@inproceedings{MarkowskiLogschAyetal., author = {Markowski, Jens and Logsch, Florian and Ay, Peter and Kanthak, Manfred and M{\"u}ller, Bodo}, title = {Recycling of non-ferrous metals, precious metals and rare earth metals from MSW}, series = {Proceedings, XXVII. IMPC, Santiago de Chile, 2014}, booktitle = {Proceedings, XXVII. IMPC, Santiago de Chile, 2014}, publisher = {GECAMIN}, address = {Santiago de Chile}, pages = {237 -- 245}, abstract = {Presently the global commodity situation for non ferrous-, precious- and rare metals is characterized by a strong increase in onsumption and a simultaneous shortage of materials derived from primary sources. So the use of secondary raw materials gains is important due to economic and ecological reasons. Non Ferrous-, precious- and rare earth metals were detected in household waste (Municipal solid waste, MSW) for years. In MSW-treatments plants NF-metals are actually mostly separated from dried fractions. The separation of these metals is carried out with the aim of removing particles which disrupt further processing. A selective enrichment of individual non-ferrous metals has not been carried out previously. The separated fractions contain mixtures of Al, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sn, alloys, precious metals (e. g. Au, Ag, Pt) and rare metals (Ga, In, Nd etc.) along with considerable amounts of contaminations. The R\&D project "NE-Rec" selectively processes the coarsely separated non-ferrous-metal-conglomerates increasing the concentration of targeted metals. Metals and metal mixtures are concentrated by sorting steps and the impurities are discharged from the process. Still contaminated precious metals are then subjected to a wet-chemical treatment. So metals can be specifically brought into solution or can be precipitated to separate unwanted components (inerts, polymers, foreign metals). Further the relevant metals will be concentrated by thermal-metallurgical processes. The technology, developed in the R\&D project, enables identification, separation and processing of non-ferrous metals, precious metals and REM in household waste and transfers them into further processable individual fractions.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MarkowskiNarraAyetal., author = {Markowski, Jens and Narra, Satyanarayana and Ay, Peter and Pempel, Harry and M{\"u}ller, Mike}, title = {Automatic disassembly and recycling of lithium-traction-accumulators}, series = {Proceedings, XXVII. IMPC, Santiago de Chile, 2014}, booktitle = {Proceedings, XXVII. IMPC, Santiago de Chile, 2014}, publisher = {GECAMIN}, address = {Santiago de Chile}, pages = {227 -- 236}, abstract = {Within the next few years major changes in mobility are expected. Increasing numbers of electric powered cars, electrobikes and E-Scooters define the transport sector. Recently lithium based traction batteries as storage medium have led into matrurity of series production combining high electrical efficiencies with low weights and compact dimensions. Due to the relatively young development with lithium batteries utilization, only few investigation were conducted regarding their recycling. Conventional battery recycling processes can not be applied due to differences in design and chemistry. So an automated disassembly and processing procedure for lithium traction batteries has been developed in the R/D-project "Li-WERT". Instead of complete smelting of the batteries without pretreatment, an automated disassembly and specific treatment of the material streams was realised, adjusted to the needs of the subsequent recovery technologies. A higher quality, with reduced expenses for the separation of fine-grained or fused material mixes, can be obtained for the individual components. The automated disassembly using an industrial robot significantly reduces dangers for the operating crew. The selective disassembly and beneficiation allows full recovery of the fractions. The batteries will be disassembled to cell level by the industrial robot. Anodes, cathodes, and separation layers are isolated and processed. The technology is designed, that no waste is generated for disposal. The pelletised cathode coating and the other separated metals (stainless steel, copper, aluminum) can be used in respective metallurgical plants. Circuit boards and plug contacts are also coveted secondary raw materials for reuse. The process is modular and offers high flexibility, e. g. for new battery types/ sizes by quick adjustment of the robot and tool change. Adaptation to other cathode materials (e. g. Li[FePO]) is possible. After finishing the R/D-project, a pilot plant for demontage was realised in 2013.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MarkowskiAyPempeletal., author = {Markowski, Jens and Ay, Peter and Pempel, Harry and M{\"u}ller, Mike}, title = {Entwicklung eines innovativen Verfahrens zur automatisierten Demontage und Auf-bereitung von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien aus Fahrzeugen}, series = {Recycling und Rohstoffe : Band 5}, booktitle = {Recycling und Rohstoffe : Band 5}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {TK Verlag Karl Thom{\´e}-Kozmiensky}, address = {Neuruppin}, isbn = {978-3-935317-82-5}, pages = {443 -- 456}, abstract = {Die automobile Antriebstechnik steht in den n{\"a}chsten Jahrzehnten vor tief greifenden Ver{\"a}n-derungen. Nachdem {\"u}ber 125 Jahre der Verbrennungsmotor die vorherrschende Antriebsart darstellte, basieren neue Entwicklungen auf Elektroantrieben oder auf der Kombination ver-schiedener Antriebsformen. Fahrzeuge mit elektrischen Antrieben haben mittlerweile den Status der Serienreife erreicht und werden perspektivisch zunehmend das Straßenbild be-stimmen. Mit der so genannten Lithium-Ionen-Traktionsbatterie wurde in den letzten Jahren ein Spei-chermedium zur Serienreife gef{\"u}hrt, welches einen hohen elektrischen Wirkungsgrad mit kompakten Maßen und geringem Eigengewicht vereinigt. Mit den auf der Nutzung von Li-thium-Akkumulatoren basierenden Antriebskonzepten kann ein entscheidender Schritt zur Umsetzung einer umfassenden Verbreitung der elektrischen Antriebstechnik im Bereich der individuellen Mobilit{\"a}t erfolgen.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{MarkowskiNarraAyetal., author = {Markowski, Jens and Narra, Satyanarayana and Ay, Peter and Hein, Christian and Weber, Alfred}, title = {Production of agglomerates from iron-containing fines from the ASR-recycling processes for its use in blast furnaces}, series = {XXVI International Mineral Processing Congress - IMPC 2012 : New Delhi, India, September 24 - 28, 2012, vol. 1}, booktitle = {XXVI International Mineral Processing Congress - IMPC 2012 : New Delhi, India, September 24 - 28, 2012, vol. 1}, address = {New Delhi}, isbn = {81-901714-3-7}, abstract = {The EU Directive 2000/53/EC on end-of life vehicles (ELVs) states that in 2015 at least 85 wt.-\% of a vehicle has to be reused or recycled. This result in the obligatory need to separate additionally metallic and other components of the automotive shredder residues (ASR), so that they can be professionally prepared for recycling and reuse further. Currently the iron-containing fines of ASR are deposited as it is not possible to process in blast furnaces due to its particle size (< 4 mm), composition and material properties. Additionally problems are also caused in handling and transportation (dust) of the material. This work focuses mainly on the ASR materials utilization in blast furnaces. Material was further separated into two consecutive fractions by carrying out repeated crushing and magnetic separation twice. The two fractions have significantly higher iron content (up to 75 wt.-\%) compared to the initial material mixture. The materials were assessed for their usage in blast furnaces based on the possible pelletisation with and without binders, stability of pellets, shape and size of pellets, etc. Pelletisation of the material was carried out with a single mould pellet press. Further lignite coal was added to the mixture as additive which improved the pelletisation behavior and the mechanical stability of pellets. Lignite coal was chosen as reducing agent in the blast furnace process contributing towards additional savings in energy supplied. The experiments reveal that the production of pellets from iron-containing fines is possible with a lignite coal admixture of about 15 wt.-\%. These pellets displayed good mechanical stability and can be used in blast furnace processes in recovery of the recyclable metals which are currently not recycled. The recycling of not yet recyclable metals would reduce the deposition and can be easily adopted into the economic cycle by their utilization.}, language = {en} } @techreport{NarraAyMarkowskietal., author = {Narra, Satyanarayana and Ay, Peter and Markowski, Jens and Glaser, Claudia}, title = {Grundlagenuntersuchungen: Innovative Makroverkapselung von G{\"a}rresten}, publisher = {BTU, LS Aufbereitungstechnik}, address = {Cottbus}, pages = {56}, language = {de} } @techreport{SchlummerWagenknechtMarkowski, author = {Schlummer, Martin and Wagenknecht, Udo and Markowski, Jens}, title = {Verkehrsf{\"a}hige Polymer-Recyclate aus der Elektro(nik)altger{\"a}teverwertung durch spektroskopische Sortierung und dichtebasierte St{\"o}rstoffabtrennung}, publisher = {Fraunhofer IVV}, address = {Freising}, pages = {71}, abstract = {Schlussbericht Projekt SpectroDense}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{KleinStollbergMarkowskietal., author = {Klein, Robert and Stollberg, Christian and Markowski, Jens and Willscher, S. and Ay, Peter}, title = {Recovery of metals from circuit boards with biodissolution}, series = {10th Conference on Environment and Mineral Processing, 22.6.-24.6.2006, VB-TU Ostrava, Czech Republic}, booktitle = {10th Conference on Environment and Mineral Processing, 22.6.-24.6.2006, VB-TU Ostrava, Czech Republic}, publisher = {Technical University of Ostrava}, address = {Ostrava}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KleinStollbergMarkowskietal., author = {Klein, Robert and Stollberg, Christian and Markowski, Jens and Willscher, S. and Ay, Peter}, title = {Biodissolution for recovery of precious metals from electronic scrap}, series = {Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, Istanbul, Turkey 3-8 September 2006, Vol. 2}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, Istanbul, Turkey 3-8 September 2006, Vol. 2}, editor = {{\"O}nal, G{\"u}ven}, publisher = {Promed Advertising Agency}, address = {Istanbul}, isbn = {975-7946-29-X}, pages = {1557 -- 1560}, language = {en} } @misc{SchlummerArendsMaeureretal., author = {Schlummer, Martin and Arends, Dagmar and M{\"a}urer, Andreas and Markowski, Jens and Wagenknecht, Udo}, title = {Characterisation and materials flow management for waste electrical and electronic equipment plastics from German dismantling centres}, series = {Waste Management \& Research}, volume = {33}, journal = {Waste Management \& Research}, number = {9}, issn = {1096-3669}, doi = {10.1177/0734242x15588585}, pages = {775 -- 784}, abstract = {Waste electrical and electronic equipment is a complex waste stream and treatment options that work for one waste category or product may not be appropriate for others. A comprehensive case study has been performed for plastic-rich fractions that are treated in German dismantling centres. Plastics from TVs, monitors and printers and small household appliances have been characterised extensively. Based on the characterisation results, state-of-the-art treatment technologies have been combined to design an optimised recycling and upgrade process for each input fraction. High-impact polystyrene from TV casings that complies with the European directive on the restriction of hazardous substances (RoHS) was produced by applying continuous density separation with yields of about 60\%. Valuable acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/ polycarbonate can be extracted from monitor and printer casings by near- infrared-based sorting. Polyolefins and/or a halogen-free fraction of mixed styrenics can be sorted out by density separation from monitors and printers and small household appliances. Emerging separation technologies are discussed to improve recycling results.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Markowski, author = {Markowski, Jens}, title = {Characterisation and materials flow management for WEEE plastics from German dismantling centres}, series = {ISWA World Congress, Antwerpen, 2015}, booktitle = {ISWA World Congress, Antwerpen, 2015}, publisher = {Interafval, Belgium}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MarkowskiAyPempeletal., author = {Markowski, Jens and Ay, Peter and Pempel, Harry and Logsch, Florian}, title = {Recycling of metal-coated plastic parts from end-of-life-vehicles (ELV) with biotechnological methods}, series = {Proceedings of the XXVIII International Mineral Processing Congress (IMPC 2016), September 11-15, 2016, Qu{\´e}bec City, Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the XXVIII International Mineral Processing Congress (IMPC 2016), September 11-15, 2016, Qu{\´e}bec City, Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum}, isbn = {978-1-926872-29-2}, pages = {Paper 191}, abstract = {Due to the European Directive 2000/53/EC on end-of-life-vehicles, from 2015 on more than 95\% of car materials have to be recycled. In order to recycle the materials back into the economic cycle, it is necessary to produce products with high quality and purity. Plastic components in cars, which are coated with metals by vapour deposition or electroplating, have a wide circulation (e.g., as cladding panel or trim strip for interiors and exteriors). In the end-of-life-vehicle recycling process, these plastic-metal composites are not considered in usual technologies (car shredder) and are not separated from Automotive Shredder Residue. These parts can be separated by optical or HF-detection sorting and then introduced to a specific treatment. Experiments with a specially developed bioleaching configuration showed that the thin coatings, which consist mainly of copper, nickel and chromium, can be removed efficiently from the polymer base materials by a bioleaching solution with Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans as a leaching agent. The solution used was produced in special fermenters with a 9K-nutrient salt media. During the bioleaching process at 35°C maximum temperature, most of the copper is dissolved and the other metals accumulate as metal sludge. The bacterial cultures based on A. ferrooxidans are robust and resilient. After a 48-hour bioleaching period while the composites were stirred regularly with ventilation, the plastic particles were completely free from metallic coatings. The metal components are separated for further use: undissolved components (mainly Ni and Cr) are separated by decantation of the solution; dissolved copper recovey is carried out by cementation of copper. The cementated solid contains ~98\% Cu, along with small amounts of other metals. With the bioleaching process, good separation and re-utilization of the metallic coatings is possible. The cleaned plastic parts were prepared by compounding for new applications with injection-moulding.}, language = {en} }