mechanism-outcome configurations (CMOs) were extracted, to explain underlying processes and mechanisms. Characterised by their interrelatedness, the dominant CMOs included the UMRs' intersections of transitions (e.g., adolescence and migration), their needs for culture-, and gender-sensitive PSC, and the undersupply of PSC. These contexts and outcomes are mediated by pre-, peri- and post-migratory stressors as well as care structures and are moreover influenced by overarching discourses and concepts. They comprise adverse and beneficial mechanisms in the PSC of UMRs. The existing literature grasps the PSC of UMRs by different disciplines and approaches but does not offer a comprehensive overview on micro-macro intersections and included discourses. The inclusion of lay perspectives and an intersectional approach could inform health service research. The reflection of UMR-related categorical constructs of resilience and vulnerability, discourses of othering, as well as restrictive health policies may guide policy recommendations.}, language = {en} } @incollection{TallarekMlinarićSpallek, author = {Tallarek, Marie and Mlinarić, Martin and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Migration - Bedeutung und Implikationen f{\"u}r die Pr{\"a}vention und Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderung}, series = {Springer Reference Pflege - Therapie - Gesundheit}, booktitle = {Springer Reference Pflege - Therapie - Gesundheit}, editor = {Tiemann, Michael and Mohokum, Melvin}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, isbn = {978-3-662-62426-5}, issn = {2662-6942}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-62426-5_28}, pages = {199 -- 211}, abstract = {Die Bev{\"o}lkerungsgruppe der Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund umfasst fast ein Viertel der Gesamtbev{\"o}lkerung in Deutschland und ist h{\"o}chst heterogen. Pauschalisierende Aussagen zum Gesundheitsstatus dieser Gruppe sind daher nicht m{\"o}glich. Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund sind nicht grunds{\"a}tzlich ges{\"u}nder oder kr{\"a}nker als die Mehrheitsbev{\"o}lkerung. Allerdings k{\"o}nnen sie sich aufgrund von Expositionen vor, w{\"a}hrend und nach der Migration in ihren Gesundheitschancen und -risiken von der Mehrheitsbev{\"o}lkerung unterscheiden. Pr{\"a}vention und Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderung sollten daraus resultierende spezifische Bedarfe ebenso ber{\"u}cksichtigen wie die Diversit{\"a}t der Bev{\"o}lkerung insgesamt. Erfolgversprechend ist eine Kombination aus diversit{\"a}tssensiblen, f{\"u}r die Gesamtbev{\"o}lkerung zug{\"a}nglichen Angeboten und migrationsspezifischen Ans{\"a}tzen in besonders risikoreichen Situationen. Kommunale, settingorientierte sowie soziokulturell angepasste Angebote verbessern die Erreichbarkeit der Zielgruppen maßgeblich.}, language = {de} } @misc{ScholaskeSpallekEntringer, author = {Scholaske, Laura and Spallek, Jacob and Entringer, Sonja}, title = {Fetale Programmierung von Gesundheitsdisparit{\"a}ten bei Kindern mit Migrationshintergrund}, series = {Public Health Forum}, volume = {29}, journal = {Public Health Forum}, number = {2}, issn = {1876-4851}, doi = {10.1515/pubhef-2021-0015}, pages = {131 -- 134}, abstract = {Kinder von Migrant*innen zeigen bereits in fr{\"u}hen Lebensjahren h{\"a}ufig Gesundheitsdisparit{\"a}ten, die mit m{\"u}tterlicher Gesundheit und migrationsbezogenen Faktoren eng zusammenh{\"a}ngen. Zur Erkl{\"a}rung dieses Ph{\"a}nomens der intergenerationalen Transmission von Gesundheitsdisparit{\"a}ten schlagen wir ein Modell vor, das eine Lebensverlaufsperspektive mit dem Konzept der fetalen Programmierung von Gesundheit und Krankheitsvulnerabilit{\"a}t zusammenbringt.}, language = {de} } @misc{SpallekScholaskeDumanetal., author = {Spallek, Jacob and Scholaske, Laura and Duman, Elif Aysimi and Razum, Oliver and Entringer, Sonja}, title = {Association of maternal migrant background with inflammation during pregnancy - results of a birth cohort study in Germany}, series = {Brain, Behavior, and Immunity}, volume = {Vol. 96}, journal = {Brain, Behavior, and Immunity}, issn = {1090-2139}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbi.2021.06.010}, pages = {271 -- 278}, abstract = {Background Health disparities in children of immigrants are prevalent from birth and are hypothesized to - in part - emerge as a biological consequence of migration's unfavorable social and psychological sequelae. The aim of this study was to examine whether maternal migrant background is associated with inflammation during pregnancy - a key pathway by which maternal states and conditions during pregnancy may influence fetal development and subsequent pregnancy, birth, and child developmental and health outcomes. Material and Methods Data was available from 126 pregnant women who participated in a population based multi-site prospective birth cohort study in Bielefeld and Berlin, Germany. The study included two study visits in mid- and late pregnancy. At each visit, a composite maternal pro-inflammatory score was derived from circulating levels of plasma inflammatory markers (IL-6, CRP). Migrant background was defined by country of origin of participants and their parents' (Turkey or other) and generation status (1st or 2nd generation). We applied hierarchical linear models (HLM) in order to quantify the relationship between different migrant background variables and inflammation during pregnancy after adjustment for potential confounders (including socioeconomic status). Results Migrant background was significantly associated with inflammation during pregnancy. When compared to women without migrant background, levels of inflammation were increased in 1) pregnant women with migrant background in general (B = 0.35, SE = 0.12, p < .01); 2) 1st (B = 0.28, SE = 0.15, p < .10) and 2nd generation (B = 0.40, SE = 0.15, p < .01); 3) women with a Turkish migrant background (B = 0.28, SE = 0.14, p < .10) and women with another migrant background (B = 0.42, SE = 0.15, p <.01); and 4) 2nd generation Turkish origin women (B = 0.38, SE = 0.20, p <.10), 1st generation women with other migrant background (B = 0.44, SE = 0.26, p <.10), and 2nd generation women with other migrant background (B=0.43, SE = 0.17, p <.05). Discussion Our findings support a role for maternal inflammation as a pathway of intergenerational transmission of migration-related health inequalities, suggest that the effect seems to persist in 2nd generation immigrants, and highlight the need for future research and targeted interventions in this context.}, language = {en} } @misc{HintermeierGencerKajikhinaetal., author = {Hintermeier, Maren and Gencer, Hande and Kajikhina, Katja and Rohleder, Sven and Santos-H{\"o}vener, Claudia and Tallarek, Marie and Spallek, Jacob and Bozorgmehr, Kayvan}, title = {SARS-CoV-2 among migrants and forcibly displaced populations: a rapid systematic review}, series = {Journal of Migration and Health}, volume = {4}, journal = {Journal of Migration and Health}, issn = {2666-6235}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmh.2021.100056}, pages = {13}, abstract = {The economic and health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic pose a particular threat to vulnerable groups, such as migrants, particularly forcibly displaced populations. The aim of this review is (i) to synthesise the evidence on risk of infection and transmission among migrants, refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced populations, and (ii) the effect of lockdown measures on these populations. We searched MEDLINE and WOS, preprint servers, and pertinent websites between 1st December 2019 and 26th June 2020. The included studies showed a high heterogeneity in study design, population, outcome and quality. The incidence risk of SARS-CoV-2 varied from 0•12\% to 2•08\% in non-outbreak settings and from 5•64\% to 21•15\% in outbreak settings. Migrants showed a lower hospitalisation rate compared to non-migrants. Negative impacts on mental health due to lockdown measures were found across respective studies. However, findings show a tenuous and heterogeneous data situation, showing the need for more robust and comparative study designs.}, language = {en} } @incollection{HoffmannTallarekSpallek, author = {Hoffmann, Stephanie and Tallarek, Marie and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Gesundheitswissenschaftliche Grundlagen f{\"u}r den Gesundheitsunterricht. Gesundheit und Vielfalt in Schule, Ausbildung und Studium}, series = {Gesundheitsdidaktik}, booktitle = {Gesundheitsdidaktik}, editor = {Goldfriedrich, Martin and Hurrelmann, Klaus}, edition = {1}, publisher = {Beltz Juventa}, address = {Weinheim, Basel}, isbn = {978-3-7799-6371-4}, pages = {134 -- 155}, abstract = {Dieses Kapitel stellt theoretische und empirische Grundlagen der Gesundheit, ihrer Determinanten und der gesundheitlichen Ungleichheit als Gegenstand eines systematischen Gesundheitsunterrichts vor (Goldfriedrich/Hurrelmann in diesem Band, Kern-Wert 2 des Gesundheitsunterrichtes). Das Wissen um die Komplexit{\"a}t menschlicher Vielfalt und deren Einfluss auf die gesundheitliche Situation bildet die Grundlage f{\"u}r das Verst{\"a}ndnis zentraler Gesundheitsdimensionen (u. a. M{\"u}ller/Porges in diesem Band) sowie die didaktische Schwerpunktsetzung in verschiedenen Institutionen im Entwicklungsverlauf, wie dem Gymnasium (Schwegmann in diesem Band), der Berufsschule (Trumpa/Dorn in diesem Band) oder in Hochschulen (Sprenger in diesem Band). In diesem Kontext erl{\"a}utert das Kapitel die Problematik ungleich verteilter Gesundheitschancen und stellt die Bandbreite relevanter Einflussfaktoren am Beispiel der sozialen Lage, des Migrationshintergrunds und des Geschlechts bei Kindern und Jugendlichen vor. Es zeigt auf, wie dieses Wissen im Bildungskontext curricular implementiert werden kann, um bereits im Kindes- und Jugendalter einen Beitrag zur gesundheitlichen Chancengleichheit leisten zu k{\"o}nnen.}, language = {de} } @misc{BlumeRattayHoffmannetal., author = {Blume, Miriam and Rattay, Petra and Hoffmann, Stephanie and Spallek, Jacob and Sander, Lydia and Herr, Raphael and Richter, Matthias and Moor, Irene and Dragano, Nico and Pischke, Claudia R. and Iashchenko, Iryna and H{\"o}vener, Claudia and Wachtler, Benjamin}, title = {Health Inequalities in Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review of the Mediating and Moderating Effects of Family Characteristics}, series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {18}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, number = {15}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph18157739}, pages = {33}, abstract = {This scoping review systematically mapped evidence of the mediating and moderating effects of family characteristics on health inequalities in school-aged children and adolescents (6-18 years) in countries with developed economies in Europe and North America. We conducted a systematic scoping review following the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews recommendations. We searched the PubMed, PsycINFO and Scopus databases. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts and full texts. Evidence was synthesized narratively. Of the 12,403 records initially identified, 50 articles were included in the synthesis. The included studies were conducted in the United States (n = 27), Europe (n = 18), Canada (n = 3), or in multiple countries combined (n = 2). We found that mental health was the most frequently assessed health outcome. The included studies reported that different family characteristics mediated or moderated health inequalities. Parental mental health, parenting practices, and parent-child-relationships were most frequently examined, and were found to be important mediating or moderating factors. In addition, family conflict and distress were relevant family characteristics. Future research should integrate additional health outcomes besides mental health, and attempt to integrate the complexity of families. The family characteristics identified in this review represent potential starting points for reducing health inequalities in childhood and adolescence.}, language = {en} } @misc{BreckenkampRazumSpalleketal., author = {Breckenkamp, J{\"u}rgen and Razum, Oliver and Spallek, Jacob and Berger, Klaus and Chaix, Basile and Sauzet, Odile}, title = {A method to define the relevant ego-centred spatial scale for the assessment of neighbourhood effects: the example of cardiovascular risk factors}, series = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {21}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/s12889-021-11356-w}, pages = {7}, abstract = {Introduction: The neighbourhood in which one lives affects health through complex pathways not yet fully understood. A way to move forward in assessing these pathways direction is to explore the spatial structure of health phenomena to generate hypotheses and examine whether the neighbourhood characteristics are able to explain this spatial structure. We compare the spatial structure of two cardiovascular disease risk factors in three European urban areas, thus assessing if a non-measured neighbourhood effect or spatial processes is present by either modelling the correlation structure at individual level or by estimating the intra-class correlation within administrative units. Methods: Data from three independent studies (RECORD, DHS and BaBi), covering each a European urban area, are used. The characteristics of the spatial correlation structure of cardiovascular risk factors (BMI and systolic blood pressure) adjusted for age, sex, educational attainment and income are estimated by fitting an exponential model to the semi-variogram based on the geo-coordinates of places of residence. For comparison purposes, a random effect model is also fitted to estimate the intra-class correlation within administrative units. We then discuss the benefits of modelling the correlation structure to evaluate the presence of unmeasured spatial effects on health. Results: BMI and blood pressure are consistently found to be spatially structured across the studies, the spatial correlation structures being stronger for BMI. Eight to 22\% of the variability in BMI were spatially structured with radii ranging from 100 to 240 m (range). Only a small part of the correlation of residuals was explained by adjusting for the correlation within administrative units (from 0 to 4 percentage points). Discussion: The individual spatial correlation approach provides much stronger evidence of spatial effects than the multilevel approach even for small administrative units. Spatial correlation structure offers new possibilities to assess the relevant spatial scale for health. Stronger correlation structure seen for BMI may be due to neighbourhood socioeconomic conditions and processes like social norms at work in the immediate neighbourhood.}, language = {en} } @misc{HoffmannSchiebelHufertetal., author = {Hoffmann, Stephanie and Schiebel, Juliane and Hufert, Frank and Gremmels, Heinz-Detlef and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers: A Prospective Serological-Epidemiological Cohort Study in a Standard Care Hospital in Rural Germany}, series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {18}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, number = {20}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph182010999}, pages = {8}, abstract = {Healthcare workers (HCW) play a vital role in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic control. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and the risk of COVID-19 infections in a cohort of HCW from four different risk groups (from intensive care unit to administration) of a hospital of a primary care level in rural Germany. The outcomes were monthly measures of antibody seroprevalence over a period of 6 months. Overall, a seroprevalence of 13.41\% was determined, with significantly higher prevalence rates among HCW working in areas with more frequent contact to confirmed or suspected cases (30.30\%, p = 0.003). The group specific differences in the risk of infection from COVID-19 were detected, as HCW groups with frequent exposure seemed to have an increased risk (RR = 3.18, p = 0.02; CI95 1.09-9.24). The findings contribute to the epidemiological understanding of the virus spread in an unvaccinated population group, which is highly relevant for the pandemic management.}, language = {en} } @misc{ScholzSchimboeckSpallek, author = {Scholz, Lisa and Schimb{\"o}ck, Florian and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Community Child Health Nursing: Ein Konzept f{\"u}r Deutschland?}, series = {Public Health Forum}, volume = {29}, journal = {Public Health Forum}, number = {3}, doi = {10.1515/pubhef-2021-0063}, pages = {209 -- 212}, abstract = {Soziale Ungleichheit f{\"u}hrt bereits im Kindesalter zu gesundheitlicher Benachteiligung. Gesundheitsf{\"o}rdernde Angebote in Deutschland sind noch unzureichend miteinander verkn{\"u}pft und erreichen sozialbenachteiligte Familien nur bedingt. International ist Community Child Health Nursing (CCHN) verbreitet und bietet einen m{\"o}glichen Ansatz, um die gesundheitliche Chancengleichheit von Kindern zu st{\"a}rken. Dieser Beitrag diskutiert das Berufsbild der CCH-Nurses und konzeptionelle Aspekte f{\"u}r die Implementierung in Deutschland.}, language = {de} } @misc{MianiLudwigDoyleetal., author = {Miani, C{\´e}line and Ludwig, Angelique and Doyle, Ina-Merle and Breckenkamp, J{\"u}rgen and H{\"o}ller-Holtrichter, Chantal and Spallek, Jacob and Razum, Oliver}, title = {The role of education and migration background in explaining differences in folic acid supplementation intake in pregnancy: Results from a German birth cohort study}, series = {Public Health Nutrition}, journal = {Public Health Nutrition}, issn = {1475-2727}, doi = {10.1017/S1368980021003621}, pages = {1 -- 24}, abstract = {Objective: Official German recommendations advise women to start taking folic acid supplementation (FAS) before conception and continue during the first pregnancy trimester to lower the risk of birth defects. Women from lower socioeconomic background and ethnic minorities tend to be less likely to take FAS in other European countries. As little is known about the determinants of FAS in Germany, we aimed to investigate the association between FAS and formal education and migration background, adjusting for demographic factors. Design: We used data (2013-2016) on nutrition and socioeconomic and migration background from the baseline questionnaire of the BaBi cohort study. We performed multivariate regressions and mediation analyses. Setting: Bielefeld, Germany. Participants: 947 women (pregnant or who had given birth in the past two months). Results: 16.7\% of the participants (158/947) didn't use FAS. Migration-related variables (e.g. language, length of stay) were not associated with FAS in the adjusted models. FAS was lower in women with lower level of formal education and in unplanned pregnancies. Reasons given by women for not taking FAS were unplanned pregnancy and lack of knowledge of FAS. Conclusions: Health practitioners may be inclined to see migrant women as an inherently at-risk group for failed intake of FAS. However, it is primarily women who did not plan their pregnancy, and women of lower formal education level, who are at risk. Different public health strategies to counter low supplementation rates should be supported, those addressing the social determinants of health (i.e. education) and those more focussed on family planning.}, language = {en} } @misc{TallarekSpallek, author = {Tallarek, Marie and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Othering in public health using the example of Covid-19 management in German asylum camps}, series = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {31}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, number = {Issue Supplement_3}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckab164.795}, pages = {2}, abstract = {Issue/problem In 2020, several German reception centers and asylum camps were imposed mass quarantine after single residents had been infected with SARS-CoV-2. Civil and research networks criticized this measure, as crowded housing conditions limited the implementation of infection protection measures, and mass quarantine further increased the risk of infection. This raised the question why public health (PH) measures in these settings differed from those implemented in the general population, and which implications for future PH approaches can be identified. Problem description Considering the epidemiological evidence and ethical perspectives on the PH strategies described above, we applied the concepts of "Exclusionary Othering" and "Inclusionary Othering" to PH. We further discussed the Covid-19 management in German reception centers and asylum camps. Results We identified three conceptual approaches: 1) exclusionary, 2) inclusionary, and 3) diversity-sensitive approaches to PH. Exclusionary PH is characterized by an exclusion of less powerful groups despite negative health consequences. Inclusive approaches seek to empower less powerful groups in order to understand each other's needs, build cooperations, protect everyone and to prevent the development of "hot spots". Diversity-sensitive PH approaches avoid othering and seek to implement measures for everyone, taking into account diverse needs, conditions, and resources. Lessons We propose a paradigm shift towards inclusionary and diversity-sensitive PH that benefits the entire population, including those forced to flee other countries. This requires a critical reflection of power dynamics and discrimination. The proposed concepts can be transferred to other social groups, regions, and areas of PH. Key messages Public health needs to shift its perspective from exclusion and subordination to inclusion and involvement. Inclusionary and diversity-sensitive PH approaches promote health equity.}, language = {en} } @misc{HoffmannSanderBlumeetal., author = {Hoffmann, Stephanie and Sander, Lydia and Blume, Miriam and Schneider, Sven and Herke, Max and Matos Fialho, Paula Mayara and Pischke, Claudia R. and Sch{\"u}ttig, Wiebke and Lampert, Thomas and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Do families have moderating or mediating effects on early health inequalities? A scoping review}, series = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {31}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, number = {Supplement_3}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckab165.506}, abstract = {Background During early childhood, families have a crucial impact on children's health behaviour, health, and development (bhd). However, a family's socioeconomic position (SEP) determines both the parental behaviour, living conditions, and child health. To understand how family characteristics may influence the development of health inequalities, this scoping review synthesised research on their mediating and moderating effects. Methods The review followed the guidelines of the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. The search included German and English peer-reviewed articles published between January 1st, 2000 and December 19th, 2019. The search in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus used both free text terms in the title/abstract and index terms within linked keyword blocks: (1) family characteristics, (2) inequalities, (3) income, education, occupation, (4) bhd, (5) newborn, infant, toddler, preschooler. Two researchers independently examined eligibility for inclusion in two rounds (title/abstract; full-text). Results Of 7,089 articles identified, ten sources were included that studied family characteristics and health inequalities among 0-6 years olds. Parental rules, stress, and screentime, and TV in bedroom showed mediating effects on inequalities in behaviour problems or children's screentime. Families' negativity, single parenthood, and the number of children in the household moderated differences in impairment, health, behaviour problems, development or breastfeeding initiation. Conclusions The effect of family characteristics on early health inequalities has been sparsely investigated. The evidence supported models of family stress and investment. Further research is needed to comprehensively understand this association. Key messages Family characteristics contribute to health inequalities. Taking families' stress and investment into account could improve targeted prevention efforts aimed at reducing health inequalities.}, language = {en} } @incollection{TallarekSpallek, author = {Tallarek, Marie and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Gesundheitliche Situation von Migranten in Deutschland}, series = {Migration \& Gesundheit : Das Wichtigste f{\"u}r {\"A}rztinnen und {\"A}rzte aller Fachrichtungen}, booktitle = {Migration \& Gesundheit : Das Wichtigste f{\"u}r {\"A}rztinnen und {\"A}rzte aller Fachrichtungen}, editor = {Sieberer, Marcel and Jung, Petra and F{\"u}hrmann, Fabienne}, edition = {1}, publisher = {Urban \& Fischer Verlag/Elsevier GmbH}, address = {M{\"u}nchen, Jena}, isbn = {9783437235108}, abstract = {Kernaussagen - Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund sind nicht per se kr{\"a}nker oder ges{\"u}nder als die Bev{\"o}lkerung ohne Migrationshintergrund. Expositionen vor, w{\"a}hrend und nach der Migration k{\"o}nnen aber unterschiedliche Gesundheitsressourcen und Krankheitsrisiken mit sich bringen. - {\"U}ber das Merkmal „Migrationshintergrund" hinaus variiert eine Vielzahl an Krankheitsrisiken abh{\"a}ngig vom sozio{\"o}konomischen Status (SES), dem Alter, Geschlecht und der Aufenthaltsdauer im Zielland. - Bei 11 bis 17-j{\"a}hrigen Kindern und Jugendlichen mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund bestehen kaum Unterschiede in der Selbsteinsch{\"a}tzung der k{\"o}rperlichen Gesundheit. - Erwachsene mit Migrationshintergrund aus spezifischen Herkunftsl{\"a}ndern weisen statistisch ein geringeres Risiko f{\"u}r b{\"o}sartige Neubildungen wie Brust-, Haut- oder Lungenkrebs sowie f{\"u}r Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen auf. Erh{\"o}hte Risiken bestehen f{\"u}r Arbeitsunf{\"a}lle, psychsiche Erkrankungen sowie in einzelnen Sub-Gruppen f{\"u}r Infektionskrankheiten wie Tuberkulose, Hepatitis und HIV. - Ausl{\"a}ndische S{\"a}uglinge, Kinder und Jugendliche in Deutschland weisen eine h{\"o}here Mortalit{\"a}tsrate auf als deutsche Gleichaltrige. Zugewanderte Menschen im Alter von 20 bis 60 Jahren haben eine geringere, im Alter von 65 bis 69 Jahren eine h{\"o}here Mortalit{\"a}tsrate als die nicht-migrierte Bev{\"o}lkerung. - Die Sterblichkeit ausl{\"a}ndischer Personen gleicht sich mit zunehmender Aufenthaltsdauer in Deutschland an das Mortalit{\"a}tsmuster der einheimischen Bev{\"o}lkerung an.}, language = {de} } @incollection{SpallekSchumannReeskeBehrens, author = {Spallek, Jacob and Schumann, Maria and Reeske-Behrens, Anna}, title = {Migration und Gesundheit - Gestaltungsm{\"o}glichkeiten von Gesundheitsversorgung und Public Health in diversen Gesellschaften}, series = {Gesundheitswissenschaften}, booktitle = {Gesundheitswissenschaften}, editor = {Haring, Robin}, edition = {2. Auflage}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, isbn = {978-3-662-54179-1}, issn = {2662-6942}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-54179-1_49-2}, abstract = {Der Zusammenhang zwischen Migration und Gesundheit ist vielschichtig. In aktuellen Erkl{\"a}rungsmodellen werden verschiedene Determinanten und Dimensionen angef{\"u}hrt, die {\"u}ber den Lebenslauf von Migranten zu gesundheitlichen Vor- und Nachteilen f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnen. Gesundheitsversorgung und Public Health in einem Einwanderungsland wie Deutschland m{\"u}ssen diese gesundheitlichen Unterschiede beachten und - neben den bei besonderen Risikokonstellationen notwendigen gezielten Maßnahmen f{\"u}r Migranten - sich insgesamt so ausrichten, dass sie der Diversit{\"a}t der Bev{\"o}lkerung gerecht werden. Besondere Chancen bieten dabei Ans{\"a}tze, die im Rahmen von integrierten kommunalen Strategien zur Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderung die Bedarfe der Menschen in ihren Lebenswelten aufgreifen.}, language = {de} } @misc{HerkeMoorWinteretal., author = {Herke, Max and Moor, Irene and Winter, Kristina and Hack, Miriam and Hoffmann, Stephanie and Spallek, Jacob and Hilger-Kolb, Jennifer and Herr, Raphael and Pischke, Claudia R. and Dragano, Nico and Novelli, Anna and Richter, Matthias}, title = {Role of contextual and compositional characteristics of schools for health inequalities in childhood and adolescence: a scoping review}, series = {BMJ Open}, volume = {12}, journal = {BMJ Open}, number = {2}, issn = {2044-6055}, doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052925}, pages = {16}, abstract = {Objectives: To synthesise the evidence on the role of compositional or contextual characteristics of schools in the association between students' socioeconomic position and their health in primary and secondary education in developed economies. Design: Scoping review. We included studies examining the role of at least one school or class characteristic on students' health inequalities and was published since 1 January 2000, in English or German. We searched PubMed/Medline, Web of Science and Education Resources Information Center. We provided a narrative synthesis and an overview of findings. School characteristics were grouped into five broad categories: school composition, school climate, school policies and organisation, food environment and facilities. Results: Of 8520 records identified, 26 studies were included. Twelve studies found a moderating and 3 a mediating effect. The strongest evidence came from studies examining the moderating effect of school composition, that is, the negative impact of a low individual socioeconomic position on mental health and well-being was aggravated by a low average socioeconomic position of schools. Evidence concerning the role of school climate, school stratification (eg, performance base tracking) and sponsorship, food environment and sport facilities and equipment was generally weak or very weak and mostly based on singular findings. Overall, favourable meso-level characteristics mitigated the negative impact of low individual socioeconomic position on health outcomes. Conclusions: School characteristics affect health inequalities in children and adolescents to some degree, but future research is necessary to strengthen the existing evidence and address under-represented aspects in school characteristics and health outcomes.}, language = {en} } @misc{HoffmannSanderWachtleretal., author = {Hoffmann, Stephanie and Sander, Lydia and Wachtler, Benjamin and Blume, Miriam and Schneider, Sven and Herke, Max and Pischke, Claudia R. and Matos Fialho, Paula Mayara and Schuettig, Wiebke and Tallarek, Marie and Lampert, Thomas and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Moderating or mediating effects of family characteristics on socioeconomic inequalities in child health in high‑income countries - a scoping review}, series = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {22}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/s12889-022-12603-4}, pages = {1 -- 14}, abstract = {Background: By explaining the development of health inequalities, eco-social theories highlight the importance of social environments that children are embedded in. The most important environment during early childhood is the family, as it profoundly influences children's health through various characteristics. These include family processes, family structure/size, and living conditions, and are closely linked to the socioeconomic position (SEP) of the family. Although it is known that the SEP contributes to health inequalities in early childhood, the effects of family characteristics on health inequalities remain unclear. The objective of this scoping review is to synthesise existing research on the mediating and moderating effects of family characteristics on socioeconomic health inequalities (HI) during early childhood in high-income countries. Methods: This review followed the methodology of "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews". To identify German and English scientific peer-reviewed literature published from January 1st, 2000, to December 19th, 2019, the following search term blocks were linked with the logical operator "AND": (1) family structure/size, processes, living conditions, (2) inequalities, disparities, diversities, (3) income, education, occupation, (4) health and (5) young children. The search covered the electronic databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus. Results: The search yielded 7,089 records. After title/abstract and full-text screening, only ten peer-reviewed articles were included in the synthesis, which analysed the effects of family characteristics on HI in early childhood. Family processes (i.e., rules /descriptive norms, stress, parental screen time, parent-child conflicts) are identified to have mediating or moderating effects. While families' living conditions (i.e., TVs in children's bedrooms) are suggested as mediating factors, family structure/size (i.e., single parenthood, number of children in the household) appear to moderate health inequalities. Conclusion: Family characteristics contribute to health inequalities in early childhood. The results provide overall support of models of family stress and family investment. However, knowledge gaps remain regarding the role of family health literacy, regarding a wide range of children's health outcomes (e.g., oral health, inflammation parameters, weight, and height), and the development of health inequalities over the life course starting at birth.}, language = {en} } @misc{HoffmannTschornMichalskietal., author = {Hoffmann, Stephanie and Tschorn, Mira and Michalski, Niels and Hoebel, Jens and F{\"o}rstner, Bernd R. and Rapp, Michael A. and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Association of regional socioeconomic deprivation and rurality with global developmental delay in early childhood: Data from mandatory school entry examinations in Germany}, series = {Health \& Place}, volume = {75}, journal = {Health \& Place}, issn = {1353-8292}, doi = {10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102794}, pages = {8}, abstract = {Background From birth to young adulthood, health and development of young people are strongly linked to their living situation, including their family's socioeconomic position (SEP) and living environment. The impact of regional characteristics on development in early childhood beyond family SEP has been rarely investigated. This study aimed to identify regional predictors of global developmental delay at school entry taking family SEP into consideration. Method We used representative, population-based data from mandatory school entry examinations of the German federal state of Brandenburg in 2018/2019 with n=22,801 preschool children. By applying binary multilevel models, we hierarchically analyzed the effect of regional deprivation defined by the German Index of Socioeconomic Deprivation (GISD) and rurality operationalized as inverted population density of the children's school district on global developmental delay (GDD) while adjusting for family SEP (low, medium and high). Results Family SEP was significantly and strongly linked to GDD. Children with the highest family SEP showed a lower odds for GDD compared to a medium SEP (female: OR=4.26, male: OR=3.46) and low SEP (female: OR=16.58, male: OR=12.79). Furthermore, we discovered a smaller, but additional and independent effect of regional socioeconomic deprivation on GDD, with a higher odds for children from a more deprived school district (female: OR=1.35, male: OR=1.20). However, rurality did not show a significant link to GDD in preschool children beyond family SEP and regional deprivation. Conclusion Family SEP and regional deprivation are risk factors for child development and of particular interest to promote health of children in early childhood and over the life course.}, language = {en} } @misc{RattayBlumeWachtleretal., author = {Rattay, Petra and Blume, Miriam and Wachtler, Benjamin and Wollgast, Lina and Spallek, Jacob and Hoffmann, Stephanie and Sander, Lydia and Herr, Raphael and Herke, Max and Reuter, Marvin and Novelli, Anna and H{\"o}vener, Claudia}, title = {Socioeconomic position and self-rated health among female and male adolescents: The role of familial determinants in explaining health inequalities. Results of the German KiGGS study}, series = {PloS one}, volume = {17}, journal = {PloS one}, number = {4}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0266463}, abstract = {Objective Although health inequalities in adolescence are well documented, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Few studies have examined the role of the family in explaining the association between the family's socioeconomic position and adolescents' self-rated health. The current study aimed to explore whether the association between socioeconomic position and self-rated health was mediated by familial determinants. Methods Using data from wave 2 of the"German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents" (KiGGS) (1,838 female and 1,718 male 11- to 17-year-olds), linear regression analyses were conducted to decompose the total effects of income, education, occupational status, socioeconomic position index and adolescents' subjective social status on self-rated health into direct effects and indirect effects through familial determinants (family cohesion, parental well-being, parental stress, parenting styles, parental obesity, smoking and sporting activity). Results A significant total effect of all socioeconomic position indicators on self-rated health was found, except for income in male adolescents. In female adolescents, more than 70\% of the total effects of each socioeconomic position indicator were explained by familial mediators, whereas no significant direct effects remained. The most important mediator was parental well-being, followed by family cohesion, parental smoking and sporting activity. In male adolescents, the associations between income, parental education, the socioeconomic position index and subjective social status were also mediated by familial determinants (family cohesion, parental smoking, obesity and living in a single-mother family). However, a significant direct effect of subjective social status remained. Conclusion The analysis revealed how a family's position of socioeconomic disadvantage can lead to poorer health in adolescents through different family practices. The family appears to play an important role in explaining health inequalities, particularly in female adolescents. Reducing health inequalities in adolescence requires policy interventions (macro-level), community-based strategies (meso-level) and programs to improve parenting and family functioning (micro-level).}, language = {en} } @misc{TschornSchulzeFoerstneretal., author = {Tschorn, Mira and Schulze, Susanne and F{\"o}rstner, Bernd R. and Holmberg, Christine and Spallek, Jacob and Heinz, Andreas and Rapp, Michael A.}, title = {Predictors and prevalence of hazardous alcohol use in middle-late to late adulthood in Europe}, series = {Aging \& Mental Health}, volume = {27 (2023)}, journal = {Aging \& Mental Health}, number = {5}, issn = {1364-6915}, doi = {10.1080/13607863.2022.2076208}, pages = {1001 -- 1010}, abstract = {Objectives: Even low to moderate levels of alcohol consumption can have detrimental health consequences, especially in older adults (OA). Although many studies report an increase in the proportion of drinkers among OA, there are regional variations. Therefore, we examined alcohol consumption and the prevalence of hazardous alcohol use (HAU) among men and women aged 50+ years in four European regions and investigated predictors of HAU. Methods: We analyzed data of N = 35,042 participants of the European SHARE study. We investigated differences in alcohol consumption (units last week) according to gender, age and EU-region using ANOVAs. Furthermore, logistic regression models were used to examine the effect of income, education, marital status, history of a low-quality parent-child relationship and smoking on HAU, also stratified for gender and EU-region. HAU was operationalized as binge drinking or risky drinking (<12.5 units of 10 ml alcohol/week). Results: Overall, past week alcohol consumption was 5.0 units (±7.8), prevalence of HAU was 25.4\% within our sample of European adults aged 50+ years. Male gender, younger age and living in Western Europe were linked to both higher alcohol consumption and higher risks of HAU. Income, education, smoking, a low-quality parent-child relationship, living in Northern and especially Eastern Europe were positively associated with HAU. Stratified analyses revealed differences by region and gender. Conclusions: HAU was highly prevalent within this European sample of OA. Alcohol consumption and determinants of HAU differed between EU-regions, hinting to a necessity of risk-stratified population-level strategies to prevent HAU and subsequent alcohol use disorders.}, language = {en} }