@techreport{GaetschGreitzerStalmannetal., author = {G{\"a}tsch, C{\"a}cilia and Greitzer, Maria and Stalmann, Benita and Genge, Lucien and Ohle, Leony and Reichenberger, Lukas and Bruns, Tim and B{\"u}sen, Klaas and Hauser, Philipp and Arndt, Tabea and Hofmann, Joshua Thibaud and Grote, Monja and Specht, Patrick and Frank, Daniel}, title = {H2-Beschleunigungsgesetz: Regulatorische Maßnahmen zur Beschleunigung des Ausbaus von H2-Importterminals}, publisher = {cruh21 GmbH}, address = {Berlin}, doi = {10.24406/publica-1509}, pages = {18}, language = {de} } @misc{JalboutGengeRiepinetal., author = {Jalbout, Eddy and Genge, Lucien and Riepin, Iegor and M{\"u}sgens, Felix}, title = {What do we know about green hydrogen supply costs?}, series = {18th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM), 13-15 September 2022, Ljubljana, Slovenia}, journal = {18th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM), 13-15 September 2022, Ljubljana, Slovenia}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-1-6654-0896-7}, issn = {2165-4093}, doi = {10.1109/EEM54602.2022.9921127}, pages = {1 -- 7}, abstract = {This paper is set up to answer the question: What do we know about future hydrogen import costs on the European border? Our work focuses on breaking down, structuring and analysing the body of literature on hydrogen supply chains. We provide a comprehensive analysis on (i) What ranges of costs exist in the literature for specific steps of hydrogen supply chains? (ii) Which assumptions show the highest uncertainty? (iii) Related, what assumption seems to have the most substantial effect on the resulting EUR/kgH2 import cost estimate? While we narrow our discussion focus on North Africa and Australia to Europe in 2050, we hope policymakers, research fellows and energy-sector stakeholders around the globe might be interested in our results.}, language = {en} } @misc{JalboutGengeMuesgens, author = {Jalbout, Eddy and Genge, Lucien and M{\"u}sgens, Felix}, title = {H2Europe: an analysis of long-term hydrogen import-potentials from the MENA region}, series = {18th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM), 13-15 September 2022, Ljubljana, Slovenia}, journal = {18th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM), 13-15 September 2022, Ljubljana, Slovenia}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {978-1-6654-0896-7}, issn = {2165-4093}, doi = {10.1109/EEM54602.2022.9921055}, pages = {1 -- 7}, abstract = {Our paper assesses the economic viability of green hydrogen exports from the middle east and north Africa to the EU in the long-term (for the year 2050). For this purpose, we simulate a techno-economic hydrogen supply chain based on generation from renewable energy sources. The chain of production, conversion, and transportation costs, in combination with potentials, yields a merit order of hydrogen supply. The paper focuses on one low-cost option for imports from the middle east and north Africa region. In addition, it provides a classification of additional options. We find that due to proximity, retrofitting and potentially even installing new pipelines from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia could provide nearly half the expected European demand of 60 million tons p.a. by 2050. Based on our assumptions, the costs would be around 2 €/kgH 2 .}, language = {en} } @misc{MuesgensGenge, author = {M{\"u}sgens, Felix and Genge, Lucien}, title = {European hydrogen infrastructure planning : insights from the TransHyDE project system analysis}, series = {Flagship Project TransHyDE}, volume = {2024}, journal = {Flagship Project TransHyDE}, pages = {67}, abstract = {The white paper was developed by a selected authorship of the TransHyDE Project System Analysis. The contents of the TransHyDE publications are produced in the project independently of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research.}, language = {en} } @misc{GengeSchellerMuesgens, author = {Genge, Lucien and Scheller, Fabian and M{\"u}sgens, Felix}, title = {Supply costs of green chemical energy carriers at the European border: A meta-analysis}, series = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {48}, journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy}, number = {98}, issn = {0360-3199}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.06.180}, pages = {38766 -- 38781}, abstract = {Importing green chemical energy carriers is crucial for meeting European climate targets. However, estimating the costs of supplying these energy carriers to Europe remains challenging, leading to a wide range of reported supply-cost estimates. This study analyzes the estimated supply costs of green chemical energy carriers at the European border using a dataset of 1050 data points from 30 studies. The results reveal significant variations in supply costs, with a projected four-fold difference in 2030 and a five-fold difference in 2050 across all energy carriers. The main drivers of cost differences are varying production costs, particularly influenced by the weighted average costs of capital and capital expenditures of renewable energy sources, electrolyzers, and carrier-specific conversion processes. Transport costs also contribute to variations, mainly influenced by the choice of energy carrier and the weighted average costs of capital. To optimize cost-efficiency and sustainability in the chemical energy carrier sector, this paper recommends prioritizing transparency and sensitivity analyses of key input parameters, classifying energy carriers based on technological and economic status, and encouraging research and development to reduce production costs.}, language = {en} } @misc{GengeNeuwirthAlDabbasetal., author = {Genge, Lucien and Neuwirth, Marius and Al-Dabbas, Khaled and Fleiter, Tobias and M{\"u}sgens, Felix}, title = {Optimising green value chains for the chemical industry in Europe}, series = {International journal of hydrogen energy}, volume = {199}, journal = {International journal of hydrogen energy}, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1879-3487}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152689}, pages = {1 -- 3}, abstract = {Transforming Europe's basic chemical industries for climate neutrality necessitates strategic decisions about sourcing green ammonia and methanol. Using a spatially detailed, techno-economic optimisation model for 72 industrial sites, we compare three distinct value chain setups: domestic production, hydrogen imports, and direct commodity imports. Direct commodity imports consistently emerge as the most cost-effective strategy for most countries, with average savings of 14 \% for ammonia and 18 \% for methanol in 2040. However, the picture is more diverse across the individual countries. Domestic ammonia production remains competitive in regions with abundant renewables like Southern Europe and Norway, while hydrogen imports offer strategic value for the largest industrial sites in Germany, the Netherlands, and hubs near the MENA region. On average, a fully domestic production of green ammonia would result in 15 \% higher costs at European level equal to about 1.4 billion €/year - compared to commodity imports. At site level, the cost premium ranges between -13 \% (domestic production is cheaper than imports) and +38 \%. Our findings provide policymakers with a foundation to develop industrial transition strategies that balance cost efficiency and sovereignty in the ammonia/fertiliser and methanol/chemicals value chains. They underline the importance of European cooperation by deploying best wind and solar potentials and establishing European energy transport infrastructure as backbone of a competitive net-zero industry.}, language = {en} } @misc{GarciaGengeMaghnam, author = {Garcia, Joshua Fragoso and Genge, Lucien and Maghnam, Ammar}, title = {Seasonality impact in green hydrogen imports to Europe}, series = {2025 21st International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM)}, journal = {2025 21st International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {979-8-3315-1278-1}, issn = {2165-4077}, doi = {10.1109/EEM64765.2025.11050283}, pages = {1 -- 7}, abstract = {Europe has been identified as a hydrogen importer due to renewable energy resources limitations. Hydrogen import demand may have seasonal fluctuations in Europe due to temperature and renewable energy availability. This seasonal demand creates the need for additional infrastructure in exporting countries to match the demand with the supply, impacting the cost. We evaluate the impact of including seasonality integration costs on the countries from which Europe could import hydrogen. Import costs were evaluated using an optimization model. These costs were then used as inputs to an energy system model to evaluate the effect on the European energy system. A sensitivity analysis was done considering two different storage costs both in Europe and MENA. The results show that seasonality has a large impact on the import costs with the variations in storage costs playing a smaller role. On the European system, higher storage costs lead to lower hydrogen imports.}, language = {en} } @misc{BerneckerGenge, author = {Bernecker, Maximilian and Genge, Lucien}, title = {EU's hydrogen infrastructure planning : addressing the impact of demand uncertainty}, series = {2025 21st International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM)}, journal = {2025 21st International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM)}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway, NJ}, isbn = {979-8-3315-1278-1}, issn = {2165-4093}, doi = {10.1109/EEM64765.2025.11050142}, pages = {1 -- 7}, abstract = {Green hydrogen will play a key role to decarbonize the future European energy mix. However, the demand for green hydrogen is highly uncertain, influencing investment and policy implications. We perform a meta-study of future hydrogen demand scenarios for the year 2050 based on 32 empirical studies. With this foundation, we develop scenarios to examine how uncertainty in hydrogen demand affects the need for European infrastructure expansion using a linear optimization model covering the European electricity and hydrogen sectors.}, language = {en} }