@techreport{HerdSchafrik, author = {Herd, Rainer and Schafrik, Wladislaw}, title = {Detektion der S{\"u}ß-/Salzwassergrenze bis 150 m Tiefe mittels geoelektrischen und elektromagnetischen Untersuchungen im Raum Hohenbinde bei Erkner : Projektzeitraum: 01.04.2021-30.11.2021}, publisher = {Lehrstuhl Rohstoff- und Ressourcenwirtschaft}, address = {Cottbus}, pages = {20 + 6 Anlagen}, language = {de} } @misc{SchrammHerd, author = {Schramm, Tim and Herd, Rainer}, title = {Geogene Grundwasserversalzung in Berlin}, series = {Brandenburgische geowissenschaftliche Beitr{\"a}ge}, volume = {27}, journal = {Brandenburgische geowissenschaftliche Beitr{\"a}ge}, number = {1/2}, issn = {0947-1995}, pages = {47 -- 60}, language = {de} } @misc{Herd, author = {Herd, Rainer}, title = {Aerogeophysikalische Rohstofferkundung in der Mongolei - ein Projekt im Rahmen der Deutsch-Mongolischen Rohstoffpartnerschaft}, series = {Kritische Rohstoffe, Gewinnung bis Entsorgung: Die Geowissenschaften als Probleml{\"o}ser : Tagung der Leibniz-Soziet{\"a}t der Wissenschaften am 17.03.2022}, journal = {Kritische Rohstoffe, Gewinnung bis Entsorgung: Die Geowissenschaften als Probleml{\"o}ser : Tagung der Leibniz-Soziet{\"a}t der Wissenschaften am 17.03.2022}, publisher = {trafo Wissenschaftsverlag}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0947-5850}, pages = {43 -- 50}, abstract = {Aus verschiedenen Gr{\"u}nden entwickelte der Lehrstuhl Rohstoff- und Ressourcenwirtschaft der Brandenburgischen Technischen Universit{\"a}t Cottbus-Senftenberg mit internationalen Partnern ein Multisensor-Airborne-Erkundungssystem auf der Basis eines Ultraleichtflugzeugs. Im Rahmen der Deutsch-Mongolischen Rohstoffpartnerschaft wurde dieses System f{\"u}r aerogeophysikalische Rohstofferkundungen in die Mongolei transportiert. Im Verlauf des Projekts hatte das dreik{\"o}pfige Team mit unterschiedlichen technischen, administrativen und klimatischen Bedingungen zu k{\"a}mpfen. W{\"a}hrend einer vierw{\"o}chigen Messkampagne wurden zwei Gebiete, ein Gebiet im Bereich Zentralgobi und ein zweites im Hangai-Gebirge beflogen. Die Mongolei, ein Fl{\"a}chenland mit nur gering entwickelter Infrastruktur, ist einerseits pr{\"a}destiniert f{\"u}r den Einsatz von aerogeophysikalischen Erkundungen, andererseits stellen die klimatischen Bedingungen, starke und fr{\"u}h einsetzende Winde sowie starke vertikale Luftbewegungen (Thermik) aufgrund intensiver Sonneneinstrahlung und geringer Vegetation eine besondere Herausforderung f{\"u}r exakte Messfl{\"u}ge dar. Erschwerend kommt eine gering ausgebildete fliegerische Infrastruktur (h{\"a}ufig unzureichende Qualit{\"a}t von Landepisten, geringe Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von Flugzeugtreibstoff außerhalb der Hauptstadt, fehlende Hangarierm{\"o}glichkeit) hinzu sowie eine stark ausgepr{\"a}gte Topographie mit Gipfelh{\"o}hen von 4000 m in den westlichen Landesteilen. Die erfolgreiche Durchf{\"u}hrung von aerogeophysikalischen Erkundungen ist, wie der vorliegende Beitrag belegt, dennoch m{\"o}glich und sinnvoll, sollte aber aufgrund der besonderen Bedingungen sorgf{\"a}ltig vorbereitet und detailliert geplant werden.}, language = {de} } @techreport{HerdSchafrik, author = {Herd, Rainer and Schafrik, Wladislaw}, title = {Detektion der S{\"u}ß-/Salzwassergrenze bis 150 m Tiefe mittels geoelektrischer und elektromagnetischer Untersuchungen bei Hangelsberg (Brandenburg) : Projektzeitraum: 01.04.2022 - 30.11.2022}, publisher = {Lehrstuhl Rohstoff- und Ressourcenwirtschaft}, address = {Cottbus}, pages = {20 + 6 Anlagen}, language = {de} } @misc{Herd, author = {Herd, Rainer}, title = {Five years of raw material exploration with the ultra-light airborne system D-MTUC in Mongolia - a review}, series = {2nd International Conference "Resources and Technology" (RESAT 2023) at the German-Mongolian Institute for Resources and Technology (GMIT)}, journal = {2nd International Conference "Resources and Technology" (RESAT 2023) at the German-Mongolian Institute for Resources and Technology (GMIT)}, pages = {17 -- 18}, abstract = {Within the frame of the 'German-Mongolian Raw Material Partnership', the multi-sensor airborne investigation system D-MTUC was transported 2018 to Mongolia for raw material exploration in cooperation with the German-Mongolian insititute for Resources and Technology (GMIT) and the Mineral Resource and Petroleum Authority for Mongolia. The geoscientific instrumentation of the system comprehends a Csl-y-spectrometer of MEDUSA, Netherlands, 2 K-magnetometer of GEM, Canada, a VLF-EM-receiver of RMS, Canada and a data acquisitation and control system of GeoDuster, RSA with the opinion of further sensor installations, for details see Herd and Holst (2015). The sensor configuration enables the system to operate at low speed and low altitude for mineral exploration, geological mapping, detection of freshwater resources and brine and different enviromental monitoring missions.}, language = {en} } @misc{HerdDoerreWackerleetal., author = {Herd, Rainer and D{\"o}rre, Bert and Wackerle, R. and Holst, Jonathan}, title = {Leben in einer Jurte - aerogeophysikalische Untersuchungen mit dem Multi-Sensor-Erkundungssystem D-MTUC in der Mongolei}, series = {83. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft in Bremen, 05.-09. M{\"a}rz 2023}, journal = {83. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft in Bremen, 05.-09. M{\"a}rz 2023}, address = {Bremen}, issn = {0344­-7251}, pages = {152 -- 152}, abstract = {Aus verschiedenen Gr{\"u}nden entwickelte der Lehrstuhl Rohstoff­ und Ressourcenmanagement der Brandenburgischen Technischen Universit{\"a}t Cottbus mit internationalen Partnern ein „low noise" Multi­Sensor-Erkundungssystem auf Basis eines Ultraleichtflugzeugs. Die geowissenschaftliche Instrumentierung des Systems umfasst ein CsI­y­Spektrometer, 2 K­Magnetometer, einen VLF­EM­Empf{\"a}nger und die M{\"o}glichkeit zur Installation weiterer Sensoren, Details siehe bei Herd und Holst (2015). Im Rahmen der „Deutsch­Mongolischen Rohstoffpartnerschaft" wurde das System 2018 f{\"u}r Rohstofferkundungen per LKW in die Mongolei verschickt. Partner vor Ort sind die Deutsch­Mongolische Hochschule f{\"u}r Rohstoffe und Technologie und die Mineral Resource and Petroleum Authority of Mongolia. Bevor die wissenschaftliche Mission starten konnte, mussten in intensiven Gespr{\"a}chen mit der mongolischen Zivilluftfahrtbeh{\"o}rde (MCAA) administrative Schwierigkeiten ausger{\"a}umt werden. Anschließend musste das Forscherteam diverse Herausforderungen bew{\"a}ltigen: raue Wind­ und Wetterbedingungen, starke Thermik, begrenzte Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von 98­Oktan­Kraftstoff, verunreinigter Kraftstoff, der zu vor{\"u}bergehenden Motorausf{\"a}llen f{\"u}hrte, Schotterpisten, die die Propellerbl{\"a}tter beeintr{\"a}chtigten, usw. Dennoch konnten verschiedene Gebiete in der zentralen W{\"u}ste Gobi, im Hangai­Gebirge und im Großraum Ulan Bator untersucht und akzeptable Ergebnisse erzielt werden. Insgesamt wurden 4600 Linienkilometer bzw. 750 km² beflogen. Die Linienabst{\"a}nde betrugen 100 m und 250 m, die Flugh{\"o}he betrug 100 m, trotz teilweise intensiver Topographie. Die durchschnittliche Fluggeschwindigkeit w{\"a}hrend der Vermessung betrug 120 km/h mit einer Abtastrate von 10 Hz f{\"u}r die Magnetometer und 1 Hz f{\"u}r das Spektrometer. Da die Mongolei in Bezug auf zivile Luftfahrt noch recht jungfr{\"a}ulich ist, wurde hier Pionierarbeit geleistet. F{\"u}r weitere {\"a}hnliche Missionen ist das Eis gebrochen. Das Verbundwerkstoff­Flugzeug sowie die Sensoren erwiesen sich als sehr robust und zuverl{\"a}ssig. Der Treibstoffverbrauch lag bei 10­15 l/h MOGAS 98, was zu niedrigen Kosten f{\"u}hrte. Es zeigte sich, dass Vermessungsfl{\"u}ge mit ultraleichten Systemen in der Mongolei m{\"o}glich sind, aber aufgrund der erw{\"a}hnten Bedingungen sorgf{\"a}ltig geplant werden m{\"u}ssen. Die Erfahrungen und Eindr{\"u}cke dieser ungew{\"o}hnlichen wissenschaftlichen Mission werden vorgestellt}, language = {de} } @misc{StoellnerAaliBoenkeetal., author = {St{\"o}llner, Thomas and Aali, Abolfazl and Boenke, Nicole and Davoudi, Hossein and Draganits, Erich and Fathi, Homa and Franke, Kristina A. and Herd, Rainer and Kosczinski, Katja and Mashkour, Marjan and Mostafapour, Iman and Nezafati, Nima and {\"O}hrstr{\"o}m, Lena and R{\"u}hli, Frank and Saeidi, Sahand and Schapals, Fabian and Schimerl, Nicolas and Sikorski, Beate and Zifar, Hamed}, title = {Salt Mining and Salt Miners at Talkherud-Douzlākh, Northwestern Iran: From Landscape to Resource-Scape}, series = {Journal of World Prehistory}, volume = {2024}, journal = {Journal of World Prehistory}, number = {Volume 37}, doi = {10.1007/s10963-024-09183-z}, pages = {61 -- 140}, abstract = {The Douzlākh salt deposit (region: Māhneshān, Zanjān Province, Iran) is unique for its pure and crystal rock salt and was an important supplier of culinary ('table') salt in Achaemenid, Sassanid and Middle Islamic times. At the same time, the site was of central importance to the economic life of the rural populations in the Talkherud Basin. This article focuses on the question of which strategies were decisive for the exploitation of the salt mountain and how a potential supra-regional interest in the culinary salt was perhaps reciprocally connected with a rural hinterland. This hinterland was recently investigated in greater detail by our ongoing research. Did a resource-scape based on salt develop with specific economic and social strategies and practices around the Douzlākh? And was this development triggered by state or imperial control and demand? These questions are being pursued from a perspective utilising a variety of subjects and methods in archaeology, archaeobiology, archaeometry and geoarchaeology. In addition to a detailed on-site artefact study, several on- and off-site datasets have been collected and analysed within a multidisciplinary framework. This article synthesises the results of a major 12-year project to identify the organisational principles and daily practices within this specific salt-scape. The sensational finds of the Douzlākh salt mummies, along with the generally outstanding preservation of organic ecofacts and artefacts, allow insights into antique lifeworlds that are otherwise hard to come by. The multidisciplinary study of on- and off-site data allows far-reaching insights into interdisciplinary topics, such as the social system, supply and logistics, or the presence of non-local or non-indigenous populations.}, language = {en} } @misc{IjiomaIjiomaHerd, author = {Ijioma, Uche Dickson and Ijioma, Michael and Herd, Rainer}, title = {Assessment of quality and health risks in drinking water sources in Aba, Nigeria}, series = {Water practice \& technology}, volume = {20}, journal = {Water practice \& technology}, number = {4}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, address = {London}, issn = {1751-231X}, doi = {10.2166/wpt.2025.042}, pages = {937 -- 953}, abstract = {Unregulated urban activities significantly impact drinking water quality in many developing communities. This study applied a Water Safety Plan (WSP) to assess water quality, health risks, and the effects of harmful environmental practices in Aba, Nigeria, where the waterworks infrastructure is dysfunctional. The datasets used were collected from physicochemical, chemical, and bacteriological analyses of drinking water samples (natural sources: n = 60, secondary sources: n = 19), along with household surveys (120) and semi-structured expert interviews (10). Findings revealed that groundwater is the primary drinking water source, with most facilities classified as improved sources. However, poor sanitation practices, particularly improper septage disposal, were identified as major contributors to water contamination. Risk assessments based on hazard quotient/index (HQ/HI , 1) indicated low health concerns overall, but higher risks were observed in areas with intense urbanization. Bacteriological analysis showed severe contamination in the Aba River, while sachet water posed significant health risks due to the presence of E. coli and total coliform bacteria in some cases. Despite existing environmental policies in Nigeria, weak institutional frameworks and ineffective local governance hinder effective water quality management. Addressing these challenges requires stronger regulatory enforcement and locally adapted strategies to ensure safe drinking water access.}, language = {en} } @misc{Herd, author = {Herd, Rainer}, title = {Airborne geophysics in Mongolia - a new approach}, series = {Proceedings of the Geomine2024 Biannual International Conference on Geology and Mining}, volume = {2024}, journal = {Proceedings of the Geomine2024 Biannual International Conference on Geology and Mining}, publisher = {MUST Press}, address = {Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia}, isbn = {978-9919-506-81-0}, pages = {47 -- 49}, language = {en} } @incollection{KashaniBoenkeHerd, author = {Kashani, Natascha Bagherpour and Boenke, Nicole and Herd, Rainer}, title = {The resource water, climate change, and resilience at Douzlākh}, series = {ResourceScapes in the Iranian highlands : soils, water, wind and minerals as factors of appropriation and integration}, booktitle = {ResourceScapes in the Iranian highlands : soils, water, wind and minerals as factors of appropriation and integration}, publisher = {Sidestone Press}, address = {Leiden}, isbn = {9789464271386}, doi = {10.59641/dd812gp}, pages = {105 -- 110}, abstract = {The Iranian highlands are characterized by very special resource conditions: although being dominated in large parts by aridity, the presence of ecological niches and specific weather phenomena, along with rich deposits of minerals and raw materials, provide livelihoods for pre-modern societies. These conditions have favoured the development of different but also specific practices based on intricate knowledge of individual resources. Ancient communities in this region have developed very special strategies that utilise the originally unfavourable circumstances to their advantage and have thus similarly shaped the landscape accordingly. Everyday practices of resource acquisition and utilisation can thus be understood as culturally integrating latent factors, which in turn have to be examined diachronically in regards to their particular appearance, their temporal representation as well as their effects on subsistence and exchange systems. Unfavourable soil conditions were exploited, as were extreme winds, and the development of resilience strategies led to the development of new technologies that can also be helpful today in times of extreme climate conditions. Furthermore, resources are not only experienced as mere materials to support physical existence but are often also deeply interwoven with cosmic ideas and the spiritual well-being of humans and communities. This volume represents the contributions of the international workshop on 'ResourceScapes in the Iranian Highlands - Water, Wind and Minerals as Factors of Appropriation and Integration' held on the 12th and 13th September 2022 at the Institute of Archaeological Studies, Ruhr-University Bochum in cooperation with the German Mining Museum. This book is the third volume of a series published by the German-Iranian research cooperation The Iranian Highlands: Resiliences and Integration in Premodern Societies. The goal of the research project it is to shine a new light on communities and societies that populated the Iranian highlands and their more or less successful strategies to cope with the many vagaries, the constant changes and risks of their natural and humanly shaped environments.}, language = {en} } @incollection{Herd, author = {Herd, Rainer}, title = {Die Bildung von Salzlagerst{\"a}tten und der Salzberg von Douzlākh bei Chehrābād}, series = {Tod im Salz - Eine arch{\"a}ologische Ermittlung in Persien}, booktitle = {Tod im Salz - Eine arch{\"a}ologische Ermittlung in Persien}, editor = {St{\"o}llner, Thomas and Aali, Abolfazl and Bagherpour Kashani, Natascha}, publisher = {N{\"u}nnerich-Asmus Verlag}, address = {Oppenheim}, isbn = {978-3-96176-141-8}, pages = {23 -- 28}, language = {de} } @incollection{Herd, author = {Herd, Rainer}, title = {D-MTUC das airborne Rohstofferkundungssystem der BTU}, series = {Das neue europ{\"a}ische Gesetz zu kritischen Rohstoffen : the Critical Raw Materials Act : Herausforderungen und Maßnahmen : Kolloquium der Leibniz-Soziet{\"a}t der Wissenschaften am 20. M{\"a}rz 2025}, booktitle = {Das neue europ{\"a}ische Gesetz zu kritischen Rohstoffen : the Critical Raw Materials Act : Herausforderungen und Maßnahmen : Kolloquium der Leibniz-Soziet{\"a}t der Wissenschaften am 20. M{\"a}rz 2025}, editor = {Pfaff, Gerhard and Greiling, Reinhard O. and Hilgers, Christoph and M{\"u}ller, Axel}, publisher = {trafo Wissenschaftsverlag}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-86464-272-2}, doi = {10.53201/SITZUNGSBERICHTE166}, pages = {129 -- 140}, abstract = {D-MTUC is the identification of the research aircraft of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg. It was developed in 2012/2013 with international partners at the Chair of Raw Materials and Natural Resource Management under the direction of Prof. Herd as a raw material exploration system. The D-MTUC investigation system is based on a modified ultralight aircraft of the type "VIRUS SW 100" from the Slovenian manufacturer Pipistrel. It was designed as a low magnetic noise multi-sensor system. Depending on the application, various sensors can be installed under the wings, at the wing tips, in the fuselage or under the fuselage. The basic equipment consists of 2 potassium magnetometers, a 4 L cesium iodide gamma spectrometer, a VLF-EM system, a data acquisition and control system as well as a radar and laser altimeter. The aircraft has a number of special features that set it apart from other systems (composite construction, dismount ability, robustness, short take-off and landing distance, long range, very good rudder tuning, low fuel consumption). A special design feature is that the aircraft is equipped with spoilers. These allow contour flights that follow the topography - a significant advantage over other fixed-wing measurement platforms. The overall system has been able to demonstrate its performance capabilities in various projects in different regions under a wide range of conditions. After 5 years working in Mongolia, the investigation system is now available again for use in Germany and Europe.}, language = {de} }