@misc{SutLohmannRamezanyKaestneretal., author = {Sut-Lohmann, Magdalena and Ramezany, Shaghayegh and K{\"a}stner, Friederike and Raab, Thomas and Heinrich, Martina and Grimm, Mark}, title = {Using modified Tessier sequential extraction to specify potentially toxic metals at a former sewage farm}, series = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {304}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, issn = {1095-8630}, doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114229}, pages = {10}, language = {en} } @misc{GrimmSutLohmannRaabetal., author = {Grimm, Mark and Sut-Lohmann, Magdalena and Raab, Thomas and Heinrich, Martina}, title = {Integrated analysis of Multifunctional Fruit production landscapes to promote ecosystem services and sustainable land-use under climate change (MultiFruit): Approaches and first results of soil sampling campaign}, series = {EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 24-28 Apr 2023}, journal = {EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 24-28 Apr 2023}, doi = {10.5194/egusphere-egu23-12714}, pages = {2}, abstract = {Beginning in 2020 the research of the MultiFruit cluster seeks to optimize food production and the provision of ecosystem services in multifunctional landscapes. Joining agricultural production with the provision of ecosystem services and the preservation of biological diversity, the outcomes of this project aim to provide comprehensive findings to farmers, and the agricultural community as a whole, that are also applicable in the face of climate change. Active apple orchards located in greater Brandenburg, Germany of both organic and conventional management practices have been selected as the sites of research. The present state of organic apple orchards in Germany can best be described as organic "conventionalization"; high yielding orchards with little to no plant diversity, with the major differences being the substitution of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides with organic alternatives certified by the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (Bundesamt f{\"u}r Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit). The project implements an interdisciplinary approach, with researchers of ecology, economics, soil and microbial sciences. The ecological subproject is investigating how local management measures and the surrounding landscapes affect natural pest control by beneficial insects. The soil group are investigating the toxicological and soil health impacts of conventional and organic practices through analysis of both plant and soil material collected from the orchards. Microbial studies seek to provide information on the microorganisms that promote the growth, health, and performance of fruit trees. The economic studies aim to assess the costs and benefits of management measures and resulting pest control services for fruit growers and society as a whole. The overall expected outcome of this cluster is to maximize ecosystem services provided by the orchards while optimizing yield and maintaining soil and orchard health. Here we show the preliminary results of the 2021 field campaign related to the soil group. The processed plant and soil material was analyzed at our laboratory and total elemental concentration of all constituents was determined using Microwave assisted MP-AES for select metals and cations (Zn, Cu, Fe, Al, Mg, Ca, K). These results, in conjunction with measured soil properties (pH, EC, Scheibler carbonate measurement, Total N, Total C) aid in the effort to determine the effects of the various management practices on the soil health and the mobility and translocation of metals and cations within the plant tissues.}, language = {en} } @misc{SutLohmannGrimmKaestneretal., author = {Sut-Lohmann, Magdalena and Grimm, Mark and K{\"a}stner, Friederike and Raab, Thomas}, title = {Brassica juncea as a Feasible Hyperaccumulator of Chosen Potentially Toxic Metals Under Extreme Environmental Conditions}, series = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, volume = {17}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research}, number = {3}, issn = {1735-6865}, doi = {10.1007/s41742-023-00528-8}, language = {de} } @misc{SutLohmannGrimmHeinrichetal., author = {Sut-Lohmann, Magdalena and Grimm, Mark and Heinrich, Martina and Baig, Sawdha and Raab, Thomas}, title = {Soil nitrogen pool and its fractions in German apple orchards under organic vs conventional management}, series = {EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 24-28 Apr 2023}, journal = {EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 24-28 Apr 2023}, doi = {10.5194/egusphere-egu23-3208}, pages = {1}, abstract = {Agriculture is a massive production with intensive practices, like large variety of agro-chemicals, heavy machinery etc., that support food security. However, recently more and more attention is given to food safety in relation to human, environment and soil health. An alternative strategy is organic agriculture that avoids the use of synthetic chemicals and maintain the sustainable food production. But organic farming cannot completely support the worlds foods demand, so adaptation is needed to reach a sustainable productivity while protecting the environment. Soil nitrogen (N) pool consists of inorganic and organic fractions. Inorganic and a part of labile organic N is a primary nutrient source for plants and microbes. Different nitrogen fractions play various roles in soil ecosystems and can be strongly influenced by the site management. Soil nitrogen transformations are directly relatable to plant health, thus strongly influence healthy functioning of soil ecosystem. Knowledge about the soil nitrogen pools is necessary to assess the proper and sustainable fertilization approaches under various management practices. To evaluate various N fractions, fresh soil samples were sampled (20 cm depth, row and near tree) at 8 conventional and 8 organic apple farms (Germany: states of Brandenburg, Saxsony and Saxony-Anhalt), with various age, locations and management practices. Soil samples were analyzed using CNS, Kjeldhal digestion, spectrophotometer and chloroform fumigation. The aim of this study is to compare the total and labile (particulate organic, microbial biomass and water extractable organic) N fractions in soil samples considering various site management approaches, topography and climate.}, language = {de} } @misc{GrimmSutLohmannRaab, author = {Grimm, Mark and Sut-Lohmann, Magdalena and Raab, Thomas}, title = {Impacts of Farming Practices on Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) and micronutrients in German Apple Orchards}, series = {Jahrestagung der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, Einladung und Programm Halle (Saale), 2.-8. September 2023}, journal = {Jahrestagung der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, Einladung und Programm Halle (Saale), 2.-8. September 2023}, pages = {78}, language = {en} } @misc{Grimm, author = {Grimm, Mark}, title = {Feasibility of Brassica juncea as a Hyperaccumulator in Phytomining of Cu and Zn}, series = {EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23-27 May 2022}, journal = {EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23-27 May 2022}, doi = {10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2542}, abstract = {Affordable environmentally friendly solutions are essential for the remediation of waste sites globally. Phytoremediation is an increasingly popular environmentally friendly method to help remediate waste sites and offset costs of waste site remediation. A greenhouse experiment was set up using to determine uptake of metallic zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) solution by known hyperaccumulator Brassica juncea. With treatments (T)1- 4, having final added soil concentrations of 100, 200, 310, and 330 mg kg -1 elemental Zn and Cu respectively. At 8 weeks, samples were harvested, weighed, and measured for atomic emission spectrometry (Agilent Technologies 4210 MP-AES). Phytotoxicity was determined based on visual observation, biomass, and chlorophyll measurements. The results showed no significant difference between the root mass of control, T1, and T2, whereafter T3 and T4 showed a 52.6\%, and 73.7\% decrease in mean root mass. There was no observable significant difference in leaf or stem mass among control, T1-T3, though the mean average of leaf mass decreased across all treatments. T4 showed significant difference in average leaf mass from control with a 46.1\% decrease in average mass. At the highest concentration levels, T4 showed a 62.3\% decrease in stem mass when compared to the control. AES measurements revealed pools of Zn and Cu in root, leaf, and stem material. The highest concentrations of Zn and Cu were to be found in the stem material, with highest observed concentrations (T4) being 11,700 mg kg-1 of Zn and 3,116 mg kg-1 of Cu. AES measured leaf material also showed large pools of both Zn and Cu with highest observed values (T4) being 5,813 mg kg-1 for Zn and 2,901 mg kg-1 for Cu. It can be determined from this experiment that B. juncea shows the ability to grow in heightened levels of Zn and Cu, as well as associate excess free Zn and Cu ions into plant tissues.}, language = {en} } @misc{KaestnerSutLohmannGrimmetal., author = {K{\"a}stner, Friederike and Sut-Lohmann, Magdalena and Grimm, Mark and Feilhauer, Hannes and K{\"u}ster, Theres and Raab, Thomas}, title = {Identification of potential toxic elements (PTE) in Technosols and in the hyperaccumulator plant Brassica juncea with imaging spectroscopy}, series = {12th EARSeL Workshop on Imaging Spectroscopy}, journal = {12th EARSeL Workshop on Imaging Spectroscopy}, pages = {152}, abstract = {Vital, fertile soil is a limited resource and must be considered equal to air and water in its status as a protected good. In Europe, there are around 2.5 million potentially contaminated due to natural and anthropogenic activities. One third of these areas have been identified and 15\% of them have already been remediated. An efficient approach for remediation is phytoremediation, a cost-effective and ecosystem-friendly method compared to conventional methods. We showed that hyperaccumulator plants, which have a high tolerance to the accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTE), are suitable for phytoremediation methods. Imaging spectroscopy allowed us to monitor and optimize the process of accumulation. Our study was conducted in two steps: First we analysed the potential of multivariate procedures using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) and Random Forest Regression (RFR) to predict highly contaminated areas with an inhomogeneous distribution of PTE concentrations from image data. Therefore, we used contaminated soil samples analysed for heavy metal contents as training data. The fully-trained models assisted to monitor PTE contaminated areas during phytoremediation. In a second step, we investigated hyperaccumulator plants and their spectral fingerprints during PTE uptake to detect the highest possible amount of PTE the plant can tolerate. Soil samples were measured after different preparation steps ("oven-dried", "sieved", "ground", "Loss on Ignition (LOI)") with a HySpex VNIR-1600 and HySpex SWIR 320m-e hyperspectral sensor under laboratory conditions. The spectral range of both sensors covers 450 nm to 2500 nm with a spectral sampling interval of 3.7 nm for the VNIR sensor and 6.25 nm for the SWIR sensor. The resulting spectral library was used for the PLSR and RFR analysis. Considering the optimal coefficient of determination (R2), PLSR showed an improving performance and accuracy with increasing preparation steps: R2_Cr: 0.52-0.78; R2_Cu: 0.36-0.73; R2_Ni: 0.19-0.42 and R2_Zn: 0.41-0.74. In comparison, RFR showed a weaker estimation performance, even when using higher sample preparation levels (R2_Cr:0.36-0.62; R2_Cu: 0.17-0.72; R2_Ni: 0.20-0.35 and R2_Zn: 0.26-0.67). The results indicate that PLSR provides a more robust estimation than the user-friendly RFR method. Additionally, the PTE estimation performance in strong heterogeneous soil samples can be improved by pre-treatment of soil samples in the laboratory. Second, we cultivated Brassica juncea in a greenhouse and applied the plants with different controlled zinc, nickel and copper concentration levels (low, medium, high). Measurements with a HySpex VNIR-SWIR hyperspectral sensor (408-2500 nm) and a point spectrometer PSR+ from Spectral Evolution (350-2500 nm) were conducted in-situ and in the laboratory. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on reflectance spectra to identify and visualize spectral changes with increasing PTE uptake. In addition, different indices were calculated, such as Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Red-Edge Inflection Point (REIP). First results revealed changes at the chlorophyll feature between 500-600 nm and at the REIP position with increasing PTE concentration. Further spectral features and indices will be investigated to check hyperspectral responses of PTE concentration. With reflectance imaging we are already able to detect differences of the PTE accumulation within the hyperaccumulator plants.}, language = {en} }