@misc{HerrDiehlSchneideretal., author = {Herr, Raphael and Diehl, Katharina and Schneider, Sven and Osenbruegge, Nina and Memmer, Nicole and Sachse, Steffi and Hoffmann, Stephanie and Wachtler, Benjamin and Herke, Max and Pischke, Claudia R. and Novelli, Anna and Hilger-Kolb, Jennifer}, title = {Which Meso-Level Characteristics of Early Childhood Education and Care Centers Are Associated with Health, Health Behavior, and Well-Being of Young Children? Findings of a Scoping Review}, series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {18}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, number = {9}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph18094973}, pages = {4973}, abstract = {Characteristics of early childhood education and care (ECEC) centers might be relevant for children's health. This scoping review aims to provide an overview of the association between meso-level characteristics (MLCs) of ECEC centers with children's health, health behavior, and wellbeing. Five databases were searched for quantitative and qualitative research articles published in English or German since 1 January 2000 on health, health behavior, and wellbeing of children aged 0 to 6 years considering MLCs of ECEC centers. Two authors screened 10,396 potentially eligible manuscripts and identified 117 papers, including 3077 examinations of the association between MLCs and children's health indicators (Kappas > 0.91). Five categories of MLCs were identified: (1) structural characteristics, (2) equipment/furnishings, (3) location, (4) facilities/environment, (5) culture/activities/policies/practices, and 6) staff. Only very few studies found an association of MLCs with body weight/obesity, and general health and wellbeing. Especially physical activity and mental health were related to MLCs. In general, the location (rural vs. urban, neighborhood status) seemed to be a relevant health aspect. MLCs of ECEC centers appeared relevant for child health indicators to different degrees. Future research should focus on these associations, in detail, to identify concrete ECEC indicators that can support health promotion in early childhood.}, language = {en} } @misc{HoffmannSanderBlumeetal., author = {Hoffmann, Stephanie and Sander, Lydia and Blume, Miriam and Schneider, Sven and Herke, Max and Matos Fialho, Paula Mayara and Pischke, Claudia R. and Sch{\"u}ttig, Wiebke and Lampert, Thomas and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Do families have moderating or mediating effects on early health inequalities? A scoping review}, series = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {31}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, number = {Supplement_3}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckab165.506}, abstract = {Background During early childhood, families have a crucial impact on children's health behaviour, health, and development (bhd). However, a family's socioeconomic position (SEP) determines both the parental behaviour, living conditions, and child health. To understand how family characteristics may influence the development of health inequalities, this scoping review synthesised research on their mediating and moderating effects. Methods The review followed the guidelines of the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. The search included German and English peer-reviewed articles published between January 1st, 2000 and December 19th, 2019. The search in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus used both free text terms in the title/abstract and index terms within linked keyword blocks: (1) family characteristics, (2) inequalities, (3) income, education, occupation, (4) bhd, (5) newborn, infant, toddler, preschooler. Two researchers independently examined eligibility for inclusion in two rounds (title/abstract; full-text). Results Of 7,089 articles identified, ten sources were included that studied family characteristics and health inequalities among 0-6 years olds. Parental rules, stress, and screentime, and TV in bedroom showed mediating effects on inequalities in behaviour problems or children's screentime. Families' negativity, single parenthood, and the number of children in the household moderated differences in impairment, health, behaviour problems, development or breastfeeding initiation. Conclusions The effect of family characteristics on early health inequalities has been sparsely investigated. The evidence supported models of family stress and investment. Further research is needed to comprehensively understand this association. Key messages Family characteristics contribute to health inequalities. Taking families' stress and investment into account could improve targeted prevention efforts aimed at reducing health inequalities.}, language = {en} } @misc{HoffmannSanderWachtleretal., author = {Hoffmann, Stephanie and Sander, Lydia and Wachtler, Benjamin and Blume, Miriam and Schneider, Sven and Herke, Max and Pischke, Claudia R. and Matos Fialho, Paula Mayara and Schuettig, Wiebke and Tallarek, Marie and Lampert, Thomas and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Moderating or mediating effects of family characteristics on socioeconomic inequalities in child health in high‑income countries - a scoping review}, series = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {22}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/s12889-022-12603-4}, pages = {1 -- 14}, abstract = {Background: By explaining the development of health inequalities, eco-social theories highlight the importance of social environments that children are embedded in. The most important environment during early childhood is the family, as it profoundly influences children's health through various characteristics. These include family processes, family structure/size, and living conditions, and are closely linked to the socioeconomic position (SEP) of the family. Although it is known that the SEP contributes to health inequalities in early childhood, the effects of family characteristics on health inequalities remain unclear. The objective of this scoping review is to synthesise existing research on the mediating and moderating effects of family characteristics on socioeconomic health inequalities (HI) during early childhood in high-income countries. Methods: This review followed the methodology of "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews". To identify German and English scientific peer-reviewed literature published from January 1st, 2000, to December 19th, 2019, the following search term blocks were linked with the logical operator "AND": (1) family structure/size, processes, living conditions, (2) inequalities, disparities, diversities, (3) income, education, occupation, (4) health and (5) young children. The search covered the electronic databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus. Results: The search yielded 7,089 records. After title/abstract and full-text screening, only ten peer-reviewed articles were included in the synthesis, which analysed the effects of family characteristics on HI in early childhood. Family processes (i.e., rules /descriptive norms, stress, parental screen time, parent-child conflicts) are identified to have mediating or moderating effects. While families' living conditions (i.e., TVs in children's bedrooms) are suggested as mediating factors, family structure/size (i.e., single parenthood, number of children in the household) appear to moderate health inequalities. Conclusion: Family characteristics contribute to health inequalities in early childhood. The results provide overall support of models of family stress and family investment. However, knowledge gaps remain regarding the role of family health literacy, regarding a wide range of children's health outcomes (e.g., oral health, inflammation parameters, weight, and height), and the development of health inequalities over the life course starting at birth.}, language = {en} } @misc{HerrDeBockDiehletal., author = {Herr, Raphael and De Bock, Freia and Diehl, Katharina and Wiedemann, Eva and Sterdt, Elena and Blume, Miriam and Hoffmann, Stephanie and Herke, Max and Reuter, Marvin and Iashchenko, Iryna and Schneider, Sven}, title = {Associations of individual factors and early childhood education and care (ECEC) centres characteristics with preschoolers' BMI in Germany}, series = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {22}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, issn = {1471-2458}, doi = {10.1186/s12889-022-13814-5}, pages = {1 -- 13}, abstract = {Background The number of obese children is rising worldwide. Many studies have investigated single determinants of children's body mass index (BMI), yet studies measuring determinants at different potential levels of influence are sparse. The aim of this study is to investigate the independent role of parental socioeconomic position (SEP), additional family factors at the micro level, as well as early childhood education and care (ECEC) centre characteristics at the meso level regarding BMI. Methods Analyses used the baseline data of the PReschool INtervention Study (PRINS) including up to 1,151 children from 53 ECEC centres. Multi-level models first estimated the associations of parental SEP indicators (parental school education, vocational training, and household income) with the children's standard deviation scores for BMI (SDS BMI, standardised for age and gender). Second, structural (number of siblings), psychosocial (strained family relationships), and nutrition behavioural (soft-drink consumption, frequency of fast-food restaurant visits) family factors at the micro level were included. Third, characteristics of the ECEC centre at the meso level in terms of average group size, the ratio of overweight children in the group, ECEC centre type (all-day care), and the location of the ECEC centre (rural vs urban) were included. All analyses were stratified by gender and adjusted for age, migration background, and parental employment status. Results Estimates for boys and girls appeared to differ. In the full model, for boys the parental SEP indicators were not related to SDS BMI. Factors related to SDS BMI in boys were: two or more siblings; B = -.55; p = 0.045 [ref.: no sibling]), the characteristics of the ECEC centre in terms of average group size (20 - 25 children; B = -.54; p = 0.022 [ref.: < 20 children]), and the ratio of overweight children (more overweight children B = -1.39; p < 0.001 [ref.: few overweight children]). For girls the number of siblings (two and more siblings; B = .67; p = 0.027 [ref.: no sibling]) and average group size (> 25 children; B = -.52; p = 0.037 [ref.: < 20 children]) were related to SDS BMI. Conclusions The BMI of preschool children appears to be associated with determinants at the micro and meso level, however with some gender differences. The identified factors at the micro and meso level appear largely modifiable and can inform about possible interventions to reduce obesity in preschool children.}, language = {en} } @misc{IashchenkoSchuettigBammertetal., author = {Iashchenko, Iryna and Sch{\"u}ttig, Wiebke and Bammert, Philip and Spallek, Jacob and Rattay, Petra and Schneider, Sven and Moor, Irene and Pischke, Claudia R. and Sundmacher, Leonie}, title = {The role of regional health policy for socioeconomic inequality in health services utilization}, series = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {32}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, number = {Supplement_3}, issn = {1101-1262}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckac129.584}, pages = {1}, abstract = {Background "J1" is a preventative routine examination in Germany recommended for adolescents at the age of 12-14 years. In contrast to the well-established U1-U9 examinations for younger children, with participation rates above 90\%, the attendance of the J1 examination is approximately only 40\%. The most frequent reason for not attending J1 is the unawareness of this examination. "Ticket to J1" is an intervention including an information leaflet introduced in Bavaria in 2017 to inform adolescents about J1. The aims of the present analysis are to investigate (1) if the regional policy was effective in increasing the attendance in J1, (2) if the effects vary by family socioeconomic status (SES), and (3) which meso-level characteristics of the healthcare system correlate with attendance rates in J1. Methods We used anonymised data of a large statutory health insurance in Germany for the timeframe of 2016-2018. To investigate the effect of the policy, a difference-in-differences design at the individual level was used. Assuming a parallel trend at the level of federal states, the likelihood of attendance in J1 of 13- and 14-year-olds was compared between Bavaria and other federal German states before and after policy introduction. All analyses were additionally stratified by SES. Results The introduction of "Ticket to J1" increased participation in J1 by 1\% after controlling for all confounders. Furthermore, the effect was stronger for children from families with lower SES (an increase of 5\%). Density of pediatricians was positively significantly correlated with participation in J1. Discussion Regional health policy intervention had a significant positive impact on attendance of J1 and appears to have the potential to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in healthcare utilization. Informing adolescents about J1 seems to increase the attendance, in particular for children from families with lower SES.}, language = {en} } @misc{HoffmannRattayBlumeetal., author = {Hoffmann, Stephanie and Rattay, Petra and Blume, Miriam and H{\"o}vener, Claudia and Schneider, Sven and Moor, Irene and Pischke, Claudia R. and Sch{\"u}ttig, Wiebke and De Bock, Freia and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Do family characteristics explain a social gradient in overweight in early childhood?}, series = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {32}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, number = {Supplement_3}, issn = {1101-1262}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckac129.581}, pages = {1}, abstract = {Background Children's overweight is associated with many factors, including their living situation, in particular their family's socioeconomic position (SEP) and family characteristics. Research on the extent to which family characteristics account for a social gradient in overweight in early life is scarce. This study evaluated whether family characteristics explain SEP differences in the risk of overweight in early childhood. Methods The study used baseline data of 3-6 year-old children (n = 1,116) from the intervention 'Ene mene fit' conducted at kindergartens in Baden-W{\"u}rttemberg, Germany. Data included overweight (body mass index > 90 percentile) and parents' reports on their education and family characteristics associated with overweight (child consumes: sweets in front of TV, soft drinks; family joined time: outdoor, breakfast, sports; cooking; child sets table; role model). Model-based single mediation analyses decomposed the total effect of highest parental education on overweight into direct (unmediated) and indirect (mediated) effects (OR, 95\% CI). Results Girls and boys with low parental education had higher odds for overweight than children with high/medium education. Among boys, low education influenced the risk of overweight via indirect effects of i. 'sweets consumption in front of TV' (OR = 1.31, 1.05-1.59) and ii. 'no joined sports' (OR = 1.14, 1.00-1.44). The direct effect of low education only remained significant when 'no joined sports' was considered (OR = 2.19, 1.11-5.19). Among girls, family characteristics measured here did not explain SEP differences in overweight. Conclusions The family characteristics 'sweets consumption in front of TV' and 'no joined sports' contribute to inequalities in overweight among boys, but not among girls. Therefore, more gender-sensitive research is needed to identify family risk and protective characteristics that explain health inequalities among both boys and girls.}, language = {en} } @misc{BammertSchuettigIashchenkoetal., author = {Bammert, Philip and Sch{\"u}ttig, Wiebke and Iashchenko, Iryna and Spallek, Jacob and Rattay, Petra and Schneider, Sven and Richter, Matthias and Pischke, Claudia R. and Dragano, Nico and Sundmacher, Leonie}, title = {The role of sociodemographic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors in the use of preventive healthcare services in children and adolescents: results of the KiGGS Wave 2 study}, series = {BMC Pediatrics}, volume = {24}, journal = {BMC Pediatrics}, issn = {1471-2431}, doi = {10.1186/s12887-024-04650-0}, abstract = {Background: In Germany, various preventive services are offered to children and adolescents. These include regular standardized examinations (so called U/J examinations) and several vaccinations. Although strongly recommended, most of them are not mandatory. Our aim is to identify factors associated with the use of U/J examinations and vaccination against diphtheria, hepatitis B, Hib, pertussis, polio, and tetanus. While previous research has focused on sociodemographic factors, we also include socioeconomic, behavioral, and psychosocial factors. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from 15,023 participants (aged 0-17 years) of the nationwide representative KiGGS Wave 2 Survey. Participation in U/J examinations was assessed using a questionnaire, filled out by participants and/or their parents. Information on vaccination status was drawn from the participants' vaccination booklets. To identify relevant determinants for the use of preventive examinations and vaccinations, unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were employed with up to 16 different independent variables. Results: Various independent variables showed an association with the use of preventive services. Higher socioeconomic status, absence of migration background, and lower household size were associated with significantly higher utilization of U examinations. Parents' marital status, area of residence, behavioral and psychosocial factors yielded insignificant results for most U/J examinations. Higher vaccination rates were found for children with no migration background, with residence in eastern Germany, lower household size, and with married parents. Conclusion: This study attempted to depict the influence of sociodemographic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors on the use of several preventive services. Our results indicate that predominantly sociodemographic variables influence the use of preventive services. Further efforts should be made to investigate the interplay of different determinants of healthcare use in children and adolescents.}, language = {en} } @misc{IashchenkoSchuettigBammertetal., author = {Iashchenko, Iryna and Sch{\"u}ttig, Wiebke and Bammert, Philip and Spallek, Jacob and Rattay, Petra and Schneider, Sven and Moor, Irene and Pischke, Claudia R. and Sundmacher, Leonie}, title = {Die Rolle der regionalen Gesundheitspolitik f{\"u}r die sozio{\"o}konomische Ungleichheit in der Inanspruchnahme der Gesundheitsleistungen}, series = {Gesundheitswesen}, volume = {84}, journal = {Gesundheitswesen}, number = {08/09}, publisher = {Georg Thieme Verlag}, doi = {10.1055/s-0042-1753865}, pages = {825}, abstract = {Einleitung Die J1 ist eine Vorsorgeuntersuchung, die f{\"u}r Kinder zwischen 12 und 14 Jahren empfohlen ist. Im Gegensatz zu den etablierten U1- bis U9-Untersuchungen f{\"u}r j{\"u}ngere Kinder mit Teilnahmeraten {\"u}ber 90\% liegt die Teilnahme bei der J1 bei etwa 40\%. Ein Grund f{\"u}r die mangelnde Teilnahme an der J1 ist die geringe Bekanntheit bei Eltern und Kindern. Mehrere Bundesl{\"a}nder haben Einladungswesen eingef{\"u}hrt, um Jugendliche zur Teilnahme an der J1 zu motivieren. Die Einladung „Dein Ticket zur J1" wurde Mitte 2017 in Bayern eingef{\"u}hrt. Das „Ticket" ist ein Informationsflyer {\"u}ber die J1 in einer jugendgerechten Gestaltung. Die vorliegende Analyse untersuchte, ob die regionale Informationskampagne zu einer Steigerung der Teilnahme an der J1 gef{\"u}hrt hat, ob die Effekte mit dem sozio{\"o}konomischen Status der Familie (SES) variieren und welche Meso-Ebene-Merkmale des Gesundheitssystems mit der J1-Teilnahme korrelieren. Methoden Um die Wirkung der Intervention zu untersuchen, wurden bundesweite anonymisierte Routinedaten der Techniker Krankenkasse aus den Jahren 2016-2018 sowie ein Difference-in-Differences-Design auf individueller Ebene verwendet. Unter der Annahme eines parallelen Trends auf Bundesl{\"a}nderebene wurde die J1-Teilnahme von 13- und 14-J{\"a}hrigen in Bayern mit anderen Bundesl{\"a}ndern vor und nach der Intervention verglichen. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurde die Analyse f{\"u}r die verschiedenen SES-Gruppen durchgef{\"u}hrt. Wir untersuchten auch, ob Faktoren auf Mesoebene des Gesundheitssystems mit der Teilnahme an der J1 korrelierten. Ergebnisse Die Einf{\"u}hrung von „Dein Ticket zur J1" erh{\"o}hte die Teilnahme an der J1 um 1 \%. Obwohl eine h{\"o}here Bildung und berufliche Stellung der Eltern positiv mit der J1-Teilnahme korrelierten, war der Effekt der Intervention bei Kindern aus Familien mit niedrigerem SES st{\"a}rker (Anstieg um 5 \%). Die Kinderarztdichte auf Kreisebene korrelierte zudem positiv mit der Teilnahme an der J1. Schlussfolgerung Die Intervention hat das Potenzial, die sozio{\"o}konomische Ungleichheit bei der Inanspruchnahme von Gesundheitsleistungen zu verringern, da die Effekte f{\"u}r Kinder aus Familien mit niedrigerem SES st{\"a}rker waren. Es bedarf jedoch weiterer Maßnahmen, um Jugendliche {\"u}ber die J1 und die damit verbundenen gesundheitlichen Vorteile zu informieren. Zuk{\"u}nftige Studien sollten untersuchen, von welchen weiteren Faktoren die Wirksamkeit der Intervention abh{\"a}ngt, wie z. B. die Art und Anzahl der Kommunikationskan{\"a}le.}, language = {de} } @misc{MayerHerrKleinetal., author = {Mayer, Alena and Herr, Raphael and Klein, Thomas and Wiedemann, Eva and Diehl, Katharina and Hoffmann, Stephanie and Blume, Miriam and Jepsen, Dennis and Sundmacher, Leonie and Andreas, Marike and Schneider, Sven}, title = {Socio-economic inequalities in body mass index among preschool children: do sports programs in early childhood education and care centers make a difference?}, series = {Frontiers in Public Health}, volume = {Vol. 11}, journal = {Frontiers in Public Health}, issn = {2296-2565}, doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2023.1079871}, abstract = {Background: Overweight in childhood is considered to be one of the most serious public health challenges. Many studies have investigated individual-level determinants of children's body mass index (BMI), yet studies exploring determinants at the meso-level are sparse. The aim of our study was to examine how a sports focus at early childhood education and care (ECEC) centers moderates the effect of parental socio-economic position (SEP) on children's BMI. Methods: We used data from the German National Educational Panel Study and included 1,891 children (955 boys and 936 girls) from 224 ECEC centers in our analysis. Linear multilevel regressions were used to estimate the main effects of family SEP and the ECEC center sports focus, as well as their interaction, on children's BMI. All analyses were stratified by sex and adjusted for age, migration background, number of siblings, and employment status of parents. Results: Our analysis confirmed the wellknown health inequalities in childhood overweight with a social gradient toward a higher BMI for children from lower SEP families. An interactive effect between family SEP and ECEC center sports focus was found. Boys with low family SEP not attending a sports-focused ECEC center had the highest BMI among all boys. In contrast, boys with low family SEP attending a sports-focused ECEC center had the lowest BMI. For girls, no association regarding ECEC center focus or interactive effects emerged. Girls with a high SEP had the lowest BMI, independent of the ECEC center focus. Conclusion: We provided evidence for the gender-specific relevance of sports-focused ECEC centers for the prevention of overweight. Especially boys from low SEP families benefited from a sports focus, whereas for girls the family's SEP was more relevant. As a consequence, gender differences in determinants for BMI at different levels and their interaction should be considered in further research and preventive measures. Our research indicates that ECEC centers may decrease health inequalities by providing opportunities for physical activity.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchneiderLambers, author = {Schneider, Sven and Lambers, Leen}, title = {Evaluation diversity for graph conditions}, series = {Journal of Logical and Algebraic Methods in Programming}, volume = {133}, journal = {Journal of Logical and Algebraic Methods in Programming}, issn = {2352-2216}, doi = {10.1016/j.jlamp.2023.100862}, abstract = {Graphs are used as a universal data structure in various domains. Sets of graphs (and likewise graph morphisms) can be specified using, e.g., the graph logic Image 1 of Graph Conditions (GCs). The evaluation of a graph against such a GC results in a Boolean satisfaction judgement on whether the graph is specified by the GC. The graph logic Image 1 is known to be as expressive as first-order logic on graphs. However, since infinitely many graphs exist, there are also infinitely many evaluations for each given GC. To support GC validation, testing, debugging, and repair, a suitable synthesis procedure generating a complete compact overview of how a given GC may be evaluated for possibly varying graphs is called for. In a previous paper, we generated such an overview for a given GC in the form of a complete finite set of diverse evaluations for varying associated graphs formally given by so called Evaluation Trees (ETs). Each of these ETs concretely describes how its associated graph is evaluated against the given GC by recording the executed evaluation steps. Moreover, these generated ETs and the given GC for which they are generated have the same underlying structure easing comprehensibility of the represented evaluation steps. The returned ETs are complete since each possible ET subsumes one of the returned ETs and diverse by not containing superfluous ETs subsuming smaller ETs. We now extend and refine this approach still solving the ET synthesis problem by (a) extending the graph logic GL allowing for the specification of a minimal number of graph patterns to be contained in specified graphs, (b) provide means to scale the size of the generated ETs up to a user-provided bound allowing for the generation of not just minimal ETs, (c) record the order of evaluations steps also for operators where the evaluation but not the operator itself defines such an order, and (d) generate ETs recording combinations of reasons for (non-)satisfaction of GCs where only single reasons were recorded before.}, language = {en} } @misc{HoffmannSanderRattayetal., author = {Hoffmann, Stephanie and Sander, Lydia and Rattay, Petra and Blume, Miriam and H{\"o}vener, Claudia and Schneider, Sven and Richter, Matthias and Pischke, Claudia R. and Sch{\"u}ttig, Wiebke and De Bock, Freia and Spallek, Jacob}, title = {Do family characteristics contribute to a socioeconomic gradient in overweight in early childhood? - Single mediation analyses of data from German preschool children}, series = {Preventive Medicine Reports}, volume = {33}, journal = {Preventive Medicine Reports}, issn = {2211-3355}, doi = {10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102178}, abstract = {Children's overweight is strongly associated with family socioeconomic position (SEP) and family characteristics (FC). There is limited research on the extent to which FC account for a socioeconomic gradient in childhood overweight. This study examined whether FC explain SEP differences in the prevalence of overweight. The study used baseline data of preschool-aged children from the German 'PReschool INtervention Study'. The sample (n = 872, 48\% girls) was recruited at kindergartens in Baden-W{\"u}rttemberg, Germany. Data included children's measured weight status and parents' reports on socioeconomic indicators (e.g., school education, vocational education, income) and FC. Variables represent main determinants of overweight (nutrition: sweets consumption in front of TV, soft drink consumption, regular breakfast, child sets table; physical activity: outdoor sports; parental role model). In single mediation analyses indirect effects of SEP on overweight were analysed (OR[95\%CI]). Preschool girls and boys with low parental education had higher odds for overweight than children with high parental education. Among boys, low levels of parental education contributed to the odds of overweight via indirect effects by both factors 'sweets consumption in front of TV' (OR = 1.31[1.05-1.59]) and 'no sports' (OR = 1.14[1.01-1.38]). Among girls, FC measured did not explain SEP differences in overweight. Family nutrition and parental/family physical activity contribute to inequalities in overweight among preschool boys, but not girls. Research is needed to identify FC that explain inequalities in overweight for both.}, language = {en} } @misc{StoltenowKoenigSchneideretal., author = {Stoltenow, Lara and K{\"o}nig, Barbara and Schneider, Sven and Corradini, Andrea and Lambers, Leen and Orejas, Fernando}, title = {Coinductive techniques for checking satisfiability of generalized nested conditions}, series = {35th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2024), Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)}, journal = {35th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2024), Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)}, number = {311}, publisher = {Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik}, address = {Schloss Dagstuhl}, doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2024.39}, pages = {39:1 -- 39:20}, abstract = {We study nested conditions, a generalization of first-order logic to a categorical setting, and provide a tableau-based (semi-decision) procedure for checking (un)satisfiability and finite model generation. This generalizes earlier results on graph conditions. Furthermore we introduce a notion of witnesses, allowing the detection of infinite models in some cases. To ensure completeness, paths in a tableau must be fair, where fairness requires that all parts of a condition are processed eventually. Since the correctness arguments are non-trivial, we rely on coinductive proof methods and up-to techniques that structure the arguments. We distinguish between two types of categories: categories where all sections are isomorphisms, allowing for a simpler tableau calculus that includes finite model generation; in categories where this requirement does not hold, model generation does not work, but we still obtain a sound and complete calculus.}, language = {en} }