@misc{WachsValidoEspelageetal., author = {Wachs, Sebastian and Valido, Alberto and Espelage, Dorothy L. and Castellanos, Melisa and Wettstein, Alexander and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {The relation of classroom climate to adolescents' countering hate speech via social skills: A positive youth development perspective}, series = {Journal of Adolescence}, volume = {95}, journal = {Journal of Adolescence}, number = {6}, issn = {1095-9254}, doi = {10.1002/jad.12180}, pages = {1127 -- 1139}, abstract = {Introduction. Hate speech is a current challenge for schools around the globe. At the same time, students worldwide stand up to hate speech by countering it. Guided by a positive youth development perspective, the present study investigated the direct and indirect associations between classroom climate (environmental assets), social skills (personal assets), and countering hate speech (as a proxy of thriving) among adolescents. Methods. The sample included 3225 students in grades 7-9 (51.7\% self-identified as female) from 40 schools in Germany (n = 1841) and Switzerland (n = 1384). Students completed self-report questionnaires that assessed classroom climate, three facets of social skills (i.e., perspective-taking, prosocial behavior, assertiveness), and counterspeech. Results. The results of the 2-(1-1-1)-1 multilevel mediation analysis revealed that classroom climate (L2) and the three facets of social skills (L1) had a direct positive effect on counterspeech (L1). Furthermore, classroom climate (L2) also had a direct positive effect on the three facets of social skills (L1). Finally, classroom climate (L2) had an indirect positive effect on counterspeech (L1) via all three aspects of social skills (L1). Conclusion. The findings highlight that successful anti-hate speech programs may entail a combination of environmental and personal factors for increasing adolescents' active contribution to an inclusive and discrimination-free classroom environment where hate speech is not tolerated.}, language = {en} } @book{ElgarLahtiLopesFerreiraetal., author = {Elgar, Frank J. and Lahti, Henri and Lopes Ferreira, Joana and Melkumova, Marina and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Navigating uncharted territory. School closures and adolescent experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic in the WHO European Region. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on young people's health and well-being from the findings of the HBSC survey round 2021/2022}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {WHO Regional Office for Europe}, address = {Copenhagen}, pages = {9}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic led to drastic changes in schooling. Students, especially older adolescents and girls, felt it had a negative impact on their school performance. Adolescents experiencing a higher number of school closure days during the pandemic were more likely to report school pressure, with lack of personal interaction with teachers and, peers possibly being among the factors behind the link between school closure and school pressure. Remote learning processes may have contributed to feelings of added school pressure through lower learning concentration and engagement, inability to learn from online sources, difficulties in organizing study time and worries about the future. Only one in five adolescents liked school a lot during the pandemic. Adolescents from less well-off families reported more negative impacts on their school performance due to the pandemic. Those from better-off families reported more school pressure and less liking of school. Targeted efforts are needed to address the avoidable differences between the groups of adolescents affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Adolescent experiences of the impact of the pandemic on their school experience should be heard and taken into consideration in the post-pandemic recovery.}, language = {de} } @misc{WachsBilzWettsteinetal., author = {Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig and Wettstein, Alexander and Espelage, Dorothy L.}, title = {Validation of the multidimensional bystander responses to racist hate speech scale and its association with empathy and moral disengagement among adolescents}, series = {Aggressive Behavior}, volume = {50}, journal = {Aggressive Behavior}, number = {1}, issn = {1098-2337}, pages = {1 -- 12}, abstract = {Our understanding of how bystanders respond to hate speech is limited. This may be due, in part, to the lack of available measurement tools. However, understanding adolescents' responses to hate speech is critical because this kind of research can support schools in empowering students to exhibit courageous moral behavior. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the newly developed Multidimensional Bystander Responses to Hate Speech Scale (MBRHS) and to explore demographic differences and correlates of bystander behavior in school hate speech. The sample consisted of 3225 seventh to ninth graders from Germany and Switzerland. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a model with seven factors. We found that adolescents with immigrant background and boys showed particularly unfavorable response patterns. In addition, our study suggests that empathy is positively correlated with the factors comforting the victim, seeking help at school, and countering hate speech but negatively correlated with helplessness, revenge, reinforcing, and ignoring. Moral disengagement showed the opposite correlational pattern. The findings indicate that the MBRHS is a psychometrically valid and reliable measure that could aid in measuring varied responses to hate speech. In addition, this work highlights the relevance of empathy and moral engagement training in anti-hate speech prevention programs.}, language = {en} } @misc{CastellanosWettsteinWachsetal., author = {Castellanos, Melisa and Wettstein, Alexander and Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Direct and indirect effects of social dominance orientation on hate speech perpetration via empathy and moral disengagement among adolescents: A multilevel mediation model}, series = {Aggressive Behavior}, volume = {50(2024)}, journal = {Aggressive Behavior}, number = {1}, issn = {1098-2337}, doi = {10.1002/ab.22100}, abstract = {Although it is known that social dominance orientation directly affects hate speech perpetration, few studies have explored the mechanisms by which this effect takes place during adolescence. Based on the socio-cognitive theory of moral agency, we aimed to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the direct and indirect effects of social dominance orientation on hate speech perpetration in offline and online settings. The sample included seventh, eigth, and ninth graders (N = 3225) (51.2\% girls, 37.2\% with an immigrant background) from 36 Swiss and German schools who completed a survey about hate speech, social dominance orientation, empathy, and moral disengagement. A multilevel mediation path model revealed that social dominance orientation had a direct effect on offline and online hate speech perpetration. Moreover, social dominance also had indirect effects via low levels of empathy and high levels of moral disengagement. No gender differences were observed. Our findings are discussed regarding the potential contribution to preventing hate speech during adolescence.}, language = {en} } @misc{FischerMaunderBaumanetal., author = {Fischer, Saskia M. and Maunder, Rachel and Bauman, Sheri and Bilz, Ludwig and Scheithauer, Herbert}, title = {Teachers' Responses to Incidents of Bullying among Students: A Systematic Review on How Teachers React To and Manage Bullying Situations}, series = {World Anti-Bullying Forum 2023, October 25-27, 2023, North Carolina, U.S.A.}, journal = {World Anti-Bullying Forum 2023, October 25-27, 2023, North Carolina, U.S.A.}, doi = {10.17605/OSF.IO/UCREY}, pages = {56}, abstract = {Introduction Teachers play a vital part in bullying intervention in schools. Their front-line role in classrooms means they are often in a position to notice when bullying happens, and children may also report incidents directly to them (Colpin et al, 2021). Whether and how they respond to bullying sends important messages about the extent to which the behaviour is tolerated in school, and the relative success of actions has direct implications for the children involved, including whether the bullying stops, continues, or even worsens (Wachs et al, 2019). It is therefore important to understand the strategies they use to manage bullying. Whilst a body of empirical research has studied teacher intervention in bullying, the key aspects in the findings or the quality of this evidence has not been systematically examined. This systematic review therefore aims to answer the central question of 'how do teachers identify and respond to bullying incidents among students?' Subsidiary questions focus on how teachers determine if an incident of bullying has occurred; how teachers decide how to respond to bullying incident; what the strategies are that teachers use to respond to bullying incidents; the effectiveness of the responses for handling bullying situations, and how teachers' bullying responses are measured. Method Following pre-registration via the Open Science Framework (Fischer et al., 2022), the following databases were selected for the literature search given their widespread access, reputation, and coverage: Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, PubPsych, PubMed, and Cochrane Library. Each database was interrogated using following search terms: (bully* OR bullie*) AND (teacher OR school staff OR monitor OR whole school OR educator OR tutor OR teach* assist*) AND (interven* OR prevent* OR handl* OR respon* OR tackl* OR measure OR methods OR action OR strateg* OR reaction OR react* OR approach OR practice OR anti-bullying). Both quantitative and qualitative studies were included. The search was restricted to publications in English or German, and no date range was imposed. Publications in peer-reviewed journals, book chapters, as well as grey literature were included. Title, abstracts, and keywords of the identified publications will be screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria include the use of the term 'bullying' (or 'mobbing' for German-language publications), the school context and school age, and any responses to bullying incidents that are performed by teachers or other teaching staff. Exclusion criteria include solely theoretical publications, bullying at college, university, or workplace, bullying outside the school context, purely preventive strategies, and evaluations of complex anti-bullying programmes. For both the screening and the data extraction, the software Covidence will be used. The procedure and coding system was adapted from Fischer et al. (2021). Results The data extraction is based on a detailed coding manual that had been tested within the research team. Two members of the coding team will code each study included in the full-text analysis. The quality assessment will also be included in the data extraction process and will be done with two instruments: One instrument that was developed by the research team based on the GRADE system with a focus on clearly defined key concepts and research questions as well as methodological aspects (e.g., sample size, critical reflection on the methods used), and one instrument that is established and suitable for both qualitative and quantitative studies (Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool MMAT, Hong et al., 2018). This procedure simultaneously enables the evaluation of the newly developed quality assessment tool. The data extraction is currently underway. The search in the databases and screening of title, abstract, and keywords is planned for spring 2023, and the data extraction will follow. At the WABF, we are going to present results on the quality assessment and interrater reliability as well as on the body of literature. In particular, the presentation of the results will focus on the breadth of teacher responses to incidents of bullying presented in the literature. Conclusion This systematic review provides a contemporary oversight of our existing knowledge on teacher intervention in bullying and highlights important avenues for further research. We will present detailed conclusions based on the results obtained. The expected results will provide a significant overview of the growing research on teacher interventions for bullying and will help to identify research gaps in the existing literature. Further, the results will highlight tendencies towards certain research methods and approaches to study teacher intervention, which provides opportunities for researchers to seek alternative designs and techniques going forward, and will help to identify research gaps in the existing literature. The systematic analysis of previously studied teacher responses to incidents of bullying will provide a significant foundation for future research. The information on how teachers identify bullying cases and the decision-making pathways underlying their responses has not been systematically collected so far, so the expected findings will provide an important foundation for future research and practical teacher training on anti-bullying interventions. In particular, the findings gathered on the effectiveness of teacher responses will have significant implications for the training of teachers, and guidance that can be provided to support teacher practice in schools. Selected references Colpin, H., Bauman, S. \& Menesini, E. (2021). Teachers' responses to bullying: Unravelling their consequences and antecedents: Introduction to the special issue. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18(6), 781-797. Fischer, S. M., Bauman, S., Maunder, R., Scheithauer, H., \& Bilz, L. (2022). Teachers' interventions in bullying among students - A systematic review on how teachers react to and manage bullying situations. Preregistration Template from AsPredicted-org. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/7VNBZ Fischer, S. M., John, N. \& Bilz, L. (2021). Teachers' self-efficacy in preventing and intervening in school bullying: A systematic review. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 3, 196-212. Hong, Q. N., F{\`a}bregues, S., Bartlett, G., Boardman, F., Cargo, M., Dagenais, P., Gagnon, M.-P., Griffiths, F., Nicolau, B., O'Cathain, A., Rousseau, M.-C., \& Vedel, I. (2018). Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) Version 2018. User Guide. Available under http://mixedmethodsappraisaltoolpublic.pbworks.com Wachs, S., Bilz, L., Niproschke, S., \& Schubarth, W. (2019). Bullying intervention in schools: A multilevel analysis of teachers' success in handling bullying from the students' perspective. Journal of Early Adolescence, 39(5), 642-668.}, language = {en} } @incollection{SchuetzBilz, author = {Sch{\"u}tz, Raphael and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Konzept der HBSC-Studie Brandenburg 2022}, series = {Aufwachsen in Krisenzeiten. Gesundheit und Gesundheitsverhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Brandenburg 2018 - 2022. Ergebnisse der HBSC-Gesundheitsstudie 2022 im Auftrag der WHO}, booktitle = {Aufwachsen in Krisenzeiten. Gesundheit und Gesundheitsverhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Brandenburg 2018 - 2022. Ergebnisse der HBSC-Gesundheitsstudie 2022 im Auftrag der WHO}, editor = {Sch{\"u}tz, Raphael and Bilz, Ludwig}, publisher = {Pabst Science Publishers}, address = {Lengerich}, isbn = {978-3-95853-878-8}, pages = {1 -- 2}, language = {de} } @incollection{SchuetzBilz, author = {Sch{\"u}tz, Raphael and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Methodik der HBSC-Studie Brandenburg 2022}, series = {Aufwachsen in Krisenzeiten. Gesundheit und Gesundheitsverhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Brandenburg 2018 - 2022. Ergebnisse der HBSC-Gesundheitsstudie 2022 im Auftrag der WHO}, booktitle = {Aufwachsen in Krisenzeiten. Gesundheit und Gesundheitsverhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Brandenburg 2018 - 2022. Ergebnisse der HBSC-Gesundheitsstudie 2022 im Auftrag der WHO}, editor = {Sch{\"u}tz, Raphael and Bilz, Ludwig}, publisher = {Pabst Science Publishers}, address = {Lengerich}, isbn = {978-3-95853-878-8}, pages = {3 -- 9}, language = {de} } @incollection{BilzSchuetz, author = {Bilz, Ludwig and Sch{\"u}tz, Raphael}, title = {Die Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Brandenburg}, series = {Aufwachsen in Krisenzeiten. Gesundheit und Gesundheitsverhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Brandenburg 2018 - 2022. Ergebnisse der HBSC-Gesundheitsstudie 2022 im Auftrag der WHO}, booktitle = {Aufwachsen in Krisenzeiten. Gesundheit und Gesundheitsverhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Brandenburg 2018 - 2022. Ergebnisse der HBSC-Gesundheitsstudie 2022 im Auftrag der WHO}, editor = {Sch{\"u}tz, Raphael and Bilz, Ludwig}, publisher = {Pabst Science Publishers}, address = {Lengerich}, isbn = {978-3-95853-878-8}, pages = {11 -- 28}, language = {de} } @incollection{FischerKansokDuscheSchuetzetal., author = {Fischer, Saskia M. and Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Sch{\"u}tz, Raphael and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Personale und kontextuelle Einflussfaktoren f{\"u}r die Gesundheit und das Gesundheitsverhalten im Kindes- und Jugendalter}, series = {Aufwachsen in Krisenzeiten. Gesundheit und Gesundheitsverhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Brandenburg 2018 - 2022. Ergebnisse der HBSC-Gesundheitsstudie 2022 im Auftrag der WHO}, booktitle = {Aufwachsen in Krisenzeiten. Gesundheit und Gesundheitsverhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Brandenburg 2018 - 2022. Ergebnisse der HBSC-Gesundheitsstudie 2022 im Auftrag der WHO}, editor = {Sch{\"u}tz, Raphael and Bilz, Ludwig}, publisher = {Pabst Science Publishers}, address = {Lengerich}, isbn = {978-3-95853-878-8}, pages = {83 -- 132}, language = {de} } @incollection{Bilz, author = {Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Gesundheit und Gesundheitsverhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Brandenburg 2022. Schlussfolgerungen f{\"u}r die schulische Gesundheitsf{\"o}rderung}, series = {Aufwachsen in Krisenzeiten. Gesundheit und Gesundheitsverhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Brandenburg 2018 - 2022. Ergebnisse der HBSC-Gesundheitsstudie 2022 im Auftrag der WHO}, booktitle = {Aufwachsen in Krisenzeiten. Gesundheit und Gesundheitsverhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Brandenburg 2018 - 2022. Ergebnisse der HBSC-Gesundheitsstudie 2022 im Auftrag der WHO}, editor = {Sch{\"u}tz, Raphael and Bilz, Ludwig}, publisher = {Pabst Science Publishers}, address = {Lengerich}, isbn = {978-3-95853-878-8}, pages = {133 -- 136}, language = {de} } @misc{KansokDuscheWachsWettsteinetal., author = {Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Wachs, Sebastian and Wettstein, Alexander and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Hate Speech and Bullying Perpetration: Overlaps and Convergent and Divergent Determinants}, series = {World Anti-Bullying Forum (October 25-27, 2023), North Carolina, U.S.A.}, journal = {World Anti-Bullying Forum (October 25-27, 2023), North Carolina, U.S.A.}, doi = {10.17605/OSF.IO/GZFAW}, pages = {18}, abstract = {Introduction. Hate speech is a widespread global issue that is also prevalent among children and youth and requires an educational response (United Nations, 2021). Hate speech can be defined as an intentionally harmful and derogatory expression about people (directly or vicariously) based on assigned group characteristics (e.g., ethnicity, sexual orientation, religious affiliation; Kansok-Dusche et al., 2022). For many authors concerned with hate speech among children and adolescents, the extent of the overlap between hate speech and bullying is a debatable question that requires more research (e.g., Bedrosova et al., 2022; Fulantelli et al., 2022). Initial studies showed that online hate speech and cyberbullying perpetration correlate moderately (Kansok-Dusche et al., 2022). However, no studies have investigated the overlap between hate speech and bullying perpetration in on- and offline modes. Concerning the causes, a systematic review identified joint cyberbullying and online hate speech perpetration determinants (Fulantelli et al., 2022). However, the findings of this review are mainly based on studies examining these factors for either cyberbullying or online hate speech. Whether similar or different associations can also be found for offline hate speech/bullying perpetration is unknown. This study aims to investigate similarities and differences between hate speech and bullying from three analytic perspectives: First, using a variable-centered approach, this paper examines how strong the correlations are between bullying and hate speech perpetration by considering both phenomena in the online and offline context (Aim 1). Following a person-centered approach, it will be further investigated how much overlap exists between the respective student groups perpetrating hate speech and/or bullying, separately for online and offline activities (Aim 2). Finally, we are interested in the similarities and differences in the importance of various determinants of perpetration: we consider social perspective-taking, school belonging, social dominance orientation, and classroom climate (Aim 3). Methods. The analyses are based on data from a sample of 3.620 students attending grades 7 to 9 (51\% female, 41.4\% with migration background) from 42 Swiss and German secondary schools. Students voluntarily and anonymously completed self-report surveys (December 2020 to April 2021). The frequency of bullying and hate speech perpetration was assessed with two single items for each phenomenon, one for the online and one for the offline mode (Olweus, 2012; Wachs et al., 2022). Social perspective-taking (Jurkowski \& H{\"a}nze, 2014, 3 Items, α = .72), social dominance orientation (Klocke, 2012, 8 items, α = .80), school belonging (OECD, 2017; 6 items α = .83), and classroom climate (Currie et al., 2014, 3 items, α = .78) were measured with validated scales. To address Aim 1, we will investigate bivariate correlations between hate speech and bullying perpetration in on- and offline modes. Regarding Aim 2, contingency tables and Chi-Square tests will be used to examine overlaps by creating mutually distinctive typologies of perpetration (e.g., pure hate speech perpetration, pure bullying perpetration, combined perpetration). This analysis will be done separately for on- and offline modes. To address Aim 3, we will run four multilevel regression analyses in Mplus with hate speech and bullying perpetration as outcomes (online and offline). At Level 1, social perspective-taking, social dominance orientation, and school belonging will be entered while controlling for gender, grade, socio-economic status, and migration background. At Level 2, we include classroom climate. The model-testing follows a stepwise procedure (1: random intercept model, 2: adding covariates, 3: adding classroom climate on L2, and all other variables on L1). The improvement of model fit will be assessed by relative decreases in indices such as AIC, BIC, and ABIC. These procedures will be performed separately for hate speech and bullying perpetration (online and offline). Regression coefficients and explained variance of the models for hate speech and bullying perpetration will be compared. Preliminary Results. Regarding Aim 1, moderate correlations were found between online hate speech and online bullying perpetration (r = .48 p < .001) as well as between offline hate speech and offline bullying perpetration (r = .42; p <. 001). The final results for the three research aims will be presented at the conference. Conclusion. These findings support researchers and practitioners in deciding whether hate speech and bullying among young people should be researched and addressed as interlinked or separate forms of aggression. Practical Implications. Although there are some limitations (e.g., use of self-report and cross-sectional data), the findings of this study will be informative for prevention and intervention efforts aimed at protecting children and adolescents from becoming perpetrators and victims of hate speech, bullying, or both.}, language = {en} } @misc{CastellanosWettsteinWachsetal., author = {Castellanos, Melisa and Wettstein, Alexander and Wachs, Sebastian and Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Ballaschk, Cindy and Krause, Norman and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Hate speech in adolescents. A binational study on prevalence and demographic differences}, series = {Frontiers in Education}, volume = {8}, journal = {Frontiers in Education}, issn = {2504-284X}, doi = {10.3389/feduc.2023.1076249}, abstract = {Hate speech, or intentional derogatory expressions about people based on assigned group characteristics, has been studied primarily in online contexts. Less is known about the occurrence of this phenomenon in schools. As it has negative consequences for victims, perpetrators, and those who witness it, it is crucial to characterize the occurrence of offline (i.e., in the school) and online hate speech to describe similarities and differences between these two socialization contexts. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hate speech witnessing, victimization, and perpetration, in a sample of 3,620 7th to 9th graders (51\% self-identified as female) from 42 schools in Germany and Switzerland. We found that 67\% of the students witnessed hate speech in their school, and 65\% witnessed online hate speech at least once in the past twelve months. Approximately 21\% of the students self-identified as offline perpetrators and 33\% as offline victims, whereas these percentages were lower for online hate speech (13\% and 20\%, respectively). In both settings, skin color and origin were the most common group references for hate speech (50\% offline and 63\% online). Offline hate speech mainly came from classmates (88\%), unknown sources (e.g., graffiti; 19\%), or teachers (12\%), whereas online hate speech mostly came from unknown persons (77\%). The most frequent forms of offline hate speech were offensive jokes (94\%) and the spread of lies and rumors about the members of a specific social group (84\%). Significant differences by country, gender, and migration background were observed. Girls reported more offline victimization experiences, less perpetration, and a greater frequency of witnessing hate speech. This difference was larger in magnitude in the online setting. Students in Switzerland reported being exposed to hate speech more often than students in Germany. Students with a migration background reported higher hate speech victimization based on skin color and origin than students without a migration background. The high prevalence of hate speech highlights the need for school-based prevention programs. Our findings are discussed in terms of the practical implications.}, language = {en} } @misc{KansokDuscheWettsteinCastellanosetal., author = {Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Wettstein, Alexander and Castellanos, Melisa and Schwab, C{\´e}line and Subramaniam, Abimanju and Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Associations between Social Competence, Perceived Parents' Prosocial Educational Goals and Adolescents' Hate Speech Perpetration in School}, series = {Victims \& Offenders}, volume = {19}, journal = {Victims \& Offenders}, number = {3}, issn = {1556-4991}, doi = {10.1080/15564886.2023.2189191}, pages = {419 -- 446}, abstract = {Hate speech is a global challenge, requiring research on adolescents' hate speech perpetration in schools. We examined whether perceived parents' prosocial educational goals moderate the association between social competencies (social perspective-taking, openness to diversity) and hate speech perpetration in schools. In total, 1,719 adolescents (aged 11-18 years) from 22 Swiss schools completed selfreport questionnaires (December 2020 to April 2021). Social perspective-taking and hate speech perpetration correlated negatively, alongside openness to diversity and hate speech perpetration. Perceived parents' prosocial educational goals strengthened the negative association between openness to diversity and hate speech perpetration in schools but did not moderate the association with social perspective-taking.}, language = {en} } @misc{Bilz, author = {Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Psychische Gesundheit in der Schule}, series = {P{\"a}diatrie \& P{\"a}dologie}, volume = {58}, journal = {P{\"a}diatrie \& P{\"a}dologie}, number = {S1}, issn = {0030-9338}, doi = {10.1007/s00608-022-01031-7}, pages = {8 -- 12}, abstract = {Der psychischen Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten verst{\"a}rkte Aufmerksamkeit zuteil geworden. Immer deutlicher zeichnet sich ab, dass psychische Probleme im Kindes- und Jugendalter eine hohe Vorhersagekraft f{\"u}r psychische Erkrankungen im Erwachsenenalter haben. Gleichzeitig verf{\"u}gen wir {\"u}ber einen immer breiter werdenden Erkenntnisstand zur Bedeutung des psychischen Wohlbefindens von Kindern und Jugendlichen f{\"u}r ihren schulischen Erfolg und f{\"u}r ihre soziale Teilhabe. Der vorliegende Beitrag nimmt die Lebenswelt Schule in das Blickfeld. Es werden Befunde zu schulbezogenen Ressourcen und Risikofaktoren f{\"u}r die psychische Gesundheit von Sch{\"u}ler*innen und zur Rolle von Lehrkr{\"a}ften bei der Fr{\"u}herkennung vorgestellt sowie Schlussfolgerungen f{\"u}r die F{\"o}rderung der psychischen Gesundheit in der Schule gezogen.}, language = {de} } @misc{KrauseWachsBilzetal., author = {Krause, Norman and Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig and Schubarth, Wilfried}, title = {Dem Hass entgeg(n)en - Eine qualitative Studie zu den Interventionsstrategien, -zielen und -effekten durch p{\"a}dagogisches Schulpersonal bei Hatespeech in der Schule.}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r P{\"a}dagogik}, volume = {69}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r P{\"a}dagogik}, number = {3}, issn = {0044-3247}, doi = {10.3262/ZP2303310}, pages = {310 -- 332}, abstract = {Bisher ist wenig dar{\"u}ber bekannt, wie Schulen mit Hatespeech unter Sch{\"u}ler*innen umgehen. Die vorliegende Untersuchung soll einen ersten {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die Interventionsstrategien, -ziele und -effekte des Schulpersonals bei Hatespeech in der Schule geben. Dazu wurden 46 episodische Interviews mit Sch{\"u}ler*innen (n = 21), Lehrkr{\"a}ften (n = 16) und anderem p{\"a}dagogischen Schulpersonal (n = 9) aus Berlin und Brandenburg ausgewertet. Im Ergebnis konnten acht Strategien klassifiziert werden (Bestrafungen, polizeiliche und juristische Maßnahmen, Instruktionen, Einbezug der Eltern, Einbezug anderer Schulakteur*innen, Mediationen, partizipativ-integrative Verhandlungen, schulexterne Projekt- und Trainingsangebote), denen jeweils Interventionsziele und berichtete Effekte zugeordnet werden konnten. Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede mit Erkenntnissen aus der Mobbingforschung und Implikationen f{\"u}r die Schulpraxis sowie f{\"u}r weitere Forschung werden diskutiert.}, language = {de} } @misc{SchuetzBilz, author = {Sch{\"u}tz, Raphael and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Einsamkeit im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Zur Verbreitung eines Risikofaktors f{\"u}r die psychische Gesundheit unter 11- bis 15-j{\"a}hrigen deutschen Sch{\"u}lerinnen und Sch{\"u}lern}, series = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz}, volume = {66}, journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz}, issn = {1436-9990}, doi = {10.1007/s00103-023-03728-x}, pages = {9}, abstract = {Hintergrund Einsamkeit ist sowohl im {\"o}ffentlichen als auch im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs ein zunehmend pr{\"a}sentes Thema. Es liegen inzwischen zahlreiche Forschungsergebnisse zur Verbreitung und zu den gesundheitsbezogenen Zusammenh{\"a}ngen von Einsamkeit bei Erwachsenen vor. Zur Einsamkeit im Kindes- und Jugendalter gibt es f{\"u}r Deutschland nur wenige Erkenntnisse. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt dieser Beitrag Befunde zur Verbreitung von Einsamkeit bei 11- bis 15-j{\"a}hrigen deutschen Sch{\"u}ler*innen vor und untersucht Zusammenh{\"a}nge mit soziodemographischen Merkmalen. Methoden Die Studie „Health Behaviour in School-aged Children" (HBSC) ist eine globale Forschungskooperation unter Schirmherrschaft der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO). In Brandenburg erfasste die Studie Daten von 3819 Kindern und Jugendlichen an allgemeinbildenden Schulen in den Klassenstufen 5, 7 und 9 (MAlter = 13,5, SD = 1,6). Einsamkeit wurde anhand der University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale und eines Einzelitems erhoben. Ergebnisse 13,2 \% der Befragten gaben an, sich „meistens" einsam zu f{\"u}hlen, „immer" einsam f{\"u}hlten sich 3,6 \%. Einsamkeit war st{\"a}rker ausgepr{\"a}gt bei M{\"a}dchen, bei Sch{\"u}ler*innen mit der Geschlechtszuschreibung „divers" sowie bei {\"a}lteren Heranwachsenden und bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit niedrigerem sozio{\"o}konomischen Status. Diskussion Die Befunde weisen darauf hin, dass Einsamkeit bei Kindern und Jugendlichen ein weit verbreitetes Ph{\"a}nomen ist. Dass sich M{\"a}dchen, {\"a}ltere Sch{\"u}ler*innen sowie Kinder und Jugendliche mit geringerem famili{\"a}ren Wohlstand einsamer f{\"u}hlen, stimmt mit Ergebnissen aus anderen L{\"a}ndern {\"u}berein und liefert Ansatzpunkte f{\"u}r die Planung von Pr{\"a}ventionsmaßnahmen. Es bedarf in Deutschland weiterer Forschung zu m{\"o}glichen gesundheitsbezogenen Zusammenh{\"a}ngen von Einsamkeit.}, language = {de} } @misc{KansokDuscheWachsWettsteinetal., author = {Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Wachs, Sebastian and Wettstein, Alexander and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Die Reaktionen von Sch{\"u}ler:innen auf Hatespeech in Schulen: Eine experimentelle Vignetten-Studie zu situativen Einfl{\"u}ssen auf das Aus{\"u}ben von Counterspeech}, series = {Symposium "Determinanten von Hate Speech und Reaktionen auf Hate Speech bei Kindern, Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen" Fachgruppentagung Entwicklungs­psychologie 25. Tagung (03. — 05. September 2023, Berlin)}, journal = {Symposium "Determinanten von Hate Speech und Reaktionen auf Hate Speech bei Kindern, Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen" Fachgruppentagung Entwicklungs­psychologie 25. Tagung (03. — 05. September 2023, Berlin)}, pages = {23}, abstract = {Trotz weltweiter Bem{\"u}hungen zur Bek{\"a}mpfung von Diskriminierungen bleibt Hatespeech (dt. Hassrede) in vielen L{\"a}ndern ein wachsendes Problem. Hatespeech wird hier als intentional verletzende {\"A}ußerung {\"u}ber Personen verstanden, die herabw{\"u}rdigend auf zugeschriebene Merkmale sozialer Gruppen Bezug nimmt (Kansok-Dusche et al., 2022). Hatespeech ist unter Jugendlichen weit verbreitet und auch im Schulkontext bedeutsam (Castellanos et al., 2023). Da Hatespeech mit negativen Konsequenzen f{\"u}r Betroffene und die Gesellschaft einhergeht, ist die Schule ein wichtiger Ort zur Hatespeech-Pr{\"a}vention. Forschungsarbeiten zu verwandten Ph{\"a}nomenen wie Mobbing betonen die wichtige Rolle von Zeug:innen. Bei Hatespeech in Schulen besteht diesbez{\"u}glich noch Forschungsbedarf zu Counterspeech (dt. Gegenrede), also Reaktionen von Sch{\"u}ler:innen mit dem Ziel Hatespeech-Vorf{\"a}lle zu stoppen. Die vorliegende Studie m{\"o}chte situative Einfl{\"u}sse auf das Aus{\"u}ben von Counterspeech untersuchen. Mit Bezug auf handlungstheoretische Ans{\"a}tze und Befunde zum Hilfeverhalten wird im On- und Offline-Setting der Einfluss des modellhaften Verhaltens der Lehrkr{\"a}fte und Mitsch{\"u}ler:innen ergr{\"u}ndet. Wir erwarten eine h{\"o}here Bereitschaft zu Counterspeech („Ich w{\"u}rde etwas gegen diese {\"A}ußerung tun oder sagen") bei Sch{\"u}ler:innen, wenn Lehrkr{\"a}fte und andere Mitsch{\"u}ler:innen den Vorfall nicht ignorieren. Die Stichprobe basiert auf Selbsteinsch{\"a}tzungen von 3225 Sch{\"u}ler:innen der Jahrgangsstufen 7 bis 9 aus 36 Schulen in Deutschland und der Schweiz. Zur Untersuchung unserer Forschungsfragen diente eine experimentelle Vignetten-Studie mit fiktionalen Hatespeech-Vorf{\"a}llen. Die Vignetten variierten die Lehrkraft-Reaktion (ja/nein), die Reaktion eines anwesenden Mitsch{\"u}lers (ja/nein) und das Setting (online/offline). Die Ergebnisse der aktuell laufenden Datenanalysen m{\"o}chten wir im Rahmen des Symposiums vorstellen. Wir erhoffen uns neue Erkenntnisse zu den Bedingungen unter denen Sch{\"u}ler:innen bei Hatespeech eingreifen.}, language = {de} } @misc{KansokDuscheWachsWettsteinetal., author = {Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Wachs, Sebastian and Wettstein, Alexander and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Hatespeech und Mobbing in der Schule: {\"U}berschneidungen und Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Determinanten und der beteiligten Sch{\"u}lerinnen und Sch{\"u}ler}, series = {Symposium Cancel Culture, Hate Speech, Diskriminierung und Verschw{\"o}rungstheorien in der Schule: Jahrestagung AEPF 2023 vom 13.-15.9.2023 in Potsdam}, journal = {Symposium Cancel Culture, Hate Speech, Diskriminierung und Verschw{\"o}rungstheorien in der Schule: Jahrestagung AEPF 2023 vom 13.-15.9.2023 in Potsdam}, pages = {10}, abstract = {Hintergrund. Hatespeech (dt. Hassrede) ist weltweit ein Problem, das auch unter Jugendlichen verbreitet ist und p{\"a}dagogisch ausgerichtete Pr{\"a}ventions- und Interventionsans{\"a}tze erfordert (Castellanos et al., 2023; United Nations, 2021). Hatespeech wird hier als intentional herabw{\"u}rdigende {\"A}ußerung {\"u}ber Personen verstanden, die auf zugeschriebene Merkmale sozialer Gruppen Bezug nimmt (Kansok-Dusche et al., 2022). Da Hatespeech mit negativen Konsequenzen f{\"u}r Betroffene und die Gesellschaft einhergeht, ist die Schule ein wichtiger Ort zur Hatespeech-Pr{\"a}vention. Forscher:innen thematisieren mit Blick auf Hatespeech bei Kindern und Jugendlichen die {\"U}berlappung von Hatespeech und Mobbing und fordern mehr Studien dazu (z.B. Bedrosova et al., 2022; Fulantelli et al., 2022). Eine {\"U}bersichtsarbeit verweist auf moderate Korrelationen zwischen dem Aus{\"u}ben von Online-Hatespeech und Cyberbullying (Kansok-Dusche et al., 2022). Studien zur {\"U}berlappung der Ph{\"a}nomene im Offline-Modus gibt es bisher nicht. Eine weitere {\"U}bersichtsarbeit zeigt, dass das Aus{\"u}ben von Cyberbullying und Online-Hatespeech durch {\"a}hnliche Faktoren determiniert ist (Fulantelli et al., 2022). Allerdings basiert diese Erkenntnis haupts{\"a}chlich auf Studien, die diese Faktoren entweder f{\"u}r Cyberbullying oder f{\"u}r Online-Hatespeech untersuchten. Zur Divergenz bzw. Konvergenz von Determinanten beider Ph{\"a}nomene im Offline-Modus gibt es bisher keine Studien. Fragestellung und Ziele. Die Forschungsfrage der Studie richtet sich auf {\"A}hnlichkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen Hatespeech und Mobbing. Sie nutzt drei analytische Perspektiven: Zun{\"a}chst untersuchen wir variablenorientiert die Korrelationen zwischen dem Aus{\"u}ben von Mobbing und Hatespeech im Online- und Offline-Modus (Ziel 1). Dann folgen wir einer personenzentrierten Perspektive und ermitteln, inwieweit es {\"U}berschneidungen bei den involvierten Sch{\"u}lergruppen gibt (Ziel 2). Schließlich interessieren uns Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in der Relevanz verschiedener Determinanten: wir betrachten die soziale Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme, das schulische Zugeh{\"o}rigkeitsempfinden, die Soziale Dominanzorientierung und das Klassenklima (Ziel 3). Methoden. Die Analysen basieren auf Selbsteinsch{\"a}tzungen von 3.260 Sch{\"u}ler:innen der Jahrgangsstufen 7 bis 9 aus 42 Schulen in Deutschland und der Schweiz (51\% weiblich, 41.4\% mit Migrationsstatus). Die Sch{\"u}ler:innen beantworteten freiwillig und anonym einen Fragebogen (12/2020 - 04/2021). Mit Einzelitems wurden die H{\"a}ufigkeiten f{\"u}r das Aus{\"u}ben von Mobbing und Hatespeech, separat f{\"u}r den On- und Offline-Modus erfasst. Weitere Skalen dienten der Erfassung der sozialen Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme (Jurkowski \& H{\"a}nze, 2014, 3 Items, α = .72), der sozialen Dominanzorientierung (Klocke, 2012, 8 Items, α = .80), des schulischen Zugeh{\"o}rigkeitsempfindens (OECD, 2017; 6 Items α = .83), und des Klassenklimas (Currie et al., 2014, 3 Items, α = .78). Die Analysen erfolgen separat f{\"u}r den On- und Offline-Modus mittels Korrelationsanalysen (Ziel 1), Kontingenztabellen (Ziel 2) und regressionsanalytische Mehrebenenmodelle (Ziel 3). Ergebnisse und Diskussion. Die Analysen werden gerade durchgef{\"u}hrt und sollen auf der Konferenz vorgestellt werden. Die Ergebnisse k{\"o}nnen Forscher:innen und PraktikerIinnen bei der Entscheidung unterst{\"u}tzen, ob Hatespeech und Mobbing unter Jugendlichen als miteinander verkn{\"u}pfte oder getrennte Formen der Aggression erforscht und adressiert werden sollten. Trotz Limitationen (z.B. Selbsteinsch{\"a}tzungen, Querschnittsdaten) k{\"o}nnen die Ergebnisse Ausgangspunkt f{\"u}r Pr{\"a}ventions- und Interventionsmaßnahmen sein, die Kinder und Jugendliche davor sch{\"u}tzen, T{\"a}ter:in und/oder Opfer von Hatespeech, Mobbing oder beidem zu werden.}, language = {de} } @misc{SchuetzBilz, author = {Sch{\"u}tz, Raphael and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Loneliness in childhood and adolescence. On the prevalence of a risk factor for mental health}, series = {Book of Abstracts, 37th Annual Conference of the European Health Psychology Society}, journal = {Book of Abstracts, 37th Annual Conference of the European Health Psychology Society}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Bremen}, address = {Bremen}, pages = {S.368}, abstract = {Background: Loneliness is an increasingly present topic in both public and health psychology discourse. There is increasing research on the prevalence and health-related correlates of loneliness in adults. There are only a few findings on loneliness in childhood and adolescence in Germany. Therefore, this study aims to present findings on the prevalence of loneliness among 11- to 15-year-old German schoolchildren and examines associations with socio-demographic characteristics. Methods: The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study is a global research collaboration under the auspices of the World Health Organization. In the state of Brandenburg, the study used a cross-sectional design to collect data from 3,819 children and adolescents at general education schools in grades 5, 7, and 9 (Mage = 13.5, SD = 1.6). Loneliness was assessed using the University of California Los Angeles Scale (UCLA). Calculations were made using SPSS 29. Bivariate correlations were tested using a cross-tabulation and Chi2 test, and logistic regression was used for multivariate validation of the correlations. Findings: 10.8 \% of the respondents stated that they felt lonely. Loneliness was more pronounced among girls and non-binary (χ² (2) = 72.72, p < 0.001), as well as among older adolescents (χ² (2) = 35.21, p < 0.001, V = 0.107) and students with lower socioeconomic status (χ² (2) = 16.94, p < 0.001). Discussion: The findings indicate that loneliness is widespread among children and adolescents. The fact that girls, older pupils and children and adolescents with lower family wealth are more lonely is consistent with findings from other countries and provides starting points for planning prevention measures. Further research is needed in Germany on possible health-related correlates of loneliness.}, language = {en} } @misc{SeemannHerzKansokDuscheBartholomaeusetal., author = {Seemann-Herz, Lisanne and Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Bartholom{\"a}us, Peter and Bilz, Ludwig}, title = {Hate speech intervention and prevention in schools: Study design of a systematic review}, series = {4TH CULTURAL DIVERSITY, MIGRATION, AND EDUCATION CONFERENCE. Awareness, Reflection, Action - Challenging Structural Inequities}, journal = {4TH CULTURAL DIVERSITY, MIGRATION, AND EDUCATION CONFERENCE. Awareness, Reflection, Action - Challenging Structural Inequities}, publisher = {Martin-Luther-Universit{\"a}t Halle-Wittenberg}, address = {Halle/Saale}, pages = {103}, abstract = {Hate speech is a growing social problem with a wide range of negative consequences. The term "hate speech" describes derogatory expressions about people that refer to group characteristics (e.g., skin color, gender, religion). It is directed at people (directly or vicariously) with the intention of harming them and is potentially harmful at multiple different levels (e.g., individually, socially) (Kansok-Dusche et al., 2022). Inhumane statements against certain groups of people are not new phenomena. However, this form of expression of group- related misanthropy has become much more widespread in recent years (Hawdon et al., 2017). For example, evidence shows that young adolescents in particular increasingly observe hate material on the Internet (Smahel et al., 2020). After the Internet, school is a place where hate speech occurs and where children and adolescents witness but also become victims of hate speech (Castellanos et al., 2022; Kansok-Dusche et al., 2022). Schools represent a suitable location to address hate speech incidents and to prevent future hate speech. To date, there is little evidence on the availability of school-based anti-hate speech programs and their quality. An initial review in the German-speaking countries found 14 of these programs. However, very few of them have been evaluated, and their interventions have not been derived from a theoretical model (Seemann-Herz et al., 2022). This project is funded by the German Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth. The aim of the project is to compile a catalogue of internationally available anti-hate speech programs, that are targeted particularly at children and youth and that can be used to deal with hate speech in schools. Furthermore, their quality and utility are to be evaluated on a criteria-driven basis by two independent reviewers. In addition to assessing whether the programs are preventive and/or interventive in nature, the analysis focuses on the programs' understanding of the term "hate speech," the theoretical basis of the programs, the intended target group, and the availability of evaluation results. Further quality criteria will be generated in a preliminary study through a qualitative survey of 12 teachers and 12 students in Brandenburg. Here, the focus is primarily on the user-oriented characteristics of the programs and the needs of teachers and students. Finally, the results of the systematic review will be used to derive recommendations for school practitioners. Recommendations for program developers will also be derived, with advice for further development, transfer, and adaptation of the programs. The poster will present and discuss the study design and preliminary results.}, language = {en} }