@inproceedings{MarkowskiNarraAyetal., author = {Markowski, Jens and Narra, Satyanarayana and Ay, Peter and Pempel, Harry and M{\"u}ller, Mike}, title = {Automatic disassembly and recycling of lithium-traction-accumulators}, series = {Proceedings, XXVII. IMPC, Santiago de Chile, 2014}, booktitle = {Proceedings, XXVII. IMPC, Santiago de Chile, 2014}, publisher = {GECAMIN}, address = {Santiago de Chile}, pages = {227 -- 236}, abstract = {Within the next few years major changes in mobility are expected. Increasing numbers of electric powered cars, electrobikes and E-Scooters define the transport sector. Recently lithium based traction batteries as storage medium have led into matrurity of series production combining high electrical efficiencies with low weights and compact dimensions. Due to the relatively young development with lithium batteries utilization, only few investigation were conducted regarding their recycling. Conventional battery recycling processes can not be applied due to differences in design and chemistry. So an automated disassembly and processing procedure for lithium traction batteries has been developed in the R/D-project "Li-WERT". Instead of complete smelting of the batteries without pretreatment, an automated disassembly and specific treatment of the material streams was realised, adjusted to the needs of the subsequent recovery technologies. A higher quality, with reduced expenses for the separation of fine-grained or fused material mixes, can be obtained for the individual components. The automated disassembly using an industrial robot significantly reduces dangers for the operating crew. The selective disassembly and beneficiation allows full recovery of the fractions. The batteries will be disassembled to cell level by the industrial robot. Anodes, cathodes, and separation layers are isolated and processed. The technology is designed, that no waste is generated for disposal. The pelletised cathode coating and the other separated metals (stainless steel, copper, aluminum) can be used in respective metallurgical plants. Circuit boards and plug contacts are also coveted secondary raw materials for reuse. The process is modular and offers high flexibility, e. g. for new battery types/ sizes by quick adjustment of the robot and tool change. Adaptation to other cathode materials (e. g. Li[FePO]) is possible. After finishing the R/D-project, a pilot plant for demontage was realised in 2013.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MarkowskiAyPempeletal., author = {Markowski, Jens and Ay, Peter and Pempel, Harry and M{\"u}ller, Mike}, title = {Entwicklung eines innovativen Verfahrens zur automatisierten Demontage und Auf-bereitung von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien aus Fahrzeugen}, series = {Recycling und Rohstoffe : Band 5}, booktitle = {Recycling und Rohstoffe : Band 5}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {TK Verlag Karl Thom{\´e}-Kozmiensky}, address = {Neuruppin}, isbn = {978-3-935317-82-5}, pages = {443 -- 456}, abstract = {Die automobile Antriebstechnik steht in den n{\"a}chsten Jahrzehnten vor tief greifenden Ver{\"a}n-derungen. Nachdem {\"u}ber 125 Jahre der Verbrennungsmotor die vorherrschende Antriebsart darstellte, basieren neue Entwicklungen auf Elektroantrieben oder auf der Kombination ver-schiedener Antriebsformen. Fahrzeuge mit elektrischen Antrieben haben mittlerweile den Status der Serienreife erreicht und werden perspektivisch zunehmend das Straßenbild be-stimmen. Mit der so genannten Lithium-Ionen-Traktionsbatterie wurde in den letzten Jahren ein Spei-chermedium zur Serienreife gef{\"u}hrt, welches einen hohen elektrischen Wirkungsgrad mit kompakten Maßen und geringem Eigengewicht vereinigt. Mit den auf der Nutzung von Li-thium-Akkumulatoren basierenden Antriebskonzepten kann ein entscheidender Schritt zur Umsetzung einer umfassenden Verbreitung der elektrischen Antriebstechnik im Bereich der individuellen Mobilit{\"a}t erfolgen.}, language = {de} } @incollection{SchmidtStollbergPempel, author = {Schmidt, M. and Stollberg, Christian and Pempel, Harry}, title = {Kunststoffrecycling auf hohem Niveau}, series = {Jahrbuch des Bundesministeriums f{\"u}r Bildung und Forschung 2004}, booktitle = {Jahrbuch des Bundesministeriums f{\"u}r Bildung und Forschung 2004}, pages = {S. 76}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{StollbergPempelSchwabeetal., author = {Stollberg, Christian and Pempel, Harry and Schwabe, M. and Ay, Peter}, title = {Qualit{\"a}tssicherung bei der automatischen R{\"u}ckgewinnung von Kunststoffen aus komplexen automobilen Anwendungen}, series = {TECHNOMER 2005, 19. Fachtagung {\"u}ber Verarbeitung und Anwendung von Polymeren, 10. - 12. November 2005, Chemnitz}, booktitle = {TECHNOMER 2005, 19. Fachtagung {\"u}ber Verarbeitung und Anwendung von Polymeren, 10. - 12. November 2005, Chemnitz}, publisher = {Techn. Univ.}, address = {Chemnitz}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{MarkowskiPempelAy, author = {Markowski, Jens and Pempel, Harry and Ay, Peter}, title = {Recovery of nickel-containing coatings with hydro-biotechnological methods}, series = {COM 2017, Conference of Metallurgists (MetSoc), The 56th Annual Conference of Metallurgists, hosting World Gold and Nickel-Cobalt, August 27-30, 2017, Hyatt Regency Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}, booktitle = {COM 2017, Conference of Metallurgists (MetSoc), The 56th Annual Conference of Metallurgists, hosting World Gold and Nickel-Cobalt, August 27-30, 2017, Hyatt Regency Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}, publisher = {Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum}, address = {Vancouver}, isbn = {978-1-926872-36-0}, abstract = {Metal-coated thermoplastic parts find more and more functional and aesthetic applications in the interior and exterior of cars. The vapor-deposited or electroplated coatings are usually composed of a plurality of nickel- and chromium-containing layers, which are applied to copper-containing carrier layers on the polymers. Previously, recycling processes are mainly focussed at the recovery or thermal utilization of the plastics. Targeted and selective recycling of the metallic coatings is usually not carried out. Together with several SME, BTU developed a process, in which a complete and separate recovery of all components in high purity is possible with biotechnological methods. The bioleaching is carried out with iron and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, esp. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The copper-containing layers are dissolved in the solution; chromium- and nickel-containing particles are precipitated as solids. After the bioleaching, a mechanical separation of the individual metal-containing components and their separate workup are carried out. End-products are metallic copper, a nickel- and chromium-containing solid and the cleaned plastics. The bioleaching ensures a high purity of the end products. Through the use of bacteria, which are also found in nature, the process is environmentally friendly. Compared to chemical leaching using inorganic acids, considerably shorter leaching times can be achieved. In addition to the optimization of the leaching process, the R/D-project also includes the development and testing of the apparatus technology.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MarkowskiAyPempeletal., author = {Markowski, Jens and Ay, Peter and Pempel, Harry and Logsch, Florian}, title = {Recycling of metal-coated plastic parts from end-of-life-vehicles (ELV) with biotechnological methods}, series = {Proceedings of the XXVIII International Mineral Processing Congress (IMPC 2016), September 11-15, 2016, Qu{\´e}bec City, Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the XXVIII International Mineral Processing Congress (IMPC 2016), September 11-15, 2016, Qu{\´e}bec City, Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum}, isbn = {978-1-926872-29-2}, pages = {Paper 191}, abstract = {Due to the European Directive 2000/53/EC on end-of-life-vehicles, from 2015 on more than 95\% of car materials have to be recycled. In order to recycle the materials back into the economic cycle, it is necessary to produce products with high quality and purity. Plastic components in cars, which are coated with metals by vapour deposition or electroplating, have a wide circulation (e.g., as cladding panel or trim strip for interiors and exteriors). In the end-of-life-vehicle recycling process, these plastic-metal composites are not considered in usual technologies (car shredder) and are not separated from Automotive Shredder Residue. These parts can be separated by optical or HF-detection sorting and then introduced to a specific treatment. Experiments with a specially developed bioleaching configuration showed that the thin coatings, which consist mainly of copper, nickel and chromium, can be removed efficiently from the polymer base materials by a bioleaching solution with Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans as a leaching agent. The solution used was produced in special fermenters with a 9K-nutrient salt media. During the bioleaching process at 35°C maximum temperature, most of the copper is dissolved and the other metals accumulate as metal sludge. The bacterial cultures based on A. ferrooxidans are robust and resilient. After a 48-hour bioleaching period while the composites were stirred regularly with ventilation, the plastic particles were completely free from metallic coatings. The metal components are separated for further use: undissolved components (mainly Ni and Cr) are separated by decantation of the solution; dissolved copper recovey is carried out by cementation of copper. The cementated solid contains ~98\% Cu, along with small amounts of other metals. With the bioleaching process, good separation and re-utilization of the metallic coatings is possible. The cleaned plastic parts were prepared by compounding for new applications with injection-moulding.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{StollbergPempelSchwabeetal., author = {Stollberg, Christian and Pempel, Harry and Schwabe, M. and Peter, Ay}, title = {Automatische Sortierung und M{\"o}glichkeiten der Verwertung von Kunststoffen aus dem Altfahrzeugbereich}, series = {TECHNOMER 2005, 19. Fachtagung {\"u}ber Verarbeitung und Anwendung von Polymeren, 10. - 12. November 2005, Chemnitz}, booktitle = {TECHNOMER 2005, 19. Fachtagung {\"u}ber Verarbeitung und Anwendung von Polymeren, 10. - 12. November 2005, Chemnitz}, publisher = {Techn. Univ.}, address = {Chemnitz}, language = {de} } @incollection{StollbergPempelGaertigetal., author = {Stollberg, Christian and Pempel, Harry and G{\"a}rtig, T. and Ay, Peter}, title = {Automatische Sortierung und m{\"o}gliche Wege der Wiederverwertung von Kunststoffen aus dem Altfahrzeugbereich}, series = {Integrative Strategien f{\"u}r eine nachhaltige Abfallwirtschaft : Auswirkungen der EU-Politik auf Baden-W{\"u}rttemberg}, booktitle = {Integrative Strategien f{\"u}r eine nachhaltige Abfallwirtschaft : Auswirkungen der EU-Politik auf Baden-W{\"u}rttemberg}, publisher = {Oldenbourg-Industrieverlag}, address = {Essen [u.a.]}, isbn = {3-486-63063-6}, pages = {40 -- 44}, language = {de} }