@misc{GeorgeWernerPreussetal., author = {George, Jan Frederick and Werner, Simon and Preuß, Sabine and Winkler, Jenny and Held, Anne and Ragwitz, Mario}, title = {The landlord-tenant dilemma: Distributional effects of carbon prices, redistribution and building modernisation policies in the German heating transition}, series = {Applied Energy}, volume = {339}, journal = {Applied Energy}, issn = {0306-2619}, doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120783}, pages = {1 -- 11}, abstract = {A carbon price on heating fuels aims to reduce the use of fossil energy in the heating sector. However, it has a greater effect on tenants than on landlords. The heating transition requires adequate building insulation for efficient use of low-temperature technologies. To encourage this particular kind of investment, German landlords are given the option to apply a modernisation levy of up to 8\% on top of rents. Similar to carbon pricing, rent increases cause distributional effects. The net effect of these measures on tenants has not been analysed so far. Using a micro-simulation integrating representative empirical data on tenant households in Germany from KOSMA and the detailed building database TABULA, we analyse direct distributional effects of a carbon price (€55/t and €250/t), a per-capita redistribution of carbon price revenues and the modernisation levy (8\% and 2\% rent increases). The analysis shows that carbon prices and modernisation levies have strong regressive effects. These can be mitigated by the per-capita redistribution. However, the effect on tenants within a given income decile varies largely due to the diversity of buildings. Thus, when designing and evaluating policies, looking at average effects is not sufficient to assess economic impacts for individual households.}, language = {en} } @misc{BillerbeckBreitschopfPreussetal., author = {Billerbeck, Anna and Breitschopf, Barbara and Preuß, Sabine and Winkler, Jenny and Ragwitz, Mario and Keles, Dogan}, title = {Perception of district heating in Europe: A deep dive into influencing factors and the role of regulation}, series = {Energy Policy}, volume = {184}, journal = {Energy Policy}, issn = {0301-4215}, doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113860}, pages = {1 -- 17}, abstract = {To increase the deployment of district heating in line with European targets, there is a need to understand consumer perceptions and the role of regulations. Therefore, this paper focuses on consumer perceptions of district heating and analyses the influencing factors. The analysis uses data from an online survey with 4388 participants from nine European countries. In particular, the paper discusses the impact of socio-demographic factors, attitudes and regulations on the perception of district heating. Statistical analyses show that re-spondents from Denmark and Sweden have the most positive perception, while respondents from Lithuania and the Netherlands have a less positive perception of district heating. In addition, the results indicate that re-spondents from countries with no mandatory connection, liberalised price regulation and mainly public ownership seem to have a more positive perception of district heating, higher satisfaction when using district heating and a more positive rating of their heating price than those from countries with mandatory connection, regulated prices and a more mixed ownership structure. Overall, the paper provides a first overview of possible factors influencing the perception of district heating and indicates that the mix of appropriate regulations and, in particular, their combined impact, could play an important role in perception.}, language = {en} }