@misc{PasternakPrzybyłaSiddareddyetal., author = {Pasternak, Michał and Przybyła, Grzegorz and Siddareddy, Reddy and Lewandowski, Michał and Bj{\o}rgen, Karl and Mauss, Fabian and Nadimi, Ebrahim and Peczkis, Grzegorz and Zhou, Min-min and Adamczyk, Wojciech}, title = {Development of ammonia-biodiesel fueled agricultural tractor : aspects of retrofitting a compression ignition engine to direct ammonia injection}, series = {Energy}, volume = {327}, journal = {Energy}, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0360-5442}, doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2025.136255}, pages = {1 -- 14}, abstract = {The automotive industry has shown growing interest in ammonia as a carbon-free fuel, which holds potential for mitigating the greenhouse effect. Nonetheless, adapting current combustion engines to use ammonia necessitates prior modifications. This paper introduces a retrofitting technique for converting an existing compression ignition engine into one powered by a direct injection of ammonia and biodiesel. The development results from collaboration between Polish and Norwegian research teams as part of the ACTIVATE project (Ammonia as carbon-free fuel for internal combustion engine-driven agricultural vehicles). The new technology is grounded on experimental and numerical research involving a single-cylinder engine installed in a small agricultural tractor. Biodiesel was directly injected to initiate ammonia combustion. Experimental activities were performed on engine test benches and a chassis dynamometer, complemented by 0D and 3D simulations using the stochastic reactor model and CFD code Converge, respectively. A comprehensive exploration of engine operating conditions and fuel injection strategies was undertaken experimentally and numerically to assess the potential benefits and drawbacks of various designs. A segment of the research focused on analyzing nitrous oxide formation, given its significant impact on global warming. The investigations resulted in a method for combusting ammonia with biodiesel as an ignition enhancer. It was determined that maintaining a stable engine operation in a tractor under real driving scenarios requires 47\% of the energy sourced from ammonia. Optimal engine performance occurs when ammonia and biodiesel are injected near the end of the compression stroke, closely followed by the ignition promoter. A prolonged interval between these injections impairs combustion efficiency and raises ammonia emissions. The integrated numerical and experimental research resulted in a demonstration tractor fueled by directly injected biodiesel and ammonia.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MaussPasternakBensler, author = {Mauß, Fabian and Pasternak, Michal and Bensler, H.}, title = {Diesel Engine Cycle Simulation with Reduced Set of Modeling Parameter Based on Detailed Kinetics}, language = {en} } @misc{TunerPasternakMaussetal., author = {Tuner, Martin and Pasternak, Michal and Mauß, Fabian and Bensler, H.}, title = {A PDF-Based Model for Full Cycle Simulation of Direct Injected Engines}, series = {SAE Technical Papers}, journal = {SAE Technical Papers}, number = {2008-01-1606}, issn = {0096-5170}, abstract = {In one-dimensional engine simulation programs the simulation of engine performance is mostly done by parameter fitting in order to match simulations with experimental data. The extensive fitting procedure is especially needed for emissions formation - CO, HC, NO, soot - simulations. An alternative to this approach is, to calculate the emissions based on detailed kinetic models. This however demands that the in-cylinder combustion-flow interaction can be modeled accurately, and that the CPU time needed for the model is still acceptable. PDF based stochastic reactor models offer one possible solution. They usually introduce only one (time dependent) parameter - the mixing time - to model the influence of flow on the chemistry. They offer the prediction of the heat release, together with all emission formation, if the optimum mixing time is given. Hence parameter fitting for a number of kinetic processes, that depend also on the in cylinder flow conditions is replaced by a single parameter fitting for the turbulent mixing time. In this work a PDF based model was implemented and coupled to the full cycle engine simulation tool, WAVE, and calculations were compared to engine experiments. Modeling results show good agreement with the experiments and show that PDF based Dl models can be used for fast and accurate simulation of Dl engine emissions and performance.}, language = {en} } @misc{PasternakNakovMaussetal., author = {Pasternak, Michal and Nakov, Galin and Mauß, Fabian and Lehtiniemi, Harry}, title = {Aspects of 0D and 3D Modeling of Soot Formation for Diesel Engines}, series = {Combustion Science and Technology}, volume = {186}, journal = {Combustion Science and Technology}, number = {10-11}, issn = {1563-521X}, doi = {10.1080/00102202.2014.935213}, pages = {1517 -- 1535}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{PasternakMauss, author = {Pasternak, Michal and Mauß, Fabian}, title = {Simulation von Kraftstoffeffekten unter Dieselmotorischen Bedingungen mittels eines OD Kraftstoff-Versuchsstandes}, series = {Motorische Verbrennung, aktuelle Probleme und moderne L{\"o}sungsans{\"a}tze XI. Tagung im Haus der Technik e.V., Ludwigsburg, 14./15. M{\"a}rz 2013}, booktitle = {Motorische Verbrennung, aktuelle Probleme und moderne L{\"o}sungsans{\"a}tze XI. Tagung im Haus der Technik e.V., Ludwigsburg, 14./15. M{\"a}rz 2013}, editor = {Leipertz, Alfred}, publisher = {ESYTEC Energie- u. Systemtechnik}, address = {Erlangen}, isbn = {978-3-931901-87-5}, pages = {337 -- 346}, language = {de} } @incollection{PasternakMauss, author = {Pasternak, Michal and Mauß, Fabian}, title = {Aspects of Diesel Engine In-Cylinder Processes Simulation Using 0D Stochastic Reactor Model}, series = {Engine processes}, booktitle = {Engine processes}, editor = {Sens, Marc and Baar, Roland}, publisher = {Expert Verlag}, address = {Renningen}, isbn = {978-3-8169-3222-2}, pages = {139}, language = {en} } @misc{PasternakMaussSensetal., author = {Pasternak, Michal and Mauß, Fabian and Sens, Marc and Riess, Michael and Benz, Andreas and Stapf, Karl Georg}, title = {Gasoline Engine Simulations Using a Zero-Dimensional Spark Ignition Stochastic Reactor Model and Three-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Engine Model}, series = {International Journal of Engine Research}, volume = {17}, journal = {International Journal of Engine Research}, number = {1}, issn = {1468-0874}, doi = {10.1177/1468087415599859}, pages = {76 -- 85}, abstract = {A simulation process for spark ignition gasoline engines is proposed. The process is based on a zero-dimensional spark ignition stochastic reactor model and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics of the cold in-cylinder flow. The cold flow simulations are carried out to analyse changes in the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation. From this analysis, the volume-averaged turbulent mixing time can be estimated that is a main input parameter for the spark ignition stochastic reactor model. The spark ignition stochastic reactor model is used to simulate combustion progress and to analyse auto-ignition tendency in the end-gas zone based on the detailed reaction kinetics. The presented engineering process bridges the gap between three-dimensional and zero-dimensional models and is applicable to various engine concepts, such as, port-injected and direct injection engines, with single and multiple spark plug technology. The modelling enables predicting combustion effects and estimating the risk of knock occurrence at different operating points or new engine concepts for which limited experimental data are available.}, language = {en} } @misc{PasternakMaussXavieretal., author = {Pasternak, Michal and Mauß, Fabian and Xavier, Fabio and Riess, Michael and Sens, Marc and Benz, Andreas}, title = {0D/3D Simulations of Combustion in Gasoline Engines Operated with Multiple Spark Plug Technology}, series = {SAE Technical Papers}, journal = {SAE Technical Papers}, number = {2015-01-1243}, issn = {0148-7191}, doi = {10.4271/2015-01-1243}, abstract = {A simulation method is presented for the analysis of combustion in spark ignition (SI) engines operated at elevated exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) level and employing multiple spark plug technology. The modeling is based on a zero-dimensional (0D) stochastic reactor model for SI engines (SI-SRM). The model is built on a probability density function (PDF) approach for turbulent reactive flows that enables for detailed chemistry consideration. Calculations were carried out for one, two, and three spark plugs. Capability of the SI-SRM to simulate engines with multiple spark plug (multiple ignitions) systems has been verified by comparison to the results from a three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Numerical simulations were carried for part load operating points with 12.5\%, 20\%, and 25\% of EGR. At high load, the engine was operated at knock limit with 0\%, and 20\% of EGR and different inlet valve closure timing. The quasi-3D treatment of combustion chamber geometry and the spherical flame propagation by the 0D SI-SRM enabled for estimating the impact of number of spark plugs on the combustion progress and the risk of knock occurrence. Application of three spark plugs shortened significantly the combustion process. When the engine was operated at knock limit and with 20\% EGR, combustion duration was similar to that of engine operation without EGR and with one spark plug. Overall, the results presented demonstrate that this method has the potential to support early stages of engine development with limited experimental data available.}, language = {en} } @misc{MatriscianoBorgPerlmanetal., author = {Matrisciano, Andrea and Borg, Anders and Perlman, Cathleen and Lehtiniemi, Harry and Pasternak, Michal and Mauß, Fabian}, title = {Soot Source Term Tabulation Strategy for Diesel Engine Simulations with SRM}, series = {SAE Technical Papers}, journal = {SAE Technical Papers}, number = {2015-24-2400}, issn = {0148-7191}, doi = {10.4271/2015-24-2400}, pages = {1 -- 15}, abstract = {In this work a soot source term tabulation strategy for soot predictions under Diesel engine conditions within the zero-dimensional Direct Injection Stochastic Reactor Model (DI-SRM) framework is presented. The DI-SRM accounts for detailed chemistry, in-homogeneities in the combustion chamber and turbulence-chemistry interactions. The existing implementation [1] was extended with a framework facilitating the use of tabulated soot source terms. The implementation allows now for using soot source terms provided by an online chemistry calculation, and for the use of a pre-calculated flamelet soot source term library. Diesel engine calculations were performed using the same detailed kinetic soot model in both configurations. The chemical mechanism for n-heptane used in this work is taken from Zeuch et al. [2] and consists of 121 species and 973 reactions including PAH and thermal NO chemistry. The engine case presented in [1] is used also for this work. The case is a single-injection part-load passenger car Diesel engine with 27 \% EGR fueled with regular Diesel fuel. The two different approaches are analyzed and a detailed comparison is presented for the different soot processes globally and in the mixture fraction space. The contribution of the work presented in this paper is that a method which allows for a direct comparison of soot source terms - calculated online or retrieved from a flamelet table - without any change in the simulation setup has been developed within the SRM framework. It is a unique tool for model development. Our analysis supports our previous conclusion [1] that flamelet soot source terms libraries can be used for multi-dimensional modeling of soot formation in Diesel engines.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SeidelKlauerPasternaketal., author = {Seidel, Lars and Klauer, Christian and Pasternak, Michal and Matrisciano, Andrea and Netzer, Corinna and Hilbig, Martin and Mauß, Fabian}, title = {Systematic Mechanism Reduction for Engine Applications}, series = {5th International Workshop on Model Reduction in Reacting Flows, L{\"u}bbenau, 2015}, booktitle = {5th International Workshop on Model Reduction in Reacting Flows, L{\"u}bbenau, 2015}, pages = {2}, abstract = {In this work we apply various concepts of mechanism reduction with a PDF based method for species profile conservation. The reduction process is kept time efficient by only using 0D and 1D reactors. To account for the expansion phase in internal combustion engines a stochastic engine tool is used to validate the reduction steps.}, language = {en} }