@misc{KaiserLangaEhrigetal., author = {Kaiser, Bert and Langa, Sergiu and Ehrig, Lutz and Stolz, Michael and Schenk, Hermann and Conrad, Holger and Schenk, Harald and Schimmanz, Klaus and Schuffenhauer, David}, title = {Concept and proof for an all-silicon MEMS micro speaker utilizing air chambers}, series = {Microsystems and Nanoengineering}, journal = {Microsystems and Nanoengineering}, number = {5}, issn = {2055-7434}, doi = {10.1038/s41378-019-0095-9}, pages = {11}, abstract = {MEMS-based micro speakers are attractive candidates as sound transducers for smart devices, particularly wearables and hearables. For such devices, high sound pressure levels, low harmonic distortion and low power consumption are required for industrial, consumer and medical applications. The ability to integrate with microelectronic circuitry, as well as scalable batch production to enable low unit costs, are the key factors benchmarking a technology. The Nanoscopic Electrostatic Drive based, novel micro speaker concept presented in this work essentially comprises in-plane, electrostatic bending actuators, and uses the chip volume rather than the its surface for sound generation. We describe the principle, design, fabrication, and first characterization results. Various design options and governing equations are given and discussed. In a standard acoustical test setup (ear simulator), a MEMS micro speaker generated a sound pressure level of 69 dB at 500 Hz with a total harmonic distortion of 4.4\%, thus proving the concept. Further potential on sound pressure as well as linearity improvement is outlined. We expect that the described methods can be used to enhance and design other MEMS devices and foster modeling and simulation approaches.}, language = {en} } @misc{EhrigKaiserSchenketal., author = {Ehrig, Lutz and Kaiser, Bert and Schenk, Hermann and Stolz, Michael and Langa, Sergiu and Conrad, Holger and Schenk, Harald and M{\"a}nnchen, Andreas and Brocks, Tobias}, title = {Acoustic validation of electrostatic all-silicon MEMS-speakers}, series = {AES International Conference on Headphone Technology, San Francisco, New York, USA, 2019}, journal = {AES International Conference on Headphone Technology, San Francisco, New York, USA, 2019}, doi = {10.17743/aesconf.2019.978-1-942220-29-9}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{UhligGaudetLangaetal., author = {Uhlig, Sebastian and Gaudet, Matthieu and Langa, Sergiu and Schimmanz, Klaus and Conrad, Holger and Kaiser, Bert and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Electrostatically in-plane driven silicon micropump for modular configuration}, series = {Conference proceedings, The 3rd Conference on MicroFluidic Handling Systems (MFHS 2017), 4 - 6 October 2017, Enschede, The Netherlands}, booktitle = {Conference proceedings, The 3rd Conference on MicroFluidic Handling Systems (MFHS 2017), 4 - 6 October 2017, Enschede, The Netherlands}, publisher = {University of Twente}, address = {Enschede}, pages = {57 -- 60}, language = {en} } @misc{ConradGaudetSchenketal., author = {Conrad, Holger and Gaudet, Matthieu and Schenk, Harald and Uhlig, Sebastian}, title = {Mikromechanical devices with mechanical actuators}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GaudetUhligStolzetal., author = {Gaudet, Matthieu and Uhlig, Sebastian and Stolz, Michael and Arscott, S. and Conrad, Holger and Langa, Sergiu and Kaiser, Bert and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Electrostatic bending actuators with liquid filled nanometer scale gap}, series = {MEMS 2017, the 30th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, January 22-26 2017}, booktitle = {MEMS 2017, the 30th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, January 22-26 2017}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-1-5090-5078-9}, pages = {175 -- 178}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{WagnerOstendorfGrahmannetal., author = {Wagner, J. and Ostendorf, Ralf and Grahmann, Jan and Merten, A. and Hugger, S. and Jarvis, J.-P. and Fuchs, F. and Boscovic, D. and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Widely tunable quantum cascade lasers for spectroscopic sensing}, series = {Quantum sensing and nanophotonic devices XII, 8 - 12 February 2015, San Francisco, California, United States}, booktitle = {Quantum sensing and nanophotonic devices XII, 8 - 12 February 2015, San Francisco, California, United States}, editor = {Razeghi, Manijeh}, publisher = {SPIE}, address = {Bellingham, Wash.}, isbn = {978-1-62841-460-8}, pages = {937012-1 -- 937012-6}, language = {en} } @misc{LangaConradKaiseretal., author = {Langa, Sergiu and Conrad, Holger and Kaiser, Bert and Stolz, Michael and Gaudet, Matthieu and Uhlig, Sebastian and Schimmanz, Klaus and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Technological aspects of a new micro-electro-mechanical actuation principle: nano e-drive}, series = {Microsystem Technologies}, volume = {23}, journal = {Microsystem Technologies}, number = {1}, issn = {1432-1858}, doi = {10.1007/s00542-017-3360-6}, pages = {5697 -- 5708}, language = {en} } @misc{ConradSchenkKaiseretal., author = {Conrad, Holger and Schenk, Harald and Kaiser, Bert and Langa, Sergiu and Gaudet, Matthieu and Schimmanz, Klaus and Stolz, Michael and Lenz, Miriam}, title = {A small-gap electrostatic micro-actuator for large deflections}, series = {Nature Communications}, journal = {Nature Communications}, number = {6}, issn = {2041-1723}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms10078}, pages = {10078}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{TortschanoffBaumgartFranketal., author = {Tortschanoff, Andreas and Baumgart, M. and Frank, A. and Wildenhain, Michael and Sandner, Thilo and Schenk, Harald and Kenda, Andreas}, title = {Optical position feedback for electrostatically driven MOEMS-scanners}, series = {SPIE Conference MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XI, San Francisco, 2012}, booktitle = {SPIE Conference MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XI, San Francisco, 2012}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {SPIE, The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers}, address = {Bellingham}, isbn = {978-0-8194-8930-2}, pages = {82520S-1 -- 82520S-8}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchenkConradGaudetetal., author = {Schenk, Harald and Conrad, Holger and Gaudet, Matthieu and Uhlig, Sebastian and Kaiser, Bert and Langa, Sergiu and Stolz, Michael and Schimmanz, Klaus}, title = {A novel electrostatic micro-actuator class and its application potential for optical MEMS}, series = {2016 International Conference on Optical MEMS and Nanophotonics,31 July-04 August 2016, Singapore, proceedings}, booktitle = {2016 International Conference on Optical MEMS and Nanophotonics,31 July-04 August 2016, Singapore, proceedings}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-1-5090-1036-3}, doi = {10.1109/OMN.2016.7565867}, pages = {Tu 3.11-1 -- Tu 3.11-2}, language = {en} } @misc{LangaDrabeKunathetal., author = {Langa, Sergiu and Drabe, Christian and Kunath, Christian and Dreyhaupt, Andr{\´e} and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Wafer level vacuum packaging of scanning micro-mirrors using glass-frit and anodic bonding methods}, series = {SPIE Conference MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XII, San Francisco, 2013}, journal = {SPIE Conference MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XII, San Francisco, 2013}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {SPIE}, address = {Bellingham, Wash.}, isbn = {978-0-8194-9385-9}, doi = {10.1117/12.2003525}, pages = {86140F-1 -- 86140F-8}, language = {en} } @misc{ConradGaudetSchenketal., author = {Conrad, Holger and Gaudet, Matthieu and Schenk, Harald and Uhlig, Sebastian}, title = {Micromechanical devices with mechanical actuators}, language = {en} } @misc{StolzMroskKaiseretal., author = {Stolz, Michael and Mrosk, Andreas and Kaiser, Bert and Langa, Sergiu and Ehrig, Lutz and Conrad, Holger and Gaudet, Matthieu and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Optische Charakterisierungsmethoden von siliziumbasierten MEMS mit verdeckten Strukturen}, series = {MikroSystemTechnik-Kongress, Berlin, Germany, 2019}, journal = {MikroSystemTechnik-Kongress, Berlin, Germany, 2019}, publisher = {VDE-Verlag}, pages = {366 -- 369}, abstract = {In der Arbeitsgruppe integrierte Siliziumsysteme des Fraunhofer IPMS werden am Standort Cottbus innovative Anwen-dungen eines neuartigen nanoskopischen elektrostatischen Antriebs (nanoskopic electrostatic drive - NED) untersucht. Eine der vielversprechendsten Anwendungen sind Lautsprecher. Vollst{\"a}ndig aus Silizium gefertigte MEMS-Lautsprecher auf Basis von NED-Biegeaktoren werden vor den akustischen Messungen mechanisch und elektrisch cha-rakterisiert. Beidseitig eingespannte elektrostatisch betriebene in-plane NED-Aktoren werden dabei {\"u}ber einen Fre-quenzbereich von 20 Hz bis 20 kHz angeregt. Dabei sind die Strukturen oft verdeckt, was ihre Charakterisierung er-schwert. Es werden zerst{\"o}rungsfreie optische Methoden pr{\"a}sentiert, mit deren Hilfe die Bestimmung der mechanischen Schwingungseigenschaften einzelner Aktoren erm{\"o}glicht wird sowie die Beweglichkeit im verdeckten Zustand nach-gewiesen werden kann.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{SandnerGrashoffSchwarzenbergetal., author = {Sandner, Thilo and Grashoff, Thomas and Schwarzenberg, Markus and Schroedter, R. and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Quasi-static microscanner with linearized raster scanning for an adaptive 3D-laser camera}, series = {SPIE Conference: MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XIII, San Francisco, 2014}, booktitle = {SPIE Conference: MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XIII, San Francisco, 2014}, publisher = {SPIE Press}, address = {Bellingham}, isbn = {978-0-8194-9890-8}, pages = {897717-1 -- 897717-9}, language = {en} } @misc{SchenkConrad, author = {Schenk, Harald and Conrad, Holger}, title = {MEMS-Wandler zum Interagieren mit einem Volumenstrom eines Fluids und Verfahren zum Herstellen desselben}, language = {en} } @misc{SchenkGrahmannWagneretal., author = {Schenk, Harald and Grahmann, Jan and Wagner, Hans-Joachim and Ostendorf, Ralf and Rattunde, Marcel}, title = {Mikromechanisches System zum Durchstimmen von Lasern (Micromechanical system for tuning of lasers)}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{SandnerKimmeGrashoffetal., author = {Sandner, Thilo and Kimme, S. and Grashoff, Thomas and Todt, U. and Graf, A. and Tulea, C. and Lenenbach, A. and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Micro-scanning mirrors for high-power laser applications in laser surgery}, series = {MOEMS and miniaturized systems XIII, 3 - 6 February 2014, San Francisco, California, United States}, booktitle = {MOEMS and miniaturized systems XIII, 3 - 6 February 2014, San Francisco, California, United States}, publisher = {SPIE Press}, address = {Bellingham}, isbn = {978-0-8194-9890-8}, pages = {897705-1 -- 897705-11}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SandnerGrashoffSchwarzenbergetal., author = {Sandner, Thilo and Grashoff, Thomas and Schwarzenberg, Markus and Schenk, Harald and Tortschanoff, Andreas}, title = {Quasistatic microscanner with linearized raster scanning for an adaptive 3D-laser camera}, series = {SPIE Conference MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XII, San Francisco, 2013}, booktitle = {SPIE Conference MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XII, San Francisco, 2013}, publisher = {SPIE}, address = {Bellingham, Wash.}, isbn = {978-1-4799-1512-5}, pages = {861605-1 -- 861605-6}, language = {en} } @misc{CostacheBlaslSchenk, author = {Costache, Florenta Adriana and Blasl, Martin and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Apparatus and method for guiding optical waves}, language = {en} } @misc{SchweigerMelnikovKochetal., author = {Schweiger, Severin and Melnikov, Anton and Koch, Sandro G. and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Two-Photon Lithography Parameter Study for Manufacturing of Acoustic Metamaterials on MEMS}, series = {MikroSystemTechnik Kongress 2021 : Mikroelektronik/Mikrosystemtechnik und ihre Anwendungen Innovative Produkte f{\"u}r zukunftsf{\"a}hige M{\"a}rkte 08. - 10. November 2021, Stuttgart-Ludwigsburg}, journal = {MikroSystemTechnik Kongress 2021 : Mikroelektronik/Mikrosystemtechnik und ihre Anwendungen Innovative Produkte f{\"u}r zukunftsf{\"a}hige M{\"a}rkte 08. - 10. November 2021, Stuttgart-Ludwigsburg}, publisher = {VDE-Verlag}, address = {Berlin ; Offenbach}, isbn = {978-3-8007-5656-8}, pages = {365 -- 368}, abstract = {Acoustic impedance matching structures can be used on capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUT) to increase acoustic energy transmission into the load medium. Our contribution contains a systematic study of the viability of the two-photon-polymerization lithography process for the fabrication of acoustic impedance matching metamaterials. For this purpose, acoustic simulations were conducted to find optimized dimensions of the matching structure. Based on the proposed dimensions, parameter sweeps were manufactured on substitute substrates, resulting in a viable parameter space for the direct fabrication on CMUT devices.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GruegerPuegnerKnobbeetal., author = {Gr{\"u}ger, Heinrich and P{\"u}gner, Tino and Knobbe, Jens and Schenk, Harald}, title = {First application close measurements applying the new hybrid integrated MEMS spectrometer}, series = {SPIE Conference Next-Generation Spectroscopic Technologies VI, Baltimore}, booktitle = {SPIE Conference Next-Generation Spectroscopic Technologies VI, Baltimore}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {SPIE}, address = {Bellingham, Wash.}, isbn = {978-0-8194-9517-4}, doi = {10.1117/12.2016085}, pages = {872609-1 -- 872609-9}, language = {en} } @misc{SchenkConradGaudetetal., author = {Schenk, Harald and Conrad, Holger and Gaudet, Matthieu and Schimmanz, Klaus and Langa, Sergiu and Kaiser, Bert}, title = {MEMS-Wandler zum Interagieren mit einem Volumenstrom eines Fluids und Verfahren zum Herstellen desselben}, language = {de} } @misc{KaiserGrashoffDrabeetal., author = {Kaiser, Bert and Grashoff, Thomas and Drabe, Christian and Conrad, Holger and Schenk, Harald}, title = {About stress in filled DRIE-trenches}, series = {Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering (JMM)}, volume = {25}, journal = {Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering (JMM)}, number = {8}, issn = {0960-1317}, pages = {8085003}, language = {en} } @misc{SchweigerSchulzeSchlipfetal., author = {Schweiger, Severin and Schulze, Tim F. and Schlipf, Simon and Reinig, Peter and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Characterization of two-photon-polymerization lithography structures via Raman spectroscopy and nanoindentation}, series = {Journal of Optical Microsystems}, volume = {Vol. 2}, journal = {Journal of Optical Microsystems}, number = {3}, issn = {2708-5260}, doi = {10.1117/1.jom.2.3.033501}, abstract = {Additive manufacturing using two-photon polymerization (TPP) lithography is increasingly used in industry and research. Parameter sweeps of cuboid structures fabricated using TPP lithography were investigated across the parameters of the laser power and scan speed to find dependent mechanical material properties. The employed photoresists were examined using Raman spectroscopy to find the degree of conversion (DC) of monomer to polymer, and subsequently, micro- or nanoindentation was used to find Young's modulus (E). For the photoresist IP-Dip, the attained DC and E ranged from 20\% to 45\% and 1 to 2.1 GPa, respectively. The results were compared with reports found in the literature. For IP-Q, the attained DC and E ranged from 53\% to 80\% and 0.5 to 1.3 GPa, respectively. The characterized properties of IP-Q manifest as the current state of knowledge of the material.}, language = {en} } @misc{ConradKaiserGaudetetal., author = {Conrad, Holger and Kaiser, Bert and Gaudet, Matthieu and Langa, Sergiu and Stolz, Michael and Uhlig, Sebastian and Schimmanz, Klaus and Schenk, Harald}, title = {A novel electrostatic actuator class}, series = {Procedia Engineering}, volume = {168}, journal = {Procedia Engineering}, issn = {1877-7058}, doi = {10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.454}, pages = {1533 -- 1536}, language = {en} } @misc{HintschichPuegnerKnobbeetal., author = {Hintschich, Susanne and P{\"u}gner, Tino and Knobbe, Jens and Schr{\"o}der, Julia and Reinig, Peter and Gr{\"u}ger, Heinrich and Schenk, Harald}, title = {MEMS-based miniature near-infrared spectrometer for application in environmental and food monitoring}, series = {Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Sensing Technology, Sep. 2-4, 2014, Liverpool, UK}, journal = {Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Sensing Technology, Sep. 2-4, 2014, Liverpool, UK}, pages = {430 -- 434}, language = {en} } @misc{SchenkGrahmannSandneretal., author = {Schenk, Harald and Grahmann, Jan and Sandner, Thilo and Wagner, Michael and Dauderst{\"a}dt, Ulrike and Schmidt, Jan-Uwe}, title = {Micro mirrors for high-speed laser deflections and patterning}, series = {Physics Procedia}, volume = {56}, journal = {Physics Procedia}, issn = {1875-3892}, doi = {10.1016/j.phpro.2014.08.090}, pages = {7 -- 18}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SandnerKimmeGrashoffetal., author = {Sandner, Thilo and Kimme, S. and Grashoff, Thomas and Todt, U. and Graf, A. and Schenk, Harald and Tulea, C. and Lenenbach, A.}, title = {Micro-scanning mirrors for high-power laser applications in laser surgery}, series = {International Conference on Optical MEMS and Nanophotonics Conference, OMN 2013, Proceedings, 18-22 August 2013, Kanazawa, Japan}, booktitle = {International Conference on Optical MEMS and Nanophotonics Conference, OMN 2013, Proceedings, 18-22 August 2013, Kanazawa, Japan}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-1-4799-1512-5}, pages = {83 -- 84}, abstract = {We present two novel micro scanning mirrors with large aperture and HR dielectric coatings suitable for high power laser applications in a miniaturized laser instrument. An electrostatic driven 2D-raster scanning mirror with 5×7.1mm aperture is used for dynamic steering of the ps-laser beam of the laser cutting process. A second magnetic 2D-beam steering mirror enables a static beam correction of a hand guided laser instrument. Optimizations of a magnetic gimbal micromirror with 6 mm × 8 mm mirror plate are presented; here static deflections of 3° were reached. Both MEMS devices were successfully tested with a high power ps-laser at 532nm up to 20W CW.}, language = {en} } @misc{KolkovskyStuebnerLangaetal., author = {Kolkovsky, Vladimir and St{\"u}bner, R. and Langa, Sergiu and Wende, U. and Kaiser, Bert and Conrad, Holger and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Influence of annealing in H atmosphere on the electrical properties of Al₃O₃ layers grown on p-type Si by the atomic layer deposition technique}, series = {Solid-State Electronics}, volume = {123}, journal = {Solid-State Electronics}, issn = {0038-1101}, doi = {10.1016/j.sse.2016.06.005}, pages = {89 -- 95}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ConradGaudetKaiseretal., author = {Conrad, Holger and Gaudet, Matthieu and Kaiser, Bert and Langa, Sergiu and Stolz, Michael and Schenk, Harald}, title = {CMOS-kompatible elektrostatische Biegeaktoren (CMOS-compatible electrostatic actuators}, series = {MikroSystemTechnik Kongress 2017, M{\"u}nchen, Germany, 23.-25. Oktober 2017}, booktitle = {MikroSystemTechnik Kongress 2017, M{\"u}nchen, Germany, 23.-25. Oktober 2017}, publisher = {VDE-Verlag}, address = {Berlin [u.a.]}, isbn = {978-3-8007-4491-6}, pages = {219 -- 222}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{JungSandnerKallweitetal., author = {Jung, Denis and Sandner, Thilo and Kallweit, David and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Vertical comb drive microscanners for beam steering, linear scanning and laser projection applications}, series = {SPIE Conference MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XI, San Francisco, 2012}, booktitle = {SPIE Conference MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XI, San Francisco, 2012}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {SPIE, The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers}, address = {Bellingham}, isbn = {978-0-8194-8930-2}, pages = {82520U-1 -- 82520U-10}, language = {en} } @misc{SchenkSandnerDrabeetal., author = {Schenk, Harald and Sandner, Thilo and Drabe, Christian and Klose, Thomas and Jung, Denis}, title = {Micromechanical device with tilted electrodes}, language = {en} } @misc{VillasmuntaSteglichHeinrichetal., author = {Villasmunta, Francesco and Steglich, Patrick and Heinrich, Friedhelm and Villringer, Claus and Mai, Andreas and Schrader, Sigurd and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Optical Through-Silicon Waveguides for 3D-Chip-Interconnections}, abstract = {Integrated optical interconnections in silicon chips have the potential to replace electrical interconnects between integrated circuits thanks to their high bandwidth and low energy communication promises. A silicon dielectric waveguide can be etched through the full thickness of a silicon substrate providing a monolithically integrated solution for 2.5D and 3D photonic architectures. The optical through-silicon waveguide design presented here is based on Finite Difference Time Domain simulations, while the fabrication takes advantage of the innovative plasma cryo-etching process that provides smooth sidewalls and tapering angle tunability. Such structures can provide effective mode size conversion, therefore favoring the coupling of external light sources to photonic integrated circuits and the stacking of multiple optically interconnected dies.}, language = {en} } @misc{MonsalveKaiserSchenk, author = {Monsalve, Jorge M. and Kaiser, Bert and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Design of Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers for Variability with the Sample-Average Approximation Method}, series = {Tagungsband MikroSystemTechnik Kongress 2023, Dresden, 23. - 25. Oktober 2023}, journal = {Tagungsband MikroSystemTechnik Kongress 2023, Dresden, 23. - 25. Oktober 2023}, publisher = {VDE Verlag}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-8007-6204-0}, pages = {S. 639}, language = {en} } @misc{KurthKunathSchenk, author = {Kurth, Eberhard and Kunath, Christian and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Ion-sensitive structure and method for producing the same}, language = {en} } @misc{SchenkConrad, author = {Schenk, Harald and Conrad, Holger}, title = {MEMS transducer for interacting with a volume flow of a fluid, and method for producing the same}, language = {en} } @misc{SandnerGrashoffGaumontetal., author = {Sandner, Thilo and Grashoff, Thomas and Gaumont, E. and Schenk, Harald and Kenda, Andreas}, title = {Translatory MOEMS actuator and system integration for miniaturized Fourier transform spectrometers}, series = {Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS}, volume = {13}, journal = {Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS}, number = {1}, issn = {1932-5134}, pages = {011115-1 -- 011115-14}, language = {en} } @misc{SchenkStolzLangaetal., author = {Schenk, Harald and Stolz, Michael and Langa, Sergiu and Kaiser, Bert}, title = {Reliability Aspects of in-plane NED Bending Actuators in Silicon-based MEMS}, series = {MikroSystemTechnik Kongress 2021 : Mikroelektronik / Mikrosystemtechnik und ihre Anwendungen Innovative Produkte f{\"u}r zukunftsf{\"a}hige M{\"a}rkte 08. - 10. November 2021, Stuttgart-Ludwigsburg}, journal = {MikroSystemTechnik Kongress 2021 : Mikroelektronik / Mikrosystemtechnik und ihre Anwendungen Innovative Produkte f{\"u}r zukunftsf{\"a}hige M{\"a}rkte 08. - 10. November 2021, Stuttgart-Ludwigsburg}, publisher = {VDE-Verlag}, isbn = {978-3-8007-5656-8}, pages = {4}, abstract = {For several years, Fraunhofer IPMS has been developing a new type of an electrostatic MEMS actuator, called nanoscopic electrostatic drive - NED. Since the first publication in 2015, the project group at IPMS has succeeded in providing lateral actuators, which serve as innovative drives in applications such as micro-positioners or micro-speakers. These applications require a high long-term stability of the drive in order to ensure that the system operates as desired. For this purpose, the reliability of such novel lateral electrostatic actuators was evaluated. Long-term studies of NED actuators have shown that different degradation phenomena can occur during operation. The experiments indicate that high electric fields in the range of several MV/m are one of the most important triggers of the degradations observed. On the one hand, they lead to anodic oxidation occurring at the boundary layers between the NED electrodes and neighbored insulators, which results in corrosion of the silicon electrodes. On the other hand, geometry-based field enhancement far from the insulator interfaces lead to permanent field emission, which causes dark discharges in the electrode gap. This in turn leads to cold plasma oxidation and the growth of oxide b ulges on the electrode surfaces. In the course of the experiments, it was shown that corrosion does not take place in a vacuum and can be avoided with the help of passivation layers. Non silicon oxides, e.g. Al2O3, are well suited as passivation layers. Although they bring additional flexural rigidity to the overall structure, which changes the mechanical behavior of the actuators, they increase the effective relative permittivity in the electrode gap, which in turn makes the actuators more effective. Thanks to the passivation coating,the lifespan of the NED actuators was increased and they can become even more effective by choosing a layer with suitable properties.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchenkNarimaniSchollesetal., author = {Schenk, Harald and Narimani, Keyvan and Scholles, Michael and Shashank, Shashank and Langa, Sergiu and Pineda Gomez, Roberto and Ruffert, Christine}, title = {Highly Modular Microsystem Inchworm Motor Based on a Nanoscopic Electrostatic Drive}, series = {MikroSystemTechnik Kongress 2021 : Mikroelektronik / Mikrosystemtechnik und ihre Anwendungen Innovative Produkte f{\"u}r zukunftsf{\"a}hige M{\"a}rkte 08. - 10. November 2021, Stuttgart-Ludwigsburg}, journal = {MikroSystemTechnik Kongress 2021 : Mikroelektronik / Mikrosystemtechnik und ihre Anwendungen Innovative Produkte f{\"u}r zukunftsf{\"a}hige M{\"a}rkte 08. - 10. November 2021, Stuttgart-Ludwigsburg}, publisher = {VDE e.V.}, isbn = {978-3-8007-5656-8}, pages = {4}, abstract = {We present results for a microsystem inchworm motor based on Nanoscopic Electrostatic Drive (NED) actuators, fabricated by single crystalline silicon bulk micro-machining on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. Actuator elements can easily be added to or removed from the inchworm drive allowing a high adaptability of force and contact area with the movable surface as well as an efficient use of the system's footprint. In principle, travel ranges of several mm can be easily obtained due to very modular design of the system. The presented inchworm drive is capable of controllable motion up to 1 mm and can generate a force of 1.4 mN at 130V corresponding to a force density of 0.8 mN/mm2 with an average maximum DC power consumption of 11.8 muW in each cycle. Furthermore, the voltage-displacement characteristics of the actuator element was validated by finite element method (FEM).}, language = {en} } @misc{SchenkVillasmuntaSteglichetal., author = {Schenk, Harald and Villasmunta, Francesco and Steglich, Patrick and Schrader, Sigurd and Mai, Andreas}, title = {Numerical Simulation of Optical Through-Silicon Waveguide for 3D Photonic Interconnections}, series = {2021 International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices (NUSOD)}, journal = {2021 International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices (NUSOD)}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-1-6654-1276-6}, issn = {2158-3242}, doi = {10.1109/NUSOD52207.2021.9541464}, pages = {2}, abstract = {Optical interconnections are a promising step for-ward to overcome the intrinsic limitations of electrical inter-connections in integrated circuits. In this work, we present a finite element method (FEM) simulation study of a dielectric waveguide etched through the full thickness of a silicon substrate. In particular, it is investigated the effect of the bridge-to-core size ratio on the first two supported modes. Then, the influence of the waveguide sidewalls tapering angle on the three-dimensional beam propagation is studied. Such optical through-silicon waveguide (OTSW), if nonadiabatically tapered can provide effective mode size conversion and favour the coupling of external light sources to photonic integrated circuits.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchenkSchweigerKoch, author = {Schenk, Harald and Schweiger, Severin and Koch, Sandro G.}, title = {Two-Photon-Lithography Substrate Reflection and Absorption Compensation for Additive Manufacturing of Metamaterials on MEMS}, series = {2021 44th International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology (ISSE)}, journal = {2021 44th International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology (ISSE)}, isbn = {978-1-6654-1477-7}, issn = {2161-2536}, doi = {10.1109/ISSE51996.2021.9467575}, pages = {7}, abstract = {Structuring polymers on micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) for the manufacturing of acoustical and optical metamaterials using the two-photon polymerization process depends on reliable and controllable regulation of the intensity. Reflecting surfaces, diffracting elements and structures with poor heat dissipation can be problematic obstacles for the incident focused and pulsed laser beam. Thermal and optical simulations were performed and compared to test structures. A compensated fabrication approach was successfully applied to create optimized conditions in the polymerized volume.}, language = {en} } @misc{KendaKraftTortschanoffetal., author = {Kenda, Andreas and Kraft, Martin and Tortschanoff, Andreas and Scherf, Werner and Sandner, Thilo and Schenk, Harald and Luettjohann, Stephan and Simon, Apolline}, title = {Development, characterization and application of compact spectrometers based on MEMS with in-plane capacitive drives}, series = {Next-generation spectroscopic technologies VII, 5 - 6 May 2014, Baltimore, Maryland, United States}, journal = {Next-generation spectroscopic technologies VII, 5 - 6 May 2014, Baltimore, Maryland, United States}, publisher = {SPIE}, address = {Bellingham, Wash.}, isbn = {978-1-62841-038-9}, pages = {910102-1 -- 910102-10}, language = {en} } @misc{DauderstaedtDuerrGehneretal., author = {Dauderst{\"a}dt, Ulrike and D{\"u}rr, Peter and Gehner, Andreas and Wagner, Michael and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Analog Spatial Light Modulators based on Micromirror Arrays}, series = {Micromachines, Special Issue "Beam Steering via Arrayed Micromachines"}, volume = {12}, journal = {Micromachines, Special Issue "Beam Steering via Arrayed Micromachines"}, number = {5}, issn = {2072-666X}, doi = {10.3390/mi12050483}, pages = {12}, language = {en} } @misc{JungDrabeSchenketal., author = {Jung, Denis and Drabe, Christian and Schenk, Harald and Sandner, Thilo and Klose, Thomas and Wolter, Alexander}, title = {Method for generating a micromechanical structure}, language = {en} } @misc{SchirrmannCostacheBornhorstetal., author = {Schirrmann, Christian and Costache, Florenta Adriana and Bornhorst, Kirstin and Pawlik, Boscij and Rieck, Andreas and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Design an fabrication of a tunable two-fluid micro-lens device with a large deflection polymer actuator}, series = {Procedia Engineering}, journal = {Procedia Engineering}, number = {87}, issn = {1877-7058}, pages = {1553 -- 1556}, abstract = {A large deflection polymer bending actuator was employed in the design of an integrated micro-lens with electrically adjustable focal length. This micro-lens consisted of micro-fluidic chambers bonded together and sealed by an elastomeric lens membrane to which the polymer actuator has been attached. For focal length optimization, the chambers could be filled with fluids of different refractive indices. The multilayered actuator of radial shape and the variable micro-lens chip design were optimized using 2D FEM simulations. Fabrication steps included bonding of polymer actuator stack with the elastomeric lens membrane on a micro-machined silicon wafer. For a tunable micro-lens with 3 mm aperture, a tuning range in optical power between 0 and more than 15 dpt was achieved.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BlehOstendorfMertenetal., author = {Bleh, D. and Ostendorf, Ralf and Merten, A. and Grahmann, Jan and Schenk, Harald and Kunzer, M. and Schmidt, R. and Wagner, J.}, title = {Miniaturization of a fast tunable external cavity QCL with customized gratings and MOEMS components}, series = {International Quantum Cascade Lasers School \& Workshop (IQCLSW), Policoro, Italy}, booktitle = {International Quantum Cascade Lasers School \& Workshop (IQCLSW), Policoro, Italy}, pages = {1 -- 2}, language = {en} } @misc{LangaConradSchenketal., author = {Langa, Sergiu and Conrad, Holger and Schenk, Harald and Stolz, Michael}, title = {Elektrostatisch auslenkbares mikromechanisches Bauelement}, language = {de} } @misc{UhligGaudetLangaetal., author = {Uhlig, Sebastian and Gaudet, Matthieu and Langa, Sergiu and Schimmanz, Klaus and Conrad, Holger and Kaiser, Bert and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Electrostatically driven in-plane silicon micropump for modular configuration}, series = {Micromachines}, volume = {9}, journal = {Micromachines}, number = {4}, issn = {2072-666X}, doi = {10.3390/mi9040190}, pages = {15}, abstract = {In this paper, an in-plane reciprocating displacement micropump for liquids and gases which is actuated by a new class of electrostatic bending actuators is reported. The so-called "Nano Electrostatic Drive" is capable of deflecting beyond the electrode gap distance, enabling large generated forces and deflections. Depending on the requirements of the targeted system, the micropump can be modularly designed to meet the specified differential pressures and flow rates by a serial and parallel arrangement of equally working pumping base units. Two selected, medium specific micropump test structure devices for pumping air and isopropanol were designed and investigated. An analytical approach of the driving unit is presented and two-way Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) simulations of the micropump were carried out to determine the dynamic behavior. The simulation showed that the test structure device designed for air expected to overcome a total differential pressure of 130 kPa and deliver a flow rate of 0.11 sccm at a 265 Hz driving frequency. The isopropanol design is expected to generate 210 kPa and pump 0.01 sccm at 21 Hz. The device is monolithically fabricated by CMOS-compatible bulk micromachining processes under the use of standard materials only, such as crystalline silicon, silicon dioxide and alumina.}, language = {en} } @misc{SandnerGrashoffSchwarzenbergetal., author = {Sandner, Thilo and Grashoff, Thomas and Schwarzenberg, Markus and Schroedter, Richard and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Quasistatic microscanner with linearized scanning for an adaptive three-dimensional laser camera}, series = {Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS}, volume = {13}, journal = {Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS}, number = {1}, issn = {1932-5134}, pages = {011114-1 -- 011114-10}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchenkConradGaudetetal., author = {Schenk, Harald and Conrad, Holger and Gaudet, Matthieu and Uhlig, Sebastian and Kaiser, Bert and Langa, Sergiu and Stolz, Michael and Schimmanz, Klaus}, title = {A contribution to the expansion of the applicability of electrostatic forces in micro transducers}, series = {MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XVI, 30 January-1 February 2017, San Francisco, California, United States}, booktitle = {MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XVI, 30 January-1 February 2017, San Francisco, California, United States}, publisher = {SPIE}, address = {Bellingham, Washington, USA}, isbn = {978-1-5106-0674-6}, doi = {10.1117/12.2249575}, language = {en} } @misc{GrahmannMertenOstendorfetal., author = {Grahmann, Jan and Merten, Andr{\´e} and Ostendorf, Ralf and Fontenot, M. and Bleh, Daniela and Schenk, Harald and Wagner, Hans-Joachim}, title = {Tunable external cavity quantum cascade lasers (EC-QCL): an application field for MOEMS based scanning gratings}, series = {SPIE Conference: MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XIII, San Francisco, 2014}, journal = {SPIE Conference: MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XIII, San Francisco, 2014}, publisher = {SPIE Press}, address = {Bellingham}, isbn = {978-0-8194-9890-8}, pages = {897708-1 -- 897708-11}, language = {en} } @misc{CostacheSchenkBornhorstetal., author = {Costache, Florenta Adriana and Schenk, Harald and Bornhorst, Kirstin and Schirrmann, Christian}, title = {Fluidic Variable Focal length optical Lens and Method of Manufacturing the same}, language = {en} } @misc{BorciaBestehornUhligetal., author = {Borcia, Rodica and Bestehorn, Michael and Uhlig, Sebastian and Gaudet, Matthieu and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Liquid pumping induced by transverse forced vibrations of an elastic beam: A lubrication approach}, series = {Physical Review Fluids}, volume = {3}, journal = {Physical Review Fluids}, number = {8}, issn = {2469-990X}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevFluids.3.084202}, abstract = {Two liquid pumps are investigated theoretically and numerically: a single thin liquid layer actuated by a periodic force at an elastic beam and a two-layer geometry actuated by an elastic beam. For the second geometry, the beam actuates the liquid from both sides. For both pumps, the liquid film thickness is small compared to the lateral characteristic length of the system. A lubrication theory is developed. The Euler-Bernoulli equation for transverse deformations of an elastic beam is coupled to the fundamental hydrodynamic equations: the Navier-Stokes equation and a continuity equation in the long-wave approximation. In this way, one connects the transverse displacement of the beam with the hydrodynamic quantities (pressure, velocity fields, and flow rates). Appropriate boundary conditions incorporate the function of the valves. The derivation of the theoretical model is followed by numerical simulations. We estimate flow rates (in two and three spatial dimensions) for different system parameters and we compute the efficiency of a well-designed liquid pump.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchenkSandner, author = {Schenk, Harald and Sandner, Thilo}, title = {Mikromechanisches Bauelement mit erh{\"o}hter Steifigkeit und Verfahren zum Herstellen desselben (Micromechanical component having inncreased stiffness, and method for the production of the same}, language = {de} } @misc{ConradSchenkSchirrmannetal., author = {Conrad, Holger and Schenk, Harald and Schirrmann, Christian and Zimmer, Fabian and Schmidt, Jan-Uwe and Sandner, Thilo}, title = {Micromechanical element}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SandnerGrashoffSchenketal., author = {Sandner, Thilo and Grashoff, Thomas and Schenk, Harald and Kenda, Andreas}, title = {Translatory MEMS actuator and their system integration for miniaturized Fourier transform spectrometers}, series = {SPIE Conference MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XI, San Francisco, 2012}, booktitle = {SPIE Conference MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XI, San Francisco, 2012}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {SPIE Press}, address = {Bellingham}, isbn = {978-0-8194-8930-2}, doi = {10.1117/12.909817}, pages = {82520C-1 -- 82520C-10}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GrahmannWildenhainGrashoffetal., author = {Grahmann, Jan and Wildenhain, Michael and Grashoff, Thomas and Gerwig, Christian and Dallmann, Hans-Georg and Wolter, Alexander and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Laser projector solution based on two 1D resonant micro scanning mirrors assembled in a low vertical distortion scan head}, series = {SPIE Conference MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XI, San Francisco, 2012}, booktitle = {SPIE Conference MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XI, San Francisco, 2012}, number = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {SPIE, The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers}, address = {Bellingham}, isbn = {978-0-8194-8930-2}, pages = {825205-1 -- 825205-9}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchenkWagnerGrahmannetal., author = {Schenk, Harald and Wagner, Michael and Grahmann, Jan and Merten, Andr{\´e}}, title = {Advances in MOEMS technologies for high quality imaging systems}, series = {Optical Microlithography XXXI, 27 February-1 March 2018, San Jose, California, Unites States}, booktitle = {Optical Microlithography XXXI, 27 February-1 March 2018, San Jose, California, Unites States}, editor = {Kye, Jongwook and Owa, Soichi}, publisher = {SPIE}, address = {Bellingham, Washington}, isbn = {978-1-5106-1666-0}, doi = {10.1117/12.2297399}, abstract = {An overview of advances in MOEMS devices and technologies for high quality imaging systems is provided. A particular focus is laid on recent technological further developments possibly opening gateways to unprecedented device and system functionality by e. g.: increase of pixel count towards higher parallel operation, decrease of the mirror pitch in large arrays towards applications like high-performance holography, novel technologies for higher operation bandwidth, increase of aperture size for scanning applications like LIDAR, integration of high reflection coatings for processing of multi Watt laser radiation for marking and engraving, and phased arrays for high speed laser beam steering.}, language = {en} } @misc{GrahmannWagnerOstendorfetal., author = {Grahmann, Jan and Wagner, Hans-Joachim and Ostendorf, Ralf and Schenk, Harald and Rattunde, Marcel}, title = {MEMS basiertes Durchstimmen von Lasern}, language = {de} } @misc{SandnerSchenk, author = {Sandner, Thilo and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Optical device comprising a structure for avoiding reflections}, language = {en} } @incollection{SchenkHornbeck, author = {Schenk, Harald and Hornbeck, L. J.}, title = {Micro Mirrors}, series = {Nanoelectronics and information technology : advanced electronic materials and novel devices}, booktitle = {Nanoelectronics and information technology : advanced electronic materials and novel devices}, editor = {Waser, Rainer}, publisher = {Wiley-VCH-Verlag}, address = {Weinheim}, isbn = {978-3-527-40927-3}, pages = {985 -- 999}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GruegerKnobbePuegneretal., author = {Gr{\"u}ger, Heinrich and Knobbe, Jens and P{\"u}gner, Tino and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Design and Characterization of a hybrid-integrated MEMS scanning grating spectrometer}, series = {SPIE Conference MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XII, San Francisco, 2013}, booktitle = {SPIE Conference MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XII, San Francisco, 2013}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {SPIE}, address = {Bellingham, Wash.}, isbn = {978-0-8194-9385-9}, doi = {10.1117/12.2004215}, pages = {86160L-1 -- 86160L-13}, language = {en} } @misc{KurthKunathSchenk, author = {Kurth, Eberhard and Kunath, Christian and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Ion-sensitive structure and method of manufacturing the same}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DrabeKallweitDreyhauptetal., author = {Drabe, Christian and Kallweit, David and Dreyhaupt, Andre and Grahmann, Jan and Schenk, Harald and Davis, Wyatt}, title = {Bi-resonant scanning mirror with Piezo-resistive position sensor for WVGA laser projection systems}, series = {SPIE Conference MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XI, San Francisco, 2012}, booktitle = {SPIE Conference MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XI, San Francisco, 2012}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {SPIE Press}, address = {Bellingham}, isbn = {978-0-8194-8930-2}, doi = {10.1117/12.910203}, pages = {825209-1 -- 825209-10}, language = {en} } @misc{KloseWolterSchenk, author = {Klose, Thomas and Wolter, Alexander and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Method for the compensation of deviations occurring as a result of manufacture in the manufacture of micromechanical elements and their use}, language = {en} } @misc{SickerHeberBerndtetal., author = {Sicker, Cornelius and Heber, J{\"o}rg and Berndt, Dirk and R{\"u}ckerl, Florian and Tinevez, Jean-Yves and Shorte, Spencer and Wagner, Michael and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Spatially resolved contrast measurement of diffractive micromirror arrays}, series = {MOEMS and miniaturized systems XIV, 9 - 12 February 2015, San Francisco, California, United States}, journal = {MOEMS and miniaturized systems XIV, 9 - 12 February 2015, San Francisco, California, United States}, publisher = {SPIE}, address = {Bellingham, Wash.}, isbn = {978-1-62841-465-3}, pages = {93750D-1 -- 93750D-10}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{PuegnerKnobbeGruegeretal., author = {P{\"u}gner, Tino and Knobbe, Jens and Gr{\"u}ger, Heinrich and Schenk, Harald}, title = {Realization of a hybrid-integrated MEMS scanning grating spectrometer}, series = {SPIE Conference Next-Generation Spectroscopic Technologies V, 23 - 24 April 2012, Baltimore, Maryland}, booktitle = {SPIE Conference Next-Generation Spectroscopic Technologies V, 23 - 24 April 2012, Baltimore, Maryland}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {SPIE, The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers}, address = {Bellingham}, pages = {83740W-1 -- 83740W-8}, language = {en} }