@misc{UrbigBoenteProcheretal., author = {Urbig, Diemo and B{\"o}nte, Werner and Procher, Vivien D. and Lombardo, Sandro}, title = {Entrepreneurs Embrace Competition: Evidence from a Lab-in-the-Field Study}, series = {Academy of Management Proceedings}, volume = {2019}, journal = {Academy of Management Proceedings}, number = {1}, doi = {10.5465/AMBPP.2019.10157abstract}, abstract = {Referring to Isreal M. Kirzner (1973) and Joseph A. Schumpeter (1934), who emphasized the competitive nature of entrepreneurship, this study investigates whether entrepreneurs are more competitive than non-entrepreneurs. We provide a conceptual framework that links entrepreneurship to three facets of individual competitiveness drawn from economic, entrepreneurship, and psychological research: a desire to win, striving for personal development, and an enjoyment of competition. Following recent economic research linking competitive behavior in experiments to career choices, we conduct a lab-in-the-field study and demonstrate that entrepreneurs are more likely to enter competitions than non-entrepreneurs. Accounting for individual desires to win and mastery-related achievement motivations, our results indicate that entrepreneurs tend to enter competition for the sake of competition itself rather than for the prospect of winning a competition or personal development in competition. Our results suggest that enjoyment of competition might be an additional factor driving entrepreneurs' market entry decisions beyond well-known factors like overconfidence and risk taking.}, language = {en} } @misc{UrbigBoenteProcheretal., author = {Urbig, Diemo and B{\"o}nte, Werner and Procher, Vivien D. and Lombardo, Sandro}, title = {Entrepreneurs embrace competition: evidence from a lab-in-the-field study}, series = {Small Business Economics}, volume = {55}, journal = {Small Business Economics}, issn = {0921-898X}, doi = {10.1007/s11187-019-00141-0}, pages = {193 -- 214}, abstract = {Referring to Isreal M. Kirzner (1973) and Schumpeter (1934), who emphasized the competitive nature of entrepreneurship, this study investigates whether potential and revealed entrepreneurs are more likely to seek competition than non-entrepreneurs. We provide a conceptual framework that links entrepreneurship to three facets of individual competitiveness drawn from economic, entrepreneurship, and psychological research: a desire to win, striving for personal development, and an enjoyment of competition. Following economic research linking competitive behavior in experiments to career choices, we conduct a lab-in-the-field study and demonstrate that entrepreneurs are more likely to enter competitions than non-entrepreneurs. Accounting for individual desires to win and mastery-related achievement motivations, our results indicate that entrepreneurs tend to enter competition for the sake of competition itself rather than for the prospect of winning it or personal development. Our results suggest that enjoyment of competition might be an additional factor driving entrepreneurs' market entry decisions beyond well-known factors like overconfidence and risk-taking.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchulzUrbigProcher, author = {Schulz, Matthias and Urbig, Diemo and Procher, Vivien D.}, title = {The role of hybrid entrepreneurship in explaining multiple job holders' earnings structure}, series = {Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, volume = {7}, journal = {Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, issn = {2352-6734}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbvi.2016.12.002}, pages = {9 -- 14}, abstract = {Despite the high prevalence of hybrid entrepreneurs among multiple job holders, research on hybrid entrepreneurship and multiple job holding has largely evolved independently from each other. We take a first step for a fruitful exchange between both research streams by building on hybrid entrepreneurship theories to explain why multiple job holders frequently have higher hourly earnings in their second job compared to their main job. Consistent with these entrepreneurship theories, our empirical analysis, based on the British Household Panel Survey (1991-2008), demonstrates that engaging in self-employment as second job significantly increases the probability of having higher average earnings in this second job, compared to being paid employed in both occupations. Furthermore, we explore the roles of gender and household composition in explaining multiple job holders' earnings structure.}, language = {en} } @misc{UrbigReifLengsfeldetal., author = {Urbig, Diemo and Reif, Karina and Lengsfeld, Stephan and Procher, Vivien D.}, title = {Promoting or Preventing Entrepreneurship? Employers' perceptions of and reactions to employees' entrepreneurial side jobs}, series = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change}, volume = {172}, journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change}, issn = {0040-1625}, doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121032}, abstract = {Many entrepreneurs start their businesses while staying employed. Although such businesses are theorized to have positive and negative effects on employers' businesses, employers' perceptions and reactions to subordinates' entrepreneurial side businesses are mostly unexplored. Based on a vignette study of 988 managers, we find that employers acknowledge both opportunities related to increased job performance and job attitudes as well as threats emerging from enterprising employees. Employers' prior experiences with enterprising employees make them perceive positive consequences as more likely. Situational factors affect the outcome expectancies and moderate the relationships between these outcome expectancies and employer behavior. We discuss implications of our findings for fostering entrepreneurial mindsets in established organizations and for the emergence of entrepreneurship.}, language = {en} } @misc{BoenteUrbigLombardoetal., author = {B{\"o}nte, Werner and Urbig, Diemo and Lombardo, Sandro and Procher, Vivien D.}, title = {If you cant´t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen: Perceived inten-sity of competition and entreprenurial entry}, series = {G-Forum Konferenz 2019: 23. Interdisziplin{\"a}re Jahreskonferenz zu Entrepreneurship, Innovation und Mittelstand „Die Chancen von KMU in einer globalisierten Welt"}, volume = {23}, journal = {G-Forum Konferenz 2019: 23. Interdisziplin{\"a}re Jahreskonferenz zu Entrepreneurship, Innovation und Mittelstand „Die Chancen von KMU in einer globalisierten Welt"}, pages = {10}, abstract = {Previous research examining the link between individuals' preferences for competition and occupational choice has not taken explicitly into account how the level of competition in various occupations is perceived by individuals. In contrast, we argue that individuals' perception of intensity of competition is of key importance for linking theoretically and empirically individual competitiveness to occupational choice, particularly entrepreneurial entry. Using two datasets, one obtained from a student sample and the other from a general population sample, we provide empirical evidence that the relationship between individual competitiveness and occupational choice is moderated by perceived intensity of competition. Moreover, entrepreneurship is, on average, perceived as more competitively intense than paid employment in both samples implying that individuals shying away from competition and at the same time perceive particularly entrepreneurship as competitively intense are more likely to select into paid employment than into entrepreneurship.}, language = {en} } @misc{RoederProcherUrbig, author = {R{\"o}der, Martin and Procher, Vivien D. and Urbig, Diemo}, title = {Not all Innovations are Alike: Who Should Receive Public Grants?}, series = {Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings}, volume = {2022}, journal = {Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings}, publisher = {Academy of Management}, issn = {2151-6561}, doi = {10.5465/AMBPP.2022.16657abstract}, abstract = {As innovation policy targets innovations suffering from underinvestment, we examine the effect of public grants on innovation. While innovation involves a lot of uncertainty, we suggest public grants as the best option bearing no obligations. But not all innovations are alike as they differ by newness level. Hence, we distinguish between ""new-to-world"" explorative and ""new-to-firm"" explotation innovation. Making use of (inter)national knowledge flow, some exploitative innovations are not ""new-to-firm"" but rather ""new-to-region or -country"" leveraging existing knowledge from another region or country. Allocating grants to the most promising startups, we evaluate startups' quality by high-tech industry and ""entrepreneurial orientation"" (EO). Within over 4,000 early-stage German startups, we find that explorative innovations benefit the most from grants, especially high EO startups. Also, grants help low EO firms to become innovative at all and to launch exploitative innovation with (inter)national knowledge flow.}, language = {en} } @misc{RoederUrbigStoeckmannetal., author = {R{\"o}der, Martin and Urbig, Diemo and St{\"o}ckmann, Christoph and B{\"o}nte, Werner and Procher, Vivien D.}, title = {There's no fox like an old fox: Dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation and venture closure}, series = {26th Annual Interdisciplinary Conference on Entrepreneurship, Innovation and SMEs, 2023}, journal = {26th Annual Interdisciplinary Conference on Entrepreneurship, Innovation and SMEs, 2023}, abstract = {Only a few scholars examined downsides of EO and suggest it may negatively affect survival. Previous research, which mainly focuses on mature companies, assumes that the relationship between EO and survival is constant. However, because firm characteristics and causal mechanisms change as young venture survive and grow into mature firms, the relationships between EO and survival could also change over time. We extend the EO literature by considering changing EO effects when venture grow into mature firms and by employing a multidimensional view on EO and identify isolating independent mechanisms for the influence of each dimension (i.e. innovativeness, proactiveness and risk-taking) on the survival of young ventures. While the nature of proactiveness on performance is rathe positive, risk-taking and innovativeness increases the variance of firm performance and thus the chances of failure. However, the latter can be separated according to whether the increase in variance occurs at a single point in time (risk-taking) or over time (innovation) and whether the survivors have more money or more innovations. For young firms, innovativeness and risk-taking inhibit survival, while proactiveness promotes it, so the dimensions have divergent effects. As a consequence of the attrition of young ventures, the associations of innovativeness and risk-taking reverse when they grow older. Our empirical analyses are based on panel data of 8,518 young firms.}, language = {en} } @misc{HofmockelProcherUrbigetal., author = {Hofmockel, Alexandra S. and Procher, Vivien D. and Urbig, Diemo and Gottschalk, Sandra}, title = {Heterogeneity among hybrid entrepreneurs: Motives and performance}, series = {Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings}, volume = {2023}, journal = {Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings}, number = {1}, issn = {0065-0668}, doi = {10.5465/AMPROC.2023.13956abstract}, abstract = {We draw on a variety of research areas that explain why individuals combine paid employment and self-employment. We provide a comprehensive empirical comparison of the relevance and co-occurrence of multiple motives. Our analysis shows that motives can be meaningfully distinguished according to whether a motive is endogenously transitory or not, and suggests the presence of three dominant classes of hybrid entrepreneurs. In particular, learning and growth constraints, which we refer to as transitory motives resolving over time, play a crucial role in distinguishing between the three classes. Based on an analysis of 3,868 hybrid and pure entrepreneurs, we show that our typology helps better understand the potentially heterogeneous relationships between being a hybrid entrepreneur and entrepreneurial performance and innovation behavior.}, language = {en} }