@misc{DasRichterTallaridaetal., author = {Das, Chittaranjan and Richter, Matthias and Tallarida, Massimo and Schmeißer, Dieter}, title = {Electronic properties of atomic layer deposited films, anatase and rutile TiO2 studied by resonant photoemission spectroscopy}, series = {Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics}, volume = {49}, journal = {Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics}, number = {27}, issn = {0022-3727}, doi = {10.1088/0022-3727/49/27/275304}, pages = {275304-1 -- 275304-17}, abstract = {The TiO2 films are prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) method using titanium isopropoxide precursors at 250 °C and analyzed using resonant photoemission spectroscopy (resPES). We report on the Ti2p and O1s core levels, on the valence band (VB) spectra and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) data, and on the resonant photoelectron spectroscopy (resPES) profiles at the O1s and the Ti3p absorption edges. We determine the elemental abundance, the position of the VB maxima, the partial density of states (PDOS) in the VB and in the conduction band (CB) and collect these data in a band scheme. In addition, we analyze the band-gap states as well as the intrinsic states due to polarons and charge-transfer excitations. These states are found to cause multiple Auger decay processes upon resonant excitation. We identify several of these processes and determine their relative contribution to the Auger signal quantitatively. As our resPES data allow a quantitative analysis of these defect states, we determine the relative abundance of the PDOS in the VB and in CB and also the charge neutrality level. The anatase and rutile polymorphs of TiO2 are analyzed in the same way as the TiO2 ALD layer. The electronic properties of the TiO2ALD layer are compared with the anatase and rutile polymorphs of TiO2. In our comparative study, we find that ALD has its own characteristic electronic structure that is distinct from that of anatase and rutile. However, many details of the electronic structure are comparable and we benefit from our spectroscopic data and our careful analysis to find these differences. These can be attributed to a stronger hybridization of the O2p and Ti3d4s states for the ALD films when compared to the anatase and rutile polymorphs.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RichterLichtermanHuetal., author = {Richter, Matthias and Lichterman, Michael F. and Hu, Shu and Crumlin, Ethan J. and Axnanda, Stephanus and Favaro, Marco and Drisdell, Walter S. and Hussain, Zahid and Brunschwig, Bruce S. and Liu, Zhi and Lewis, Nathan S. and Lewerenz, Hans-Joachim}, title = {Experimental Approach for Determining Semiconductor/liquid Junction Energetics by Operando Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy}, series = {Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft}, booktitle = {Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft}, publisher = {Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft}, address = {Bad Honnef}, pages = {S. 409}, abstract = {The performance of a photoelectrochemical solar cell depends strongly on the electrochemical nature of the semiconductor/electrolyte junction [1]. Operando Ambient Pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation of semiconductor/liquid junctions provides quantitative understanding of the energy bands in these photoelectrochemical solar cells [2, 3, 4]. We demonstrate how OAP-XPS may be used to determine these relationships for semiconductor/liquid systems. The data can be analyzed to determine the energy relationship between the electronic energy bands in the semiconductor electrode and the redox levels in the solution. The major conditions for semiconductor-electrolyte contacts including accumulation, depletion, and Fermi-level pinning are observed, and the so-called flat-band energy can be determined. [1] Science 344 (2014) 1005; [2] Sci Rep 5 (2015) 9788; [3] Ener Sci 8 (2015) 2409; [4] J Electrochem Soc 162 (2016) H1}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LichtermanRichterHuetal., author = {Lichterman, Michael F. and Richter, Matthias and Hu, Shu and Crumlin, Ethan J. and Axnanda, Stephanus and Favaro, Marco and Drisdell, Walter S. and Hussain, Zahid and Brunschwig, Bruce S. and Liu, Zhi and Lewis, Nathan S. and Lewerenz, Hans-Joachim}, title = {Probing the TiO2/Liquid Interface of a Photoelectrochemical Cell by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy}, series = {Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft}, booktitle = {Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft}, publisher = {Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft}, address = {Bad Honnef}, pages = {S. 414}, abstract = {Amorphous TiO2 coatings can stabilize semiconductor photoanodes such as Si, GaAs, and GaP that are otherwise unstable in aqueous media [1]. Using tender X-rays with their substantially increased inelastic mean free scattering length of photoelectrons and using the classical three-electrode potentiostatic arrangement allows one to follow of the influence of the applied potentials on the semiconductor electrode energetics such as band bending and band edge shifts directly [2, 3]. The observed shifts in binding energy with respect to the applied potential have directly revealed rectifying junction behavior on semiconducting samples. Accumulation, depletion and Fermi level pinning were observed. Additionally, the non-linear response of the core level binding energies to changes in the applied electrode potential has revealed the influence of defect-derived electronic states on the Galvani potential across the complete cell. [1] Science 344 (2014) 1005; [2] Sci Rep 5 (2015) 9788; [3] Ener \& Env Sci 8 (2015) 2409}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RichterLichtermanHuetal., author = {Richter, Matthias and Lichterman, Michael F. and Hu, Shu and Crumlin, Ethan J. and Axnanda, Stephanus and Favaro, Marco and Drisdell, Walter S. and Hussain, Zahid and Brunschwig, Bruce S. and Liu, Zhi and Lewis, Nathan S. and Lewerenz, Hans-Joachim}, title = {An Electrochemical, resonant Photoemission and Ambient Pressure-X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Investigation of Si/TiO2/Ni/Electrolyte Interfaces}, series = {Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft}, booktitle = {Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft}, publisher = {Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft}, address = {Bad Honnef}, pages = {S. 414}, abstract = {Photoelectrochemical cells based on semiconductor-liquid interfaces provide a method of converting solar energy to electricity or fuels. Recently, we have demonstrated operational systems that involved stabilized semiconductor-liquid junctions [1]. The electrical and spectroscopic properties of the TiO2/Ni protection layer system have been investigated in contact with electrolyte solutions [2, 3, 4]. From the response of the photoelectron binding energies to variations in applied potential the energetics of the solid/electrolyte interface are elucidated. The degree of conductivity depended on the chemical state of the Ni on the TiO2 surface. The combinations of these techniques provide a powerful tool for the investigation of hybrid electrode/solution contacts. [1] Science 344 (2014) 1005; [2] Sci Rep 5 (2015) 9788; [3] Ener \& Env Sci 8 (2015) 2409; [4] J Electrochem Soc 162 (2016) H1}, language = {en} } @incollection{BilzSudeckBuckschetal., author = {Bilz, Ludwig and Sudeck, Gorden and Bucksch, Jens and Klocke, Andreas and Kolip, Petra and Melzer, Wolfgang and Ravens-Sieberer, Ulrike and Richter, Matthias}, title = {Der vierte deutsche Jugendgesundheitssurvey „Health Behaviour in School-aged Children"}, series = {Schule und Gesundheit : Ergebnisse des WHO-Jugendgesundheitssurveys "Health behaviour in school-aged children"}, booktitle = {Schule und Gesundheit : Ergebnisse des WHO-Jugendgesundheitssurveys "Health behaviour in school-aged children"}, editor = {Bilz, Ludwig and Sudeck, Gorden and Bucksch, Jens and Klocke, Andreas and Kolip, Petra and Melzer, Wolfgang and Ravens-Sieberer, Ulrike and Richter, Matthias}, publisher = {Beltz Juventa}, address = {Weinheim}, isbn = {978-3-7799-1991-9}, pages = {7 -- 15}, language = {de} } @incollection{BuckschFinneGohresetal., author = {Bucksch, Jens and Finne, Emily and Gohres, Hannah and Bilz, Ludwig and Moor, Irene and Richter, Matthias and Kolip, Petra}, title = {Die Methodik des HBSC-Surveys 2013/14}, series = {Schule und Gesundheit : Ergebnisse des WHO-Jugendgesundheitssurveys "Health behaviour in school-aged children"}, booktitle = {Schule und Gesundheit : Ergebnisse des WHO-Jugendgesundheitssurveys "Health behaviour in school-aged children"}, editor = {Bilz, Ludwig and Sudeck, Gorden and Bucksch, Jens and Klocke, Andreas and Kolip, Petra and Melzer, Wolfgang and Ravens-Sieberer, Ulrike and Richter, Matthias}, publisher = {Beltz Juventa}, address = {Weinheim}, isbn = {978-3-7799-1991-9}, pages = {35 -- 46}, language = {de} } @misc{LampertRichterSchreiberetal., author = {Lampert, Thomas and Richter, Matthias and Schreiber, Sven and Spallek, Jacob and Dragano, Nico}, title = {Soziale Ungleichheit und Gesundheit. Stand und Perspektiven der sozialepidemiologischen Forschung in Deutschland}, series = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz}, volume = {59}, journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz}, number = {2}, issn = {1436-9990}, doi = {10.1007/s00103-015-2275-6}, pages = {153 -- 165}, language = {de} }