@misc{CosmaBjereldElgaretal., author = {Cosma, Alina and Bjereld, Ylva and Elgar, Frank J. and Richardson, Clive and Bilz, Ludwig and Craig, Wendy M. and Augustine, Lilly and Molcho, Michal and Malinowska-Cieślik, Marta and Walsh, Sophie D.}, title = {Gender Differences in Bullying Reflect Societal Gender Inequality: A Multilevel Study With Adolescents in 46 Countries}, series = {Journal of Adolescent Health}, volume = {71}, journal = {Journal of Adolescent Health}, number = {5}, issn = {1054-139X}, doi = {10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.05.015}, pages = {601 -- 608}, abstract = {Purpose. Social patterns in bullying show consistent gender differences in adolescent perpetration and victimization with large cross-national variations. Previous research shows associations between societal gender inequality and gender differences in some violent behaviors in adolescents. Therefore, there is a need to go beyond individual associations and use a more social ecological perspective when examining gender differences in bullying behaviors. The aim of the present study was twofold: (1) to explore cross-national gender differences in bullying behaviors and (2) to examine whether national-level gender inequality relates to gender differences in adolescent bullying behaviors. Methods. Traditional bullying and cyberbullying were measured in 11-year-olds to 15-year-olds in the 2017/18 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (n = 200,423). We linked individual data to national gender inequality (Gender Inequality Index, 2018) in 46 countries and tested their association using mixed-effects (multilevel) logistic regression models. Results. Large cross-national variations were observed in gender differences in bullying. Boys had higher odds of perpetrating both traditional and cyberbullying and victimization by traditional bullying than girls. Greater gender inequality at country level was associated with heightened gender differences in traditional bullying. In contrast, lower gender inequality was associated with larger gender differences for cyber victimization. Discussion. Societal gender inequality relates to adolescents' involvement in bullying and gendered patterns in bullying. Public health policy should target societal factors that have an impact on young people's behavior.}, language = {en} } @misc{KimCraigKingetal., author = {Kim, Samuel S. and Craig, Wendy M. and King, Nathan and Bilz, Ludwig and Cosma, Alina and Molcho, Michal and Qirjako, Gentiana and Matos, Margarida G. de and Augustine, Lilly and Šmigelskas, Kastytis and Pickett, William}, title = {Bullying, Mental Health, and the Moderating Role of Supportive Adults: A Cross-National Analysis of Adolescents in 45 Countries}, series = {International Journal of Public Health}, volume = {67}, journal = {International Journal of Public Health}, issn = {1661-8564}, doi = {10.3389/ijph.2022.1604264}, pages = {10}, abstract = {Objectives: Relationships with supportive adults during adolescence may be a protective factor that lowers the risks associated with bullying. The current study aimed to examine the moderating role of supportive adults in the associations between bullying involvement (in-person and cyber) and mental health problems (psychological symptoms and low life satisfaction). Methods: Data from 45 countries and regions taking part in the 2017/18 Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children study (N = 230,757) were used. Multivariable Poisson regression models were used to estimate relative risks of bullying on mental health. Effect estimates were compared across the number of supportive adults to examine a possible cumulative protective effect of relationships with supportive adults. Results: Bullying involvement was consistently associated with poor mental health across the 45 countries. Risk of mental health problems associated with bullying involvement was greatest among students reporting relationships with multiple supportive adults. This was true for all indicators of bullying involvement. Conclusion: Bullying remains a prevalent and harmful experience for youth worldwide. Merely having supportive adults is not sufficient in protecting youth from experiencing the mental health risks associated with bullying.}, language = {en} }