@misc{KrauseBallaschkSchulzeReicheltetal., author = {Krause, Norman and Ballaschk, Cindy and Schulze-Reichelt, Friederike and Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Wachs, Sebastian and Schubarth, Wilfried and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {„Ich lass mich da nicht klein machen!" Eine qualitative Studie zur Bew{\"a}ltigung von Hatespeech durch Sch{\"u}ler/innen}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Bildungsforschung}, volume = {11}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Bildungsforschung}, issn = {2190-6904}, doi = {10.1007/s35834-021-00291-w}, pages = {169 -- 185}, abstract = {Von Hass und Hetze gepr{\"a}gte Kommunikationsformen im Internet stehen seit einigen Jahren im Fokus der {\"o}ffentlichen Aufmerksamkeit. Kaum beachtet wurden bisher jedoch die Fragen, ob sich solche als Hatespeech bezeichneten Ausdrucksweisen auch in der Schule zeigen und wie Sch{\"u}ler/innen derartige Vorf{\"a}lle bewerten und bew{\"a}ltigen. Um Antworten auf diese Fragen zu finden, wurden 21 leitfadengest{\"u}tzte, episodische Interviews (nach Flick) mit Jugendlichen aus Berlin und Brandenburg zu ihren Erfahrungen und Bew{\"a}ltigungsstrategien in Bezug auf Hatespeech im schulischen Kontext ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse machen deutlich, dass Hatespeech-Erfahrungen von Sch{\"u}ler/innen als belastend wahrgenommen und die eigenen Potenziale zur Bew{\"a}ltigung individuell und situativ unterschiedlich bewertet werden. Insbesondere die subjektive Beeinflussbarkeit bzw. Kontrollierbarkeit des stressausl{\"o}senden Hatespeech-Vorfalls sowie die soziale Unterst{\"u}tzung im Setting der Schulklasse scheinen sich auf die Bew{\"a}ltigung auszuwirken. Die berichteten Bew{\"a}ltigungsstrategien lassen sich, dem Transaktionalen Stressmodell entsprechend, in emotionsfokussiert (Einbezug sozialer Unterst{\"u}tzung, Verdr{\"a}ngung und Vermeidung) und problemfokussiert (aktives Ignorieren und Counterspeech) kategorisieren. Die Ergebnisse st{\"u}tzen Forderungen nach Pr{\"a}ventionsarbeit in Schulen. Sch{\"u}ler/innen sollten dabei als Expert/innen der Lebenswelt Schule einbezogen werden. Außerdem scheinen Maßnahmen zur St{\"a}rkung sozialer und personaler Ressourcen sinnvoll zu sein, um konstruktive Bew{\"a}ltigungsstrategien zu erm{\"o}glichen. Zur Konkretisierung und Quantifizierung der Forschungsergebnisse ist weitere Forschung notwendig.}, language = {de} } @incollection{WachsSchubarthKrauseetal., author = {Wachs, Sebastian and Schubarth, Wilfried and Krause, Norman and Ballaschk, Cindy and Schulze-Reichelt, Friederike and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Hate Speech als Herausforderung f{\"u}r Schule und Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung}, series = {Hate Speech - Multidisziplin{\"a}re Analysen und Handlungsoptionen. Theoretische und empirische Ann{\"a}herungen an ein interdisziplin{\"a}res Ph{\"a}nomen}, booktitle = {Hate Speech - Multidisziplin{\"a}re Analysen und Handlungsoptionen. Theoretische und empirische Ann{\"a}herungen an ein interdisziplin{\"a}res Ph{\"a}nomen}, editor = {Wachs, Sebastian and Koch-Priewe, Barbara and Zick, Andreas}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {Springer VS}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-31792-8}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-31793-5_12}, pages = {279 -- 297}, abstract = {Hate Speech betrifft die Lebenswelt von Kindern und Jugendlichen in einem erheblichen Maße. Deshalb sind auch Schulen und Lehrkr{\"a}fte mit dem Ph{\"a}nomen zunehmend konfrontiert. Der Bildungs- und Erziehungsauftrag der Schule erfordert eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit rassistischen und menschenverachtenden Positionen. Um diesem Auftrag gerecht zu werden, bedarf es beim Umgang mit Hate Speech vermehrter Anstrengungen in Schule und Lehrkr{\"a}ftebildung. Erste Leitlinien und Perspektiven zeichnen sich schon heute ab.}, language = {de} } @misc{BallaschkWachsKrauseetal., author = {Ballaschk, Cindy and Wachs, Sebastian and Krause, Norman and Schulze-Reichelt, Friederike and Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Bilz, Ludwig and Schubarth, Wilfried}, title = {„Dann machen halt alle mit." Eine qualitative Studie zu Beweggr{\"u}nden und Motiven f{\"u}r Hatespeech unter Sch{\"u}ler*innen}, series = {Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung}, volume = {16}, journal = {Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung}, number = {4}, issn = {1862-5002}, doi = {10.3224/diskurs.v16i4.01}, pages = {18}, abstract = {Das Thema Hatespeech r{\"u}ckt immer mehr in den Fokus der {\"O}ffentlichkeit und der Forschung. Im Gegensatz zu Hatespeech im Internet wird jedoch Hatespeech unter Jugendlichen, die von Angesicht zu Angesicht im Schulkontext ausge{\"u}bt wird, kaum beachtet. Hier setzt die vorliegende Studie an, in der Sch{\"u}ler*innen (n = 55), Lehrkr{\"a}fte (n = 18) und Sozialp{\"a}dagog*innen (n =16) auf der Basis leitfadengest{\"u}tzter Interviews dazu befragt wurden, was m{\"o}gliche Beweggr{\"u}nde und Motive daf{\"u}r sind, dass Sch{\"u}ler*innen Hatespeech in der Lebenswelt Schule und online aus{\"u}ben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass m{\"o}gliche Beweggr{\"u}nde f{\"u}r Hatespeech Angst vor Statusverlust, Gruppendruck, Provokation, Spaß, politisch-ideologische {\"U}berzeugung und Kompensation von Frust- und Minderwertigkeitsgef{\"u}hlen sind. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wird verdeutlicht, dass sich hinter diesen Gr{\"u}nden f{\"u}r Hatespeech oftmals Grundmotive nach Macht und Zugeh{\"o}rigkeit abzeichnen. Die Ergebnisse werden in Bezug auf anschließende Forschung und praktische Implikationen diskutiert.}, language = {de} } @misc{KansokDuscheBallaschkKrauseetal., author = {Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Ballaschk, Cindy and Krause, Norman and Seemann-Herz, Lisanne and Zeißig, Anke and Schulze-Reichelt, Friederike and Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {A systematic review on hate speech among children and adolescents: Definitions, frequencies and overlap with bullying}, series = {World Anti-Bullying Forum 2021, Stockholm}, journal = {World Anti-Bullying Forum 2021, Stockholm}, address = {Stockholm}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.10336.61448}, pages = {1}, abstract = {Hate speech is unequivocally seen as harmful to individuals and communities (United Nations, 2019), but little is yet known about the current state of research on the frequency of hate speech among children and adolescents. Evidence suggests that definitional ambiguities of hate speech exist in academic research (e.g., Brown, 2017). But without a precise theoretical definition of hate speech, standardized assessment methods and the ability to soundly differentiate it from related phenomena, empirical research may lack validity and comparability. For research on children and adolescents in particular, hate speech needs to be differentiated from bullying (e.g., Lehmann, 2019). In a systematic review, we thus identified and systematized empirical studies on hate speech.}, language = {en} } @misc{WachsWettsteinBilzetal., author = {Wachs, Sebastian and Wettstein, Alexander and Bilz, Ludwig and Krause, Norman and Ballaschk, Cindy and Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Wright, Michelle F.}, title = {Playing by the Rules? An Investigation of the Relationship Between Social Norms and Adolescents' Hate Speech Perpetration in Schools}, series = {Journal of Interpersonal Violence}, volume = {37}, journal = {Journal of Interpersonal Violence}, number = {21-22}, issn = {0886-2605}, doi = {10.1177/08862605211056032}, pages = {21143 -- 21164}, abstract = {Hate speech is often discussed and investigated as an online phenomenon, while hate speech among adolescents in the real world (e.g., in schools) has rarely been researched. Consequently, not much is known about potential interpersonal correlates and theoretical frameworks that might help us better understand why adolescents engage in hate speech in offline environments. To add to the literature, this study investigates hate speech perpetration among young people by utilizing the Social Cognitive Theory; more specifically, the association between witnessing and perpetrating hate speech in schools, and whether this relation is weakened or strengthened by anti-hate speech injunctive norms and deviant peer pressure. The sample consists of 1719 young people (45.1\% boys, 53.6\% girls, 1.3\% gender diverse) between 11 and 18 years old (Mage = 13.96; SD = .98) from 22 schools in Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to measure hate speech involvement and adolescents' perception of social norms (i.e., anti-hate speech injunctive norms and deviant peer pressure). Multilevel regression analyses revealed that witnessing and perpetrating hate speech were positively associated. Moreover, injunctive anti-hate speech norms were negatively related and deviant peer pressure positively related to hate speech perpetration. Finally, increasing levels of injunctive anti-hate speech norms weakened the relation between witnessing and perpetrating hate speech, whereas higher levels of deviant peer pressure strengthened this association. The findings demonstrate that the Social Cognitive Theory is a useful framework for understanding hate speech perpetration in schools. The results also highlight the importance of taking into account social norms and interpersonal relationships (e.g., within the class) when designing anti-hate speech prevention programs and not focusing solely on intrapersonal factors.}, language = {en} } @misc{WachsBilzWettsteinetal., author = {Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig and Wettstein, Alexander and Wright, Michelle F. and Krause, Norman and Ballaschk, Cindy and Kansok-Dusche, Julia}, title = {The Online Hate Speech Cycle of Violence: Moderating Effects of Moral Disengagement and Empathy in the Victim-to-Perpetrator Relationship}, series = {Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking}, volume = {25}, journal = {Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking}, number = {4}, issn = {2152-2715}, doi = {10.1089/cyber.2021.0159}, pages = {223 -- 229}, abstract = {Adolescents around the globe are increasingly exposed to online hate speech (OHS). And yet little is known about the varying roles of involvement and the determinants of adolescents' hate speech perpetration. Building on previous research, this study aims to test the cycle of violence hypothesis for OHS and to analyze whether moral disengagement (MD) and empathy moderate the victim-to-perpetrator relationship. The sample consists of 3,560 seventh to ninth graders (52.1 percent girls), recruited from 40 schools across Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess OHS involvement, MD, and empathy. Multilevel analyses revealed that victims of OHS were more likely to report OHS perpetration. In addition, victims of OHS were more likely to report OHS perpetration when they reported higher levels of MD than those with lower levels of MD. Finally, victims of OHS were less likely to report OHS perpetration when they reported higher levels of empathy than those with lower levels of empathy. The findings extend the cycle of violence hypothesis to OHS and highlight the need to address MD and empathy in hate speech prevention. Implications for future research will be discussed.}, language = {en} } @misc{KrauseWachsBilzetal., author = {Krause, Norman and Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig and Schubarth, Wilfried}, title = {„Ich glaube, es gibt auch einige Kollegen, die es sich nicht zutrauen". Eine qualitative Studie zu Gr{\"u}nden aus- bleibender Intervention p{\"a}dagogischen Schulpersonals bei Hatespeech unter Sch{\"u}ler:innen}, series = {Bildung im digitalen Wandel. 9. GEBF Tagung Bamberg}, journal = {Bildung im digitalen Wandel. 9. GEBF Tagung Bamberg}, publisher = {Otto-Friedrich-Universit{\"a}t Bamberg}, address = {Bamberg}, pages = {78}, language = {de} } @misc{WachsBilzWettsteinetal., author = {Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig and Wettstein, Alexander and Wright, Michelle F. and Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Krause, Norman and Ballaschk, Cindy}, title = {Associations Between Witnessing and Perpetrating Online Hate Speech Among Adolescents: Testing Moderation Effects of Moral Disengagement and Empathy}, series = {Psychology of Violence}, volume = {12}, journal = {Psychology of Violence}, number = {6}, issn = {2152-0828}, doi = {10.1037/vio0000422}, pages = {371 -- 381}, abstract = {Objective: The open expression of hatred, hostility, and violence against minorities has become a common online phenomenon. Adolescents are at particular risk of being involved in different hate speech roles (e.g., witness, perpetrator). However, the correlates of their involvement as perpetrators and the mechanisms that might explain their involvement in hate speech across different roles have not yet been thoroughly investigated. To this end, this study investigates moral disengagement and empathy as correlates of online hate speech perpetration and the moderation effects of empathy and moral disengagement in the relationship between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech. Method: The sample consists of 3,560 7th to 9th graders from 40 schools in Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were utilized to assess online hate speech involvement, moral dis- engagement, and empathy. Results: Multilevel regression analyses revealed that moral disengagement and witnessing online hate speech were positively associated with online hate speech perpetration, while empathy was negatively associated with it. The findings also showed that the positive relationship between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech was stronger at higher levels of moral disengagement and weaker when moral disengagement was low. The association between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech was weaker when adolescents had higher rather than lower levels of empathy. Conclusions: The findings underscore the need for prevention efforts to accelerate moral engagement and empathy as critical future directions in hate speech prevention. This study also contributes to our understanding of underlying mechanisms that explain adolescents' involvement across different roles in hate speech.}, language = {en} } @misc{KrauseBilzWachs, author = {Krause, Norman and Bilz, Ludwig and Wachs, Sebastian}, title = {Dem Hass entgeg(n)en - Eine qualitative Studie zu Interventionsmaßnahmen von p{\"a}dagogischem Schulpersonal bei Hatespeech in der Schule}, series = {28. DGfE-Kongress "Entgrenzungen"}, journal = {28. DGfE-Kongress "Entgrenzungen"}, address = {Bremen}, abstract = {Hatespeech-Erfahrungen k{\"o}nnen sich negativ auf das Wohlbefinden auswirken (Krause et al., 2021). Als h{\"a}ufig erste Erwachsene, an die sich Sch{\"u}ler*innen hilfesuchend wenden k{\"o}nnen, liegt es in der Verantwortung des p{\"a}dagogischen Schulpersonals, eine Intervention zu initiieren. Bisher wurde jedoch nicht untersucht, welche Interventionsmaßnahmen in Bezug auf Hatespeech in der Schulpraxis durchgef{\"u}hrt werden. Aus diesem Grund werden in dem vorliegenden Beitrag Interviews von Sch{\"u}ler*innen (n=21) und P{\"a}dagog*innen (n=27) zum Interventionshandeln des p{\"a}dagogischen Schulpersonals bei Hatespeech ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf verschiedene Interventionsziele (Aufl{\"o}sen der beobachteten Hatespeech-Situation als kurzfristiges Prim{\"a}rziel sowie verhaltensbezogene und einstellungsbezogene Sekund{\"a}rziele) hin. Weiterhin konnten zwei Interventionsstrategien unterschieden werden: direktiv-disziplinierende Interventionen (z.B. Bestrafungen, Instruktionen) und partizipativ-verhandelnde Interventionen (z.B. kompromissorientierte Mediationen, integrativ-konsensorientierte Verhandlungen). Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass Lehrkr{\"a}fte auf {\"a}hnliche Strategien zur{\"u}ckgreifen wie bei anderen Gewaltph{\"a}nomenen. Bei einstellungsmotivierter Hatespeech st{\"o}ßt eine rein verhaltenskonditionierende Interventionslogik jedoch an ihre Grenzen, woraus sich Forderungen nach Fortbildungsmaßnahmen f{\"u}r das Schulpersonal und Maßnahmen zur St{\"a}rkung einer Werteerziehung f{\"u}r die Sch{\"u}ler*innen ableiten lassen.}, language = {de} } @misc{KansokDuscheBallaschkKrauseetal., author = {Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Ballaschk, Cindy and Krause, Norman and Zeißig, Anke and Seemann-Herz, Lisanne and Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {A Systematic Review on Hate Speech among Children and Adolescents: Definitions, Prevalence, and Overlap with Related Phenomena}, series = {Trauma, Violence, \& Abuse}, volume = {24(2023)}, journal = {Trauma, Violence, \& Abuse}, number = {4}, issn = {1524-8380}, doi = {10.1177/15248380221108070}, pages = {2598 -- 2615}, abstract = {Little is known about the current state of research on the involvement of young people in hate speech. Thus, this systematic review presents findings on a) the prevalence of hate speech among children and adolescents and on hate speech definitions that guide prevalence assessments for this population; and b) the theoretical and empirical overlap of hate speech with related concepts. This review was guided by the Cochrane approach. To be included, publications were required to deal with real-life experiences of hate speech, to provide empirical data on prevalence for samples aged 5 to 21 years and they had to be published in academic formats. Included publications were full-text coded using two raters (κ = .80) and their quality was assessed. The string-guided electronic search (ERIC, SocInfo, Psycinfo, Psyndex) yielded 1,850 publications. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and their findings were systematized. Twelve publications were of medium quality due to minor deficiencies in their theoretical or methodological foundations. All studies used samples of adolescents and none of younger children. Nine out of 10 studies applied quantitative methodologies. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies were included. Results showed that frequencies for hate speech exposure were higher than those related to victimization and perpetration. Definitions of hate speech and assessment instruments were heterogeneous. Empirical evidence for an often theorized overlap between hate speech and bullying was found. The paper concludes by presenting a definition of hate speech, including implications for practice, policy, and research.}, language = {en} }