@misc{MankKarnapkeNolte, author = {Mank, Stephan and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {MLMAC - An Adaptive TDMA MAC Protocol for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks}, language = {en} } @misc{MankKarnapkeNolte, author = {Mank, Stephan and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: Tackling the Problem of Unidirectional Links}, series = {International journal on advances in networks and services}, volume = {2}, journal = {International journal on advances in networks and services}, number = {4}, issn = {1942-2644}, pages = {218 -- 229}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeNolte, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Buckshot Routing with Distance Vectors in Three Application Scenarios for Wireless Sensor Networks with Unstable Network Topologies and Unidirectional Links}, series = {Journal on Sensors and Transducers}, volume = {185}, journal = {Journal on Sensors and Transducers}, number = {2}, issn = {1726-5479}, pages = {53 -- 67}, abstract = {Experiments have shown that the number of asymmetric and unidirectional links often exceeds the number of bidirectional ones, especially in the transitional area of the communication range of wireless sensor nodes. Still, most of today's routing protocols ignore their existence or try to remove their implications. Also, links are not stable over time, and routes become unusable often, resulting in a need for new routing protocols that can handle highly dynamic links and use unidirectional links to their advantage. At Sensorcomm 2014, we presented BuckshotDV, a routing protocol which is resilient against link fluctuations and uses the longer reach of unidirectional links to increase its performance. Furthermore, its distance vector nature makes it scalable for large sensor networks. This paper is an extended version which adds some implementation details and the evaluation of BuckshotDV in two more application scenarios.}, language = {en} } @misc{KarnapkeNolte, author = {Karnapke, Reinhardt and Nolte, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Triangle Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks with Unidirectional Links Revisited - a Look at Different Scenarios}, series = {International Journal on Advances in Networks and Services}, volume = {17}, journal = {International Journal on Advances in Networks and Services}, number = {1/2}, issn = {1942-2644}, pages = {72}, abstract = {Experiments with wireless sensor networks have shown that links are often asymmetric or unidirectional. This represents a serious problem for many routing protocols, which often depend on bidirectional links. Routing protocols that can use unidirectional links often induce a high overhead. To overcome this problem we introduced Unidirectional Link Triangle Routing, a routing protocol, which uses neighborhood information, gathered actively or passively, to route around unidirectional links. In this paper, we describe Unidirectional Link Triangle Routing in further detail and present additional evaluation results from different application scenarios.}, language = {en} } @misc{SieberNolteKarnapke, author = {Sieber, Andr{\´e} and Nolte, J{\"o}rg and Karnapke, Reinhardt}, title = {Compensating Dynamic Effects with Budget-based Energy Management to Reach Lifetime Goals}, series = {Sensors \& Transducers}, volume = {194}, journal = {Sensors \& Transducers}, number = {11}, issn = {2306-8515}, pages = {22 -- 34}, abstract = {Nodes within sensor networks often have tight bound goals for the lifetime while running from a non-renewable energy source. Variations within the hardware or induced by the software complicate the prediction of the energy consumption. Additionally, batteries are vulnerable to temperature and non-linear effects. To reach certain lifetime goals under these influences without sacrificing energy due to pessimistic estimations, online energy management is necessary. At Sensorcomm 2015 we presented policies to control the behavior of applications and devices using energy budgets. This paper is an extended version which adds further details and the evaluation of the proposed dynamic energy management in a real-world scenario.}, language = {en} } @misc{RichterKarnapkeWerner, author = {Richter, Martin and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Werner, Matthias}, title = {Utilizing sensor and actuator virtualization to achieve a systemic view of mobile heterogeneous cyber-physical systems}, series = {Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications}, journal = {Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications}, publisher = {SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications}, isbn = {978-989-758-708-5}, doi = {10.5220/0012715800003758}, pages = {207 -- 214}, abstract = {When programming cyber-physical systems, application developers currently utilize physical sensors and actuators individually to achieve the desired observations and impacts within the physical world. This is an error-prone and complex task given the size, heterogeneity, and mobility of prevailing cyber-physical systems. We introduce an application model that allows the application developers to take a physical perspective. By means of this model, the programmers describe desired observations and influences with respect to the physical world without directly referencing physical devices. We present an additional model for a runtime environment that transparently utilizes the available physical devices to reach the application developers' targets. We show that an implementation of our models is functional via simulation.}, language = {en} } @misc{HerglotzJabłońskiKarnapkeetal., author = {Herglotz, Christian and Jabłoński, Ireneusz and Karnapke, Reinhardt and Shahin, Keyvan and Reichenbach, Marc}, title = {Designing intelligent sensor networks : a comprehensive survey of sensing, edge AI, and 5G+/6G connectivity}, series = {IEEE access}, volume = {13}, journal = {IEEE access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3615205}, pages = {172306 -- 172325}, abstract = {With the advent of advanced transmission technologies, powerful neural-network architectures, and the availability of cheap sensing solutions, new paradigms for monitoring, controlling, and optimizing any automated system are appearing. While traditionally, sensors simply provided visual or acoustic feedback to human operators of such systems, nowadays, autonomous systems more and more rely on the automatic sensing and processing of such data to react and adapt their control mechanisms. In such complex control systems, sensor networks play a vital role. In this paper, we assess the state of the art in the three main components used within sensor networks: smart sensing elements, transmission technologies, and processing technologies. Concerning the latter, more and more artificial intelligence-based methods are developed and applied turning smart sensor networks into intelligent or even cognitive sensor networks. For the development of such sensing systems, a high variety of performance metrics could be important to the designer. This paper discusses the vast design space for intelligent sensor networks and provides guidance and directions on how to construct future intelligent sensor networks efficiently.}, language = {en} }