@misc{FeldmannGasserLichtblauetal., author = {Feldmann, Anja and Gasser, Oliver and Lichtblau, Franziska and Pujol, Enric and Poese, Ingmar and Dietzel, Christoph and Wagner, Daniel and Wichtlhuber, Matthias and Tapiador, Juan and Vallina-Rodriguez, Narseo and Hohlfeld, Oliver and Smaragdakis, Georgios}, title = {The Lockdown Effect: Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Internet Traffic}, series = {ACM Internet Measurement Conference 2020, Proceedings of the 2020 Internet Measurement Conference (IMC '20)}, journal = {ACM Internet Measurement Conference 2020, Proceedings of the 2020 Internet Measurement Conference (IMC '20)}, doi = {10.1145/3419394.3423658}, pages = {18}, abstract = {Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments imposed lock downs that forced hundreds of millions of citizens to stay at home. The implementation of confinement measures increased Internet traffic demands of residential users, in particular, for remote working, entertainment, commerce, and education, which, as a result, caused traffic shifts in the Internet core. In this paper, using data from a diverse set of vantage points (one ISP, three IXPs, and one metropolitan educational network), we examine the effect of these lockdowns on traffic shifts. We find that the traffic volume increased by 15-20\% almost within a week--while overall still modest, this constitutes a large increase within this short time period. However, despite this surge, we observe that the Internet infrastructure is able to handle the new volume, as most traffic shifts occur outside of traditional peak hours. When looking directly at the traffic sources, it turns out that, while hypergiants still contribute a significant fraction of traffic, we see (1) a higher increase in traffic of non-hypergiants, and (2) traffic increases in applications that people use when at home, such as Web conferencing, VPN, and gaming. While many networks see increased traffic demands, in particular, those providing services to residential users, academic networks experience major overall decreases. Yet, in these networks, we can observe substantial increases when considering applications associated to remote working and lecturing.}, language = {en} } @misc{FeldmannGasserLichtblauetal., author = {Feldmann, Anja and Gasser, Oliver and Lichtblau, Franziska and Pujol, Enric and Poese, Ingmar and Dietzel, Christoph and Wagner, Daniel and Wichtlhuber, Matthias and Tapiador, Juan and Vallina-Rodriguez, Narseo and Hohlfeld, Oliver and Smaragdakis, Georgios}, title = {Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Internet Traffic}, series = {ITG-Fb. 295: Breitbandversorgung in Deutschland : Beitr{\"a}ge der 15. ITG-Fachkonferenz, 2. - 3. M{\"a}rz 2021, Online-Veranstaltung}, journal = {ITG-Fb. 295: Breitbandversorgung in Deutschland : Beitr{\"a}ge der 15. ITG-Fachkonferenz, 2. - 3. M{\"a}rz 2021, Online-Veranstaltung}, publisher = {VDE}, isbn = {978-3-8007-5474-8}, abstract = {In this paper, we report on a measurement study by researchers from several institutions that collected and analyzed network data to assess the impact of the first wave of COVID-19 (February-June 2020) on the Internet traffic. The datasets from Internet Service Providers, Internet Exchange Points, and academic networks, primarily in Europe, provide a unique view on the changes of Internet traffic due to pandemic and the lockdown that forced hundreds of millions of citizens to stay and work from home. The analysis shows that the increase of Internet traffic was about 15-20 \% within a couple of weeks, an increase that is typically spread over multiple months under typical operation. However, traffic during peak hours does not increase by more than 5 \%. The increase was noticeably higher for specific applications, e.g., remote work applications, teleconferencing, video on demand; in some cases up to 200 \%. However, overall, the Internet reacted well to these unprecedented times.}, language = {en} } @misc{FeldmannGasserLichtblauetal., author = {Feldmann, Anja and Gasser, Oliver and Lichtblau, Franziska and Pujol, Enric and Poese, Ingmar and Dietzel, Christoph and Wagner, Daniel and Wichtlhuber, Matthias and Tapiador, Juan and Vallina-Rodriguez, Narseo and Hohlfeld, Oliver and Smaragdakis, Georgios}, title = {A Year in Lockdown: How the Waves of COVID-19 Impact Internet Traffic}, series = {Communications of the ACM}, volume = {64}, journal = {Communications of the ACM}, number = {7}, issn = {1557-7317}, doi = {10.1145/3465212}, pages = {9}, language = {en} } @misc{HohlfeldKrudeReelfsetal., author = {Hohlfeld, Oliver and Krude, Johannes and Reelfs, Jens Helge and R{\"u}th, Jan and Wehrle, Klaus}, title = {Demystifying the Performance of XDP BPF}, series = {IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization, 24-28 June 2019, Paris, France}, journal = {IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization, 24-28 June 2019, Paris, France}, doi = {10.1109/NETSOFT.2019.8806651}, pages = {5}, abstract = {High packet rates at ≥ 10 GBit/s challenge the packet processing performance of network stacks. A common solution is to offload (parts of) the user-space packet processing to other execution environments, e.g., into the device driver (kernel-space), the NIC or even from virtual machines into the host operating system (OS), or any combination of those. While common wisdom states that offloading optimizes performance, neither benefits nor negative effects are comprehensively studied. In this paper, we aim to shed light on the benefits and shortcomings of eBPF/XDP-based offloading from the user-space to i) the kernel-space or ii) a smart NIC-including VM virtualization. We show that offloading can indeed optimize packet processing, but only if the task is small and optimized for the target environment. Otherwise, offloading can even lead to detrimental performance.}, language = {en} } @misc{RuethKunzeHohlfeld, author = {R{\"u}th, Jan and Kunze, Ike and Hohlfeld, Oliver}, title = {TCP's Initial Window - Deployment in the Wild and its Impact on Performance}, series = {IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management}, volume = {16}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management}, number = {2}, issn = {1932-4537}, doi = {10.1109/TNSM.2019.2896335}, pages = {389 -- 402}, language = {en} } @misc{RuethZimmermannHohlfeld, author = {R{\"u}th, Jan and Zimmermann, Torsten and Hohlfeld, Oliver}, title = {Hidden Treasures - Recycling Large-Scale Internet Measurements to Study the Internet's Control Plane}, series = {Passive Active Measurement Conference (PAM 2019), 27-29 March 2019, Puerto Varas, Chile}, journal = {Passive Active Measurement Conference (PAM 2019), 27-29 March 2019, Puerto Varas, Chile}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-3-030-15985-6}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-15986-3_4}, pages = {67}, language = {en} } @misc{PennekampHenzeHohlfeldetal., author = {Pennekamp, Jan and Henze, Martin and Hohlfeld, Oliver and Panchenko, Andriy}, title = {Hi Doppelg{\"a}nger: Towards Detecting Manipulation in News Comments}, series = {Companion Proceedings of the 2019 World Wide Web Conference (WWW '19 Companion), 4th Workshop on Computational Methods in Online Misbehavior (CyberSafety '19), May 13-17, 2019, San Francisco, CA, USA}, journal = {Companion Proceedings of the 2019 World Wide Web Conference (WWW '19 Companion), 4th Workshop on Computational Methods in Online Misbehavior (CyberSafety '19), May 13-17, 2019, San Francisco, CA, USA}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4503-6675-5}, doi = {10.1145/3308560.3316496}, pages = {197 -- 205}, language = {en} } @misc{ReelfsMohauptHohlfeldetal., author = {Reelfs, Jens Helge and Mohaupt, Timon and Hohlfeld, Oliver and Henckell, Niklas}, title = {Hashtag Usage in a Geographically-Local Microblogging App}, series = {Proceedings of the 2019 World Wide Web Conference (WWW '19 Companion), 9th International Workshop on Location and the Web (LocWeb '19), May 13-17, 2019, San Francisco, CA, USA}, journal = {Proceedings of the 2019 World Wide Web Conference (WWW '19 Companion), 9th International Workshop on Location and the Web (LocWeb '19), May 13-17, 2019, San Francisco, CA, USA}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4503-6675-5}, doi = {10.1145/3308560.3316537}, pages = {919 -- 927}, language = {en} } @misc{GuseOreficeReimersetal., author = {Guse, Dennis and Orefice, Henrique R. and Reimers, Gabriel and Hohlfeld, Oliver}, title = {TheFragebogen: A Web Browser-based Questionnaire Framework for Scientific Research}, series = {2019 Eleventh International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX 2019), June 5-7 2019, Berlin}, journal = {2019 Eleventh International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX 2019), June 5-7 2019, Berlin}, pages = {3}, language = {en} } @misc{SanderRuethHohlfeldetal., author = {Sander, Constantin and R{\"u}th, Jan and Hohlfeld, Oliver and Wehrle, Klaus}, title = {DeePCCI: Deep Learning-based Passive Congestion Control Identification}, series = {In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Network Meets AI \& ML (NetAI '19), August 19-24, 2019, Beijing, China}, journal = {In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Network Meets AI \& ML (NetAI '19), August 19-24, 2019, Beijing, China}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4503-6872-8}, doi = {10.1145/3341216.3342211}, pages = {37 -- 43}, language = {en} } @misc{FestHeilmannHohlfeldetal., author = {Fest, Jennifer and Heilmann, Arndt and Hohlfeld, Oliver and Neumann, Stella and Reelfs, Jens Helge and Schmitt, Marco and Vogelgesang, Alina}, title = {Determining Response-generating Contexts on Microblogging Platforms}, series = {Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Natural Language Processing (KONVENS), October 9-11, 2019, Erlangen}, journal = {Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Natural Language Processing (KONVENS), October 9-11, 2019, Erlangen}, pages = {171 -- 182}, language = {en} } @misc{WolsingRuethWehrleetal., author = {Wolsing, Konrad and R{\"u}th, Jan and Wehrle, Klaus and Hohlfeld, Oliver}, title = {A Performance Perspective on Web Optimized Protocol Stacks: TCP+TLS+HTTP/2 vs. QUIC}, series = {Proceedings of the Applied Networking Research Workshop (ANRW '19), July 22, 2019, Montreal, QC, Canada}, journal = {Proceedings of the Applied Networking Research Workshop (ANRW '19), July 22, 2019, Montreal, QC, Canada}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-1-4503-6848-3}, doi = {10.1145/3340301.3341123}, pages = {1 -- 7}, language = {en} } @misc{RuethKunzeHohlfeld, author = {R{\"u}th, Jan and Kunze, Ike and Hohlfeld, Oliver}, title = {An Empirical View on Content Provider Fairness}, series = {Proceedings of the Network Traffic Measurement and Analysis Conference (TMA '19), June 17-21, 2019, Paris, France}, journal = {Proceedings of the Network Traffic Measurement and Analysis Conference (TMA '19), June 17-21, 2019, Paris, France}, publisher = {IFIP/IEEE}, doi = {10.23919/TMA.2019.8784684}, language = {en} } @misc{RuethWolsingWehrleetal., author = {R{\"u}th, Jan and Wolsing, Konrad and Wehrle, Klaus and Hohlfeld, Oliver}, title = {Perceiving QUIC: Do Users Notice or Even Care?}, series = {CoNEXT '19: International Conference On Emerging Networking Experiments And Technologies, December 9-12, 2019, Orlando, FL, USA. ACM, New York, NY, USA}, journal = {CoNEXT '19: International Conference On Emerging Networking Experiments And Technologies, December 9-12, 2019, Orlando, FL, USA. ACM, New York, NY, USA}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, doi = {10.1145/3359989.3365416}, pages = {7}, language = {en} } @misc{KoppWichtlhuberPoeseetal., author = {Kopp, Daniel and Wichtlhuber, Matthias and Poese, Ingmar and Cardoso de Santanna, Jos{\´e} Jair and Hohlfeld, Oliver and Dietzel, Christoph}, title = {DDoS Hide \& Seek: On the Effectiveness of a Booter Services Takedown}, series = {Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference (IMC 2019), Amsterdam, Netherlands — October 21 - 23, 2019}, journal = {Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference (IMC 2019), Amsterdam, Netherlands — October 21 - 23, 2019}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, isbn = {978-1-4503-6948-0}, doi = {10.1145/3355369.3355590}, pages = {65 -- 72}, language = {en} } @misc{HolzHillerAmannetal., author = {Holz, Ralph and Hiller, Jens and Amann, Johanna and Razaghpanah, Abbas and Jost, Thomas and Vallina-Rodriguez, Narseo and Hohlfeld, Oliver}, title = {Tracking the deployment of TLS 1.3 on the Web: A story of experimentation and centralization}, series = {ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review}, volume = {50}, journal = {ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review}, number = {3}, issn = {0146-4833}, doi = {10.1145/3411740.3411742}, pages = {12}, language = {en} } @misc{MisaGuseHohlfeldetal., author = {Misa, Chris and Guse, Dennis and Hohlfeld, Oliver and Durairajan, Ramakrishnan and Sperotto, Anna and Dainotti, Alberto and Rejaie, Reza}, title = {Lessons Learned Organizing the PAM 2020 Virtual Conference}, series = {ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review}, volume = {50}, journal = {ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review}, number = {3}, issn = {0146-4833}, doi = {10.1145/3411740.3411747}, pages = {9}, language = {en} } @misc{GuseHohlfeldWunderlichetal., author = {Guse, Dennis and Hohlfeld, Oliver and Wunderlich, Anna and Weiss, Benjamin and M{\"o}ller, Sebastian}, title = {Multi-episodic Perceived Quality of an Audio-on-Demand Service}, series = {2020 Twelfth International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX)}, journal = {2020 Twelfth International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX)}, isbn = {978-1-7281-5965-2}, issn = {2472-7814}, doi = {10.1109/QoMEX48832.2020.9123070}, pages = {6}, abstract = {Quality of Experience is traditionally evaluated byusing short stimuli usually representing parts orsingleusageepisodes. This opens the question on how the overall serviceperception involvingmultipleusage episodes can be evaluated—a question of high practical relevance to service operators.Despite initial research on this challenging aspect of multi-episodic perceived quality, the question of the underlying qualityformation processes and its factors are still to be discovered.We present a multi-episodic experiment of an Audio-on-Demand service over a usage period of 6 days with 93 par-ticipants. Our work directly extends prior work investigating theimpact of time between usage episodes. The results show similareffects — also the recency effect is not statistically significant.In addition, we extend prediction of multi-episodic judgments byaccounting for the observed saturation.}, language = {en} } @misc{ReelfsHohlfeldStrohmaieretal., author = {Reelfs, Jens Helge and Hohlfeld, Oliver and Strohmaier, Markus and Henckell, Niklas}, title = {Word-Emoji embeddings from large scale messaging data reflect real world semantic associations of expressive icons}, series = {Conference: ICWSM Workshop on Emoji Understanding and Applications in Social Media 2020}, journal = {Conference: ICWSM Workshop on Emoji Understanding and Applications in Social Media 2020}, pages = {10}, abstract = {We train word-emoji embeddings on large scale messagingdata obtained from the Jodel online social network. Our dataset contains more than 40 million sentences, of which 11 million sentences are annotated with a subset of the Unicode13.0 standard Emoji list. We explore semantic emoji associations contained in this embedding by analyzing associations between emojis, between emojis and text, and betweentext and emojis. Our investigations demonstrate anecdotallythat word-emoji embeddings trained on large scale messaging data can reflect real-world semantic associations. To enable further research we release the Jodel Emoji EmbeddingDataset (JEED1488) containing 1488 emojis and their embeddings along 300 dimensions.}, language = {en} } @misc{HasslingerNtougiasHasslingeretal., author = {Hasslinger, Gerhard and Ntougias, Konstantinos and Hasslinger, Frank and Hohlfeld, Oliver}, title = {General Knapsack Bounds of Web Caching Performance Regarding the Properties of each Cacheable Object}, series = {2020 IFIP Networking Conference (Networking), 22-26 June 2020, Paris, France}, journal = {2020 IFIP Networking Conference (Networking), 22-26 June 2020, Paris, France}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-3-903176-28-7}, pages = {6}, abstract = {Caching strategies have been evaluated and compared in many studies, most often via simulation, but also in analytic methods. Knapsack solutions provide a general analytical approach for upper bounds on web caching performance. They assume objects of maximum (value/size) ratio being selected as cache content, with flexibility to define the caching value. Therefore the popularity, cost, size, time-to-live restrictions etc. per object can be included an overall caching goal, e.g., for reducing delay and/or transport path length in content delivery. The independent request model (IRM) leads to basic knapsack bounds for static optimum cache content. We show that a 2-dimensional (2D-)knapsack solution covers arbitrary request pattern, which selects dynamically changing content yielding maximum caching value for any predefined request sequence. Moreover, Belady's optimum strategy for clairvoyant caching is identified as a special case of our 2D-knapsack solution when all objects are unique. We also summarize a comprehensive picture of the demands and efficiency criteria for web caching, including updating speed and overheads. Our evaluations confirm significant performance gaps from LRU to advanced GreedyDual and score-based web caching methods and to the knapsack bounds.}, language = {en} }