@misc{EnoguanbhorEnoguanbhorAlbrecht, author = {Enoguanbhor, Eveline Aggrey and Enoguanbhor, Evidence Chinedu and Albrecht, Eike}, title = {Spatial Determinants of Forest Landscape Degradation in the Kilimanjaro World Heritage Site, Tanzania}, series = {Central European Journal of Geography and Sustainable Development}, volume = {4}, journal = {Central European Journal of Geography and Sustainable Development}, number = {2}, issn = {2668-4322}, doi = {10.47246/CEJGSD.2022.4.2.1}, pages = {5 -- 23}, abstract = {Forest degradation occurs in natural World Heritage Sites (WHS) in the Global South despite the implementation of various strategic policies and the World Heritage Convention (WHC) on forest protections of the sites and this poses challenges to improve natural heritage sustainability. The current study aims to investigate spatial determinants of forest degradation in the Kilimanjaro WHS, Tanzania, to support strategic policies for forest landscape protection and natural heritage sustainability. Using remotely sensed, Digital Elevation Model, and tourism location data, we performed the supervised classification of satellite images, Digital Elevation, Euclidean distance, and linear regression modeling to identify spatial determinants of forest degradation. Our key findings indicated that while spatial determinants vary with different locations, human (tourism) activities e.g., developments of campsites, picnics, tourist routes, the historical site, and attraction areas are associated with forest degradation in the southern parts of the site. In addition to human activities, natural factors such as low levels of elevation and degrees of slope are associated with forest degradation at the site. However, in the northwest and southwest of the site, high degrees of slope are associated with the degradation. Our findings showed that while bare land surface encroached the primary forest with about 2.88\%, moorland vegetation encroached the primary forest with about 16.95\%, indicating a large degradation of the primary forest with about 19.83\% for the past four decades. The information provided in this study is crucial to support site managers and decision-makers in strategic policies and WHC implementations on forest protection for natural heritage sustainability.}, language = {en} } @misc{EnoguanbhorChukwurahEnoguanbhoretal., author = {Enoguanbhor, Evidence Chinedu and Chukwurah, Gladys and Enoguanbhor, Eveline Aggrey and John-Nsa, Chioma and Isimah, Matthew Ogorchukwu and Edo, Iwebuke and Achenui, Robert and Matemilola, Saheed and Fotang, Chefor and Ijioma, Uche Dickson and Ibrahim, Esther Shupel}, title = {Evaluating urban land-use demarcation and implementation for various urban functions using GIS and survey-based data: The case of Abuja City, Nigeria}, series = {Town and Regional Planning}, journal = {Town and Regional Planning}, number = {83}, issn = {2415-0495}, doi = {10.38140/trp.v83i.7436}, pages = {45 -- 56}, abstract = {Urban planning implementation is a crucial process of urban planning to improve, attain, and maintain urban sustainability globally. However, the implementation process for land use demarcated for various urban functions is being confronted by various challenges in the Global South. This study aims to integrate questionnaire surveys of urban and regional planning experts and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), in order to investigate the level of urban planning implementation of land use demarcated for various urban functions to support strategic actions for urban sustainability. Using Abuja, Nigeria, as a case study, an urban plan, urban impervious surface map, and questionnaire data were collected, and an integrated method analysis, including qualitative and quantitative (descriptive, Euclidean Distance Modelling, and Linear Regression Modelling) was deployed. Key findings show that the vast majority of experts in urban and regional planning perceive the implementation of all land use for various urban functions to be between moderate and very high levels, except that of industrial land use perceived to be between moderate and low levels. GIS findings show that, while land uses demarcated for transportation, commercial, educational, and institutional functions are positively and significantly associated with the urban impervious surface, industrial land use and urban green spaces are negatively associated. Findings show that abuse of official privileges by distorting master plans, political interference, compromise by public servants, and inadequate funding are key challenges for urban planning implementation on land use demarcated for various urban functions. The findings in this study are crucial for strategic decision makers in urban planning to improve the implementation process for various urban land-use functions and urban sustainability in the Global South, in general, and in sub-Saharan Africa, in particular.}, language = {en} } @misc{EnoguanbhorEnoguanbhorEdoetal., author = {Enoguanbhor, Eveline Aggrey and Enoguanbhor, Evidence Chinedu and Edo, Iwebuke and Albrecht, Eike}, title = {Survey-based Analysis for Proximate Anthropogenic Driving Factors of Forest Landscape Degradation: The Case of Kilimanjaro World Heritage Site, Tanzania}, series = {East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry}, volume = {6}, journal = {East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry}, number = {1}, issn = {2707-4323}, doi = {10.37284/eajfa.6.1.1459}, pages = {262 -- 271}, language = {en} } @misc{EnoguanbhorEnoguanbhorAlbrecht, author = {Enoguanbhor, Eveline Aggrey and Enoguanbhor, Evidence Chinedu and Albrecht, Eike}, title = {Implementing institutional instruments for forest landscape protection in the Kilimanjaro world heritage site, Tanzania​}, series = {International journal of forestry, ecology and environment}, volume = {7}, journal = {International journal of forestry, ecology and environment}, number = {1}, issn = {2708-5430}, doi = {10.18801/ijfee.070123.27}, pages = {245 -- 258}, abstract = {Various institutional instruments, including world heritage convention (WHC) and other strategic policies, have been deployed to protect forest landscapes as natural heritage across the globe. Despite the implementation of these instruments to protect forest landscapes in world heritage sites (WHS), the degradation problems persist, especially in the developing world, including Africa. Using the Kilimanjaro WHS in Tanzania as a case study, we investigated the state of implementing WHC and policies as strategic institutional instruments for forest landscape protection to support the sustainability of forests as a natural heritage. We collected empirical data using surveys of experts and integrated qualitative and quantitative (descriptive) analyses to investigate the implementation level of WHC and policies on forest protection, related the implementation level to primary forest degradation, and identified key challenges confronting the implementation. Key findings showed a low-level implementation of WHC and policies for forest protection. Also, our study showed that low-level implementation is associated with 19.83\% of forest degradation from 1976 to 2020. Additionally, our study identified key challenges confronting all institutional instruments deployed for forest protection, including a lack of forest protection/conservation education in local communities, a low level of law enforcement on forest degradation, inadequate resources, wildfire, a lack of political will, political interference/interests, inadequate personnel, a lack of inter-departmental coordination, and conflicts with local communities. Our findings are of great importance for decision-makers to improve the implementation level of the WHC and policies as strategic institutional instruments and to improve the sustainability of forests as a natural heritage in Africa and other parts of the world.}, language = {en} } @incollection{MatemilolaAdedejiEnoguanbhor, author = {Matemilola, Saheed and Adedeji, Oludare H. and Enoguanbhor, Evidence Chinedu}, title = {Land Use/Land Cover Change in Petroleum-Producing Regions of Nigeria}, series = {The Political Ecology of Oil and Gas Activities in the Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystem}, booktitle = {The Political Ecology of Oil and Gas Activities in the Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystem}, editor = {Ndimele, Prince Emeka}, publisher = {Elsevier AP Academic Press}, address = {London [u.a.]}, isbn = {978-0-12-809399-3}, doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-809399-3.00017-3}, pages = {257 -- 276}, language = {en} } @misc{FotangBroeringRoosetal., author = {Fotang, Chefor and Br{\"o}ring, Udo and Roos, Christian and Enoguanbhor, Evidence Chinedu and Dutton, Paul and T{\´e}donzong, Luc R. D. and Willie, Jacob and Yuh, Yisa Ginath and Birkhofer, Klaus}, title = {Environmental and anthropogenic effects on the nesting patterns of Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees in North-West Cameroon}, series = {American Journal of Primatology}, volume = {83}, journal = {American Journal of Primatology}, number = {9}, issn = {1098-2345}, doi = {10.1002/ajp.23312}, pages = {12}, abstract = {Environmental conditions and human activity influence the selection of nest sites by chimpanzees and may have serious conservation implications. We examined the characteristics of nesting trees preferred by chimpanzees, investigated the effect of vegetation composition and topography on nest site locations and seasonality on nesting heights of chimpanzees, and verified the effect of predator occurrence and human activity on the nesting behavior of the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) in Kom-Wum Forest Reserve (KWFR) and surrounding unprotected forest in Cameroon. We recorded 923 nests, 502 signs of human activity, and 646 nesting trees along line transects and recces (reconnaissance) for two seasons. We found that chimpanzees constructed more arboreal nests on tall primary trees with high lowest branch height and large diameter at breast height. Moreover, they oriented their nests within trees in the slope direction when the nesting trees were located on slopes. Additionally, the occurrence of chimpanzee nests was positively related to increasing elevation and slope and decreased with distance to primary forest. In contrast, the number of nests increased with distance to secondary forest, open land, and villages, and nesting height was not influenced by seasons. While we recorded no signs of large nocturnal chimpanzee predators at nesting trees, we found signs of hunting activity at nesting locations. Nesting high in trees is likely a way of avoiding hunting, while nest orientation within trees in slope direction shortens escape routes from human hunters. Our findings suggest that chimpanzees select safe trees (tall trees with high lowest branch height) located in nesting areas (primary forest, high elevation, and steep slopes) that are not easily accessible by humans. Therefore, conservation efforts should focus on protecting primary forests at high elevation and steep slopes and reducing human impact.}, language = {en} } @misc{FotangBroeringRoosetal., author = {Fotang, Chefor and Br{\"o}ring, Udo and Roos, Christian and Enoguanbhor, Evidence Chinedu and E. Abwe, Ekwoge and Dutton, Paul and Schierack, Peter and Angwafo, Tsi Evaristus and Birkhofer, Klaus}, title = {Human activity and forest fragmentation threaten populations of the Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) in Western Cameroon}, series = {International Journal of Primatology}, volume = {42}, journal = {International Journal of Primatology}, number = {1}, issn = {1573-8604}, doi = {10.1007/s10764-020-00191-2}, pages = {105 -- 129}, abstract = {Increased human activities such as commodity-led deforestation, extension of agriculture, urbanization, and wildfires are major drivers of forest loss worldwide. In Cameroon, these activities cause a loss of suitable primate habitat and could ultimately threaten the survival of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). We derived independent estimates of the population size of the Endangered Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) in Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, Cameroon, and surrounding unprotected forest areas through 1) direct observations, 2) camera trapping, 3) distance sampling, 4) marked nest counts, and 5) standing crop nest counts. In addition, we georeferenced signs of chimpanzee and human activity along line transects. We used a generalized linear mixed model to predict the occurrence of chimpanzees in response to edge length (measured as the perimeter of core forest patches), core area of forest patches (measured as area of forest patches beyond an edge width of 100 m), habitat perforation (measured as the perimeter of nonforested landscape within core forest patches), patch size(measured as area of forest patches), and forest cover. Chimpanzee density estimates ranged from 0.1 (direct observation) to 0.9 (distance sampling) individuals km-2 depending on estimation method with a mean nest group size of 7 ± 5.4 (SD). The mean encounter rate for signs of chimpanzee activity was significantly higher in mature forests (2.3 signs km-1) than in secondary forests (0.3 signs km-1) and above 1000 m elevation (4.0 signs km-1) than below 1000 m (1.0 signs km-1). The mean encounter rate for signs of human activity was significantly higher in secondary (8.0 signs km-1) than in mature forests (0.9 signs km-1). Secondary forests, habitat perforation, and edge length had a significant negative effect on the occurrence of chimpanzee signs. Overall, human activity and forest degradation affected the number of observed chimpanzee signs negatively. Regular antipoaching patrols and reforestation programs in degraded areas could potentially reduce threats to populations of endangered species and may increase suitable habitat area.}, language = {en} } @misc{EdoEnoguanbhorAlbrecht, author = {Edo, Iwebuke and Enoguanbhor, Evidence Chinedu and Albrecht, Eike}, title = {Change detection of the Upper Orashi forest wetland of Nigeria, using geospatial analysis}, series = {International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment}, volume = {06}, journal = {International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment}, number = {01}, issn = {2708-5430}, pages = {235 -- 244}, abstract = {Wetland is an essential ecosystem that provides numerous goods and services such as tourism and recreation, water purification, and groundwater recharge. It also acts as a carbon sink, which means that it is an essential asset in reducing the level of greenhouse gases in the environment. Despite the value, wetlands are disappearing at a fast rate, however, the need to ascertain the state of Upper Orsahi forest reserve wetland with respect to wetlands change. To ascertain the net and transition change detection in the wetland area of the Upper Orashi Forest Wetland, land cover classification change was performed using Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing methods, particularly the supervised classification of land cover data for 2002, 2013, and 2019. The land cover was classified into three classes: wetland, thick vegetation and light vegetation. The result shows a significant degradation of the Upper Orashi forest reserve wetlands within the study period. The data from the questionnaire is to know which sector and activities in the area result in wetland loss. The result shows that industrial sector is the major driver of wetland loss in the area, while the activities include; building of industries, installation of oil and gas facilities, and agriculture. This means that the available laws used to manage Nigeria's wetlands are ineffective. However, there is an urgent need to enact a new regulation for effective/sustainable management of wetlands in the country.}, language = {en} } @misc{FotangDuttonBroeringetal., author = {Fotang, Chefor and Dutton, Paul and Br{\"o}ring, Udo and Roos, Christian and Willie, Jacob and Angwafo, Tsi Evaristus and Chuo, Mvo Denis and Kamgang, Serge Alexis and Enoguanbhor, Evidence Chinedu and Schierack, Peter and Birkhofer, Klaus}, title = {Tool use by Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees for driver ant predation in Kom-Wum Forest Reserve, North-West Region Cameroon}, series = {Folia Primatologica}, volume = {94}, journal = {Folia Primatologica}, number = {1}, issn = {1421-9980}, doi = {10.1163/14219980-bja10006}, pages = {73 -- 85}, abstract = {Chimpanzees feed on driver ants (Dorylus sp.) using different tools and predation techniques that vary among populations and can be affected by availability of ant species as well as ecological and social-learning factors. At the Kom-Wum Forest Reserve (KWFR) in Cameroon, we investigated tool use behavior in Nigerian-Cameroon chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti), examining the characteristics of tools used in driver ant predation, looking for possible seasonal patterns and comparing our results to those from other study sites. We recovered 83 tools along line transects and recces (reconnaissance) during two seasons. We found that chimpanzees used tools with blunting and dirty ends (possible digging and probing tools) and tools without (dipping tools), in driver ant predation. Tools with dirty ends tended to be thicker (N = 52), and thinner tools were less likely to have dirt (N = 31). Tools recovered in the wet season (N = 62), were significantly shorter and thicker than those recovered in the dry season (N = 21). Furthermore, driver ant tools recovered at KWFR are on average the longest yet recorded insect dipping tools for chimpanzees comparable to those used in North Uele. We found no evidence of nut-cracking, tool use for honey bee nor termite consumption and did not observe the potential prey remains in chimpanzee faeces despite their presence in the reserve. Our results suggest that seasonality significantly contributes to a divergence in the form of tools selected for driver ant predation.}, language = {en} } @misc{AgunbiadeMenaresFotangetal., author = {Agunbiade, Michael Bode and Menares, Esteban and Fotang, Chefor and Jallow, Mawdo and Camara, Fagimba and Enoguanbhor, Evidence Chinedu and Shittu, Wakil Adebola and Ogada, Darcy and Birkhofer, Klaus}, title = {Amount of organic waste affects the composition and interactions of vertebrate scavengers at Gambian slaughterhouses}, series = {African journal of ecology}, volume = {63}, journal = {African journal of ecology}, number = {4}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0141-6707}, doi = {10.1111/aje.70045}, pages = {1 -- 13}, abstract = {Slaughterhouses in The Gambia serve as critical feeding sites for diverse vertebrate scavenger communities, including hooded vultures, domestic dogs, pigs and avian species such as pied crows, black kites and cattle egrets. This study investigated how the quantity and type of organic waste influence the composition and competitive interactions of scavengers across five slaughterhouses. Using multivariate statistical models, we found that waste quantity was the strongest predictor of scavenger community composition, explaining 32.7\% of the variation, with hooded vultures being most abundant at high-waste sites. Specific waste types influenced feeding behaviour, suggesting niche differentiation among species; for instance, cattle egrets focused on blood and insects, while vultures dominated meat-based resources. Competitive interactions varied by species, with domestic dogs frequently displacing vultures without physical conflict, whereas hooded vultures dominated interactions against other birds. Activity patterns revealed temporal separation, with vultures and dogs active primarily in the morning, and other avian scavengers more active in the afternoon, reducing interspecific competition. The study highlights the essential role of hooded vultures in waste management and disease mitigation but also emphasises how poor fencing facilitates mammalian access, intensifying competition and potentially threatening obligate scavengers. Improving fencing, controlling feeding, and incorporating targeted waste management strategies are recommended to support scavenger conservation and enhance ecosystem services in urbanised environments.}, language = {en} }