@misc{ShamilyanKabinDykaetal., author = {Shamilyan, Oxana and Kabin, Ievgen and Dyka, Zoya and Langend{\"o}rfer, Peter}, title = {Distributed Artificial Intelligence as a Means to Achieve Self-X-Functions for Increasing Resilience: the First Steps}, series = {11th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO), Budva, Montenegro, 07-10 June 2022}, journal = {11th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO), Budva, Montenegro, 07-10 June 2022}, isbn = {978-1-6654-6828-2}, issn = {2637-9511}, doi = {10.1109/MECO55406.2022.9797193}, pages = {6}, language = {en} } @misc{AftowiczLehnigerLangendoerfer, author = {Aftowicz, Marcin and Lehniger, Kai and Langend{\"o}rfer, Peter}, title = {Scalable FPGA Hardware Accelerator for SVM Inference}, series = {Proc. 10th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems and Internet-of-Things (CPS\&IoT 2022)}, journal = {Proc. 10th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems and Internet-of-Things (CPS\&IoT 2022)}, isbn = {978-1-6654-6828-2}, issn = {2637-9511}, doi = {10.1109/MECO55406.2022.9797110}, pages = {4}, language = {en} } @misc{AlsabbaghLangendoerfer, author = {Alsabbagh, Wael and Langend{\"o}rfer, Peter}, title = {A Remote Attack Tool on Siemens S7-300 Controllers: Practical Report}, series = {Kommunikation und Bildverarbeitung in der Automation : Ausgew{\"a}hlte Beitr{\"a}ge der Jahreskolloquien KommA und BVAu 2020}, journal = {Kommunikation und Bildverarbeitung in der Automation : Ausgew{\"a}hlte Beitr{\"a}ge der Jahreskolloquien KommA und BVAu 2020}, editor = {Jasperneite, J{\"u}rgen and Lohweg, Volker}, publisher = {Springer Vieweg}, address = {Heidelberg}, isbn = {978-3-662-64282-5}, issn = {2522-8579}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-64283-2_1}, pages = {3 -- 21}, language = {en} } @misc{LehnigerLangendoerfer, author = {Lehniger, Kai and Langend{\"o}rfer, Peter}, title = {Through the Window: On the Exploitability of Xtensa's Register Window Overflow}, series = {32nd International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 30 November 2022 - 02 December 2022}, journal = {32nd International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC 2022), Wellington, New Zealand, 30 November 2022 - 02 December 2022}, isbn = {978-1-6654-7103-9}, issn = {2474-154X}, doi = {10.1109/ITNAC55475.2022.9998407}, pages = {353 -- 358}, language = {en} } @misc{BrzozowskiLangendoerferCasacaetal., author = {Brzozowski, Marcin and Langend{\"o}rfer, Peter and Casaca, Augusto and Grilo, Antonio and Diaz, Manuel and Mart{\´i}n, Cristian and Camacho, Jose and Landi, Giada}, title = {UNITE: Integrated IoT-Edge-Cloud Continuum}, series = {2022 IEEE 8th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Yokohama, 26 October 2022 - 11 November 2022 Japan}, journal = {2022 IEEE 8th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Yokohama, 26 October 2022 - 11 November 2022 Japan}, isbn = {978-1-6654-9153-2}, doi = {10.1109/WF-IoT54382.2022.10152292}, pages = {6}, language = {en} } @misc{FoersterHinzeLangendorfer, author = {F{\"o}rster, Benjamin and Hinze, Thomas and Langendorfer, Peter}, title = {Topology- and Resource-Based Distribution Scheme for Collaborative Security-Focused Design Space Exploration in Large-Scale Static WSNs}, series = {2024 34th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC)}, journal = {2024 34th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC)}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/ITNAC62915.2024.10815368}, pages = {1 -- 6}, language = {en} } @misc{EsfahaniMayeFrohbergetal., author = {Esfahani, Ali Haddadi and Maye, Oliver and Frohberg, Max and Speh, Maria and J{\"o}bges, Micheal and Langend{\"o}rfer, Peter}, title = {Real time detection of Freezing of Gait of Parkinson patients based on machine learning running on a body worn device}, series = {Procedia Computer Science}, volume = {239}, journal = {Procedia Computer Science}, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, issn = {1877-0509}, doi = {10.1016/j.procs.2024.06.160}, pages = {177 -- 184}, language = {en} } @misc{AlsabbaghAmogbonjayeKimetal., author = {Alsabbagh, Wael and Amogbonjaye, Samuel and Kim, Chaerin and Langend{\"o}rfer, Peter}, title = {Pirates of the MQTT : raiding IIoT systems with a rogue client}, series = {2024 8th Cyber Security in Networking Conference (CSNet)}, journal = {2024 8th Cyber Security in Networking Conference (CSNet)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, doi = {10.1109/CSNet64211.2024.10851733}, pages = {248 -- 253}, abstract = {The integration of MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems enhances operational efficiency but introduces significant security vulnerabilities, particularly through rogue MQTT clients. These clients exploit MQTT weaknesses to disrupt industrial processes and compromise data integrity. This paper examines the impact of rogue MQTT client attacks, demonstrated through a detailed case study using the Fischertechnik Lernfabrik 4.0. We highlight how attackers can exploit MQTT's inherent vulnerabilities, including anonymous connections and message retention, to inject false data and interfere with operations. To address these risks, we propose several mitigation strategies: implementing fine-grained authorization for topic access control, enhancing replay attack protection with Message Authentication Code (MAC), employing mutual TLS (mTLS) for secure client authentication, and incorporating real-time client activity monitoring and anomaly detection. These measures aim to bolster IIoT system security, mitigate potential disruptions, and maintain operational integrity. Our findings and recommendations contribute to advancing security practices in MQTT-based IIoT environments. All attack codes and a proof-of-concept are ublicly available.}, language = {en} } @misc{LehnigerLangendoerfer, author = {Lehniger, Kai and Langend{\"o}rfer, Peter}, title = {Comment on ''RIO: Return Instruction Obfuscation for Bare-Metal IoT Devices''}, series = {IEEE Access}, volume = {13}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3568598}, pages = {90358 -- 90361}, abstract = {This is a comment on "RIO: Return Instruction Obfuscation for Bare-Metal IoT Devices." RIO prevents finding gadgets for return-oriented programming attacks by encrypting return instructions. This paper shows flaws in the design of RIO that allow for the easy retrieval of the plaintext return instructions without decrypting them. Additionally, changes are proposed to improve upon the original idea.}, language = {en} } @misc{AlsabbaghKimLangendoerfer, author = {Alsabbagh, Wael and Kim, Chaerin and Langend{\"o}rfer, Peter}, title = {A payload of lies : false data injection attacks on MQTT-based IIoT systems}, series = {IECON 2024 - 50th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society : proceedings}, journal = {IECON 2024 - 50th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society : proceedings}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-1-6654-6454-3}, doi = {10.1109/IECON55916.2024.10905487}, pages = {1 -- 8}, abstract = {In the ever-evolving landscape of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), security emerges as a critical concern. This paper delves into the realm of False Data Injection Attacks (FDIAs) within MQTT-based IIoT systems, specifically targeting the publisher-subscriber model. Our exploration unveils two distinct attack scenarios that exploit the vulnerabilities inherent in the communication fabric. In the first scenario, we demonstrate the potential chaos wrought by sending false data to subscribers, manipulating their perception and inducing actions that align with the attacker's whims. The second scenario ventures into the heart of the publisher, where the attacker injects false data - deceptive status updates from other publishers e.g., Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). The repercussions ripple through the entire industrial process, impacting operations based on fraudulent information. This showcases the cascading effects of FDIAs, illustrating the profound threat they pose to the reliability and integrity of IIoT systems. For real-world attack scenarios, Our attacks were conducted on a small MQTT-based IIoT system, using the Fischertechnik Lernfabrik 4.0 9V factory. Finally, we proposes mitigation solutions to safeguard IIoT systems from the far-reaching consequences of false data manipulation. Our attack codes as well as a proof-of-concept are publicly available for further research.}, language = {en} } @misc{ShamilyanKabinDykaetal., author = {Shamilyan, Oxana and Kabin, Ievgen and Dyka, Zoya and Langend{\"o}rfer, Peter}, title = {Resilient movement planning for continuum robots}, series = {MODeM 2024 : Multi-Objective Decision Making Workshop at ECAI 2024, 20 October 2024, Santiago de Compostela, Spain}, journal = {MODeM 2024 : Multi-Objective Decision Making Workshop at ECAI 2024, 20 October 2024, Santiago de Compostela, Spain}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2404.06178}, pages = {1 -- 7}, abstract = {The paper presents an experimental study of resilient path planning for con-tinuum robots taking into account the multi-objective optimisation problem. To do this, we used two well-known algorithms, namely Genetic algorithm and A* algorithm, for path planning and the Analytical Hierarchy Process algorithm for paths evaluation. In our experiment Analytical Hierarchy Process algorithm considers four different criteria, i.e. distance, motors damage, mechanical damage and accuracy each considered to contribute to the resilience of a continuum robot. The use of different criteria is necessary to increasing the time to maintenance operations of the robot. The experiment shows that on the one hand both algorithms can be used in combination with Analytical Hierarchy Process algorithm for multi criteria path-planning, while Genetic algorithm shows superior performance in the comparison of the two algorithms.}, language = {en} } @misc{DietrichFoersterLangendoerferetal., author = {Dietrich, Lucas and F{\"o}rster, Benjamin and Langend{\"o}rfer, Peter and Hinze, Thomas}, title = {A visual discrete event-based simulator for protection of plants against herbivores employed as computational optimization game}, publisher = {arXiv}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2509.15787}, pages = {1 -- 25}, abstract = {Plants come with sophisticated strategies to survive within a highly competing environment. In addition, they need to resist frequent attacks from a variety of herbivores acting alone, in small groups, or in swarms. Since the amount of energy a plant might invest in defense and reproduction is limited, a complex optimization problem emerges. In a shared habitat, plants fight herbivores by shape and camouflage, by the release of specific toxins, or by attracting predators of herbivores. Furthermore, plants alert their surrounding field by signaling substances in the event of an assault. Transported by air or through a network of roots, signaling substances reach neighbors to trigger their defense. The offsprings of a plant commonly grow within a certain distance to benefit from symbiotic protection. We introduce a grid-based visual simulation software for detailed configuration and subsequent processing of the behavior of the resulting system in time and space. In terms of solution to a computational optimization problem inspired by nature, settings with low energy need and long life able to cope with different patterns of attack can be figured out and analyzed. Applications include novel techniques for efficient construction and secure operation of sensor networks.}, language = {en} } @misc{LehnigerLangendoerfer, author = {Lehniger, Kai and Langend{\"o}rfer, Peter}, title = {Investigating compact shadow stacks for the Xtensa LX architecture}, series = {2025 14th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO)}, journal = {2025 14th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {979-8-3315-1341-2}, doi = {10.1109/MECO66322.2025.11049161}, pages = {1 -- 6}, abstract = {This paper presents a compact shadow stack implementation for the Xtensa LX architecture, implemented for an ESP32 microcontroller. The implementation is done by changing the register window exception handlers in the FreeRTOS operating system. In a second implementation the shadow stack was extended to all register values, not just return addresses. This not only increases security but also performance, reducing the overhead from 17.220\% to 13.529\%, in the worst-case-scenario. The paper also suggests future improvements that could decrease the overhead even further.}, language = {en} } @misc{AlsabbaghSayeghKimetal., author = {Alsabbagh, Wael and Sayegh, Bahij and Kim, Chaerin and Langendorfer, Peter}, title = {FeatNet-IDS : anomaly detection based-features for industrial internet of things systems}, series = {2025 Silicon Valley Cybersecurity Conference (SVCC)}, journal = {2025 Silicon Valley Cybersecurity Conference (SVCC)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {979-8-3315-3429-5}, doi = {10.1109/SVCC65277.2025.11133650}, pages = {1 -- 8}, abstract = {Anomaly detection is critical for securing Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems against evolving cyber threats. This paper introduces FeatNet-IDS, an enhanced Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for MQTT-based IIoT environments. FeatNet- IDS combines advanced feature selection and machine learning techniques to improve anomaly detection accuracy, efficiency, and interpretability. Evaluated on a domain-specific dataset of MQTT-related attacks, including control logic injection, the framework achieves 92.3\% accuracy, 91.5\% F1-score, and 96.8\% ROC AUC, with a low false alarm rate of 2.73\%. By emphasizing feature stability and importance, FeatNet-IDS outperforms or matches state-of-the-art methods, demonstrating robustness and transparency. Practical deployment implications are discussed, with future work addressing dataset expansion, hyperparameter tuning, and advanced ensemble approaches. The dataset and framework codes are publicly available to support further research.}, language = {en} }