@misc{RuschBirkhoferBommarcoetal., author = {Rusch, Adrien and Birkhofer, Klaus and Bommarco, Riccardo and Smith, Henrik G. and Ekbom, Barbara}, title = {Management intensity at field and landscape levels affects the taxonomic and functional structure of generalist predator communities}, series = {Oecologia}, volume = {175}, journal = {Oecologia}, number = {3}, issn = {0029-854}, doi = {10.1007/s00442-014-2949-z}, pages = {971 -- 983}, language = {en} } @misc{EffiomBirkhoferSmithetal., author = {Effiom, Edu O. and Birkhofer, Klaus and Smith, Henrik G. and Olsson, Ola}, title = {Changes of community composition at multiple trophic levels due to hunting in Nigerian tropical forests}, series = {Ecography}, volume = {37}, journal = {Ecography}, number = {4}, issn = {1600-0587}, doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00359.x}, pages = {367 -- 377}, language = {en} } @misc{WilliamsBirkhoferHedlund, author = {Williams, Alwyn and Birkhofer, Klaus and Hedlund, Katarina}, title = {Above- and below-ground interactions with agricultural management: effects of soil microbial communities on barley and aphids}, series = {Pedobiologia}, volume = {57}, journal = {Pedobiologia}, number = {2}, issn = {0031-4056}, doi = {10.1016/j.pedobi.2014.01.004}, pages = {67 -- 74}, language = {en} } @misc{RaderBirkhoferSchmuckietal., author = {Rader, Romina and Birkhofer, Klaus and Schmucki, Reto and Smith, Henrik G. and Stjernman, Martin and Lindborg, Regina}, title = {Organic farming and heterogeneous landscapes positively affect different measures of plant diversity}, series = {Journal of applied ecology}, volume = {51}, journal = {Journal of applied ecology}, number = {6}, issn = {1365-2664}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2664.12344}, pages = {1544 -- 1553}, language = {en} } @misc{BirkhoferSmithRundloef, author = {Birkhofer, Klaus and Smith, Henrik G. and Rundl{\"o}f, Maj}, title = {Environmental Impacts of Organic Farming}, series = {eLS - Wiley Online Library}, journal = {eLS - Wiley Online Library}, doi = {10.1002/9780470015902.a0026341}, pages = {1 -- 7}, abstract = {Organic agriculture is a production system that aims at sustaining healthy soils, ecosystems and people by prohibiting the application of synthetic pesticides and fertilisers in crop production and by emphasising animal welfare in livestock breeding. This article shows that organic agriculture is characterised by higher soil quality and reduced nutrient or pesticide leaching compared to nonorganic agriculture, but that positive effects on biological control services or emission of greenhouse gases are less evident. Yield gaps between organic and nonorganic agriculture are on average 20\%, but vary between crops and regions. Given the environmental risks that are associated with intensive, nonorganic agriculture, farming practices should be modified to decrease risks. Organic agriculture can be a more environmentally friendly alternative, but individual farming practices need improvement to meet the demands of a growing human population. Further growth of the organic farming sector will contribute to reduce the negative environmental impact of agriculture.}, language = {en} } @misc{BirkhoferSmithWeisseretal., author = {Birkhofer, Klaus and Smith, Henrik G. and Weisser, Wolfgang W. and Wolters, Volkmar and Gossner, Martin M.}, title = {Land-use effects on the functional distinctness of arthropod communities}, series = {Ecography}, volume = {38}, journal = {Ecography}, number = {9}, issn = {0906-7590}, doi = {10.1111/ecog.01141}, pages = {889 -- 900}, abstract = {Land-use change is a major driver of the global loss of biodiversity, but it is unclear to what extent this also results in a loss of ecological traits. Therefore, a better understanding of how land-use change affects ecological traits is crucial for efforts to sustain functional diversity. To this end we tested whether higher species richness or taxonomic distinctness generally leads to increased functional distinctness and whether intensive land use leads to functionally more narrow arthropod communities. We compiled species composition and trait data for 350 species of terrestrial arthropods (Araneae, Carabidae and Heteroptera) in different land-use types (forests, grasslands and arable fields) of low and high land-use intensity. We calculated the average functional and taxonomic distinctness and the rarified trait richness for each community. These measures reflect the range of traits, taxonomic relatedness and number of traits that are observed in local communities. Average functional distinctness only increased significantly with species richness in Carabidae communities. Functional distinctness increased significantly with taxonomic distinctness in communities of all analyzed taxa suggesting a high functional redundancy of taxonomically closely related species. Araneae and Heteroptera communities had the expected lower functional distinctness at sites with higher land-use intensity. More frequently disturbed land-use types such as managed grasslands or arable fields were characterized by species with smaller body sizes and higher dispersal abilities and communities with lower functional distinctness or trait richness. Simple recommendations about the conservation of functional distinctness of arthropod communities in the face of future land-use intensification and species loss are not possible. Our study shows that these relationships depend on the studied taxa and land-use type. However, for some arthropod groups functional distinctness is threatened by intensification and conversion from less to more frequently disturbed land-uses.}, language = {en} } @incollection{BirkhoferDiehlWoltersetal., author = {Birkhofer, Klaus and Diehl, Eva and Wolters, Volkmar and Smith, Henrik G.}, title = {Global metawebs of spider predation highlight consequences of land-use change for terrestrial predator-prey networks}, series = {Adaptive Food Webs - Stability and Transitions of Real and Model Ecosystems}, booktitle = {Adaptive Food Webs - Stability and Transitions of Real and Model Ecosystems}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {Cambridge}, isbn = {978-1-107-18211-0}, pages = {193 -- 213}, language = {en} } @misc{RoubinetBirkhoferMalsheretal., author = {Roubinet, Eve and Birkhofer, Klaus and Malsher, Gerard and Staudacher, Karin and Ekbom, Barbara and Traugott, Michael and Jonsson, Mattias}, title = {Diet of generalist predators reflects effects of cropping period and farming system on extra- and intraguild prey}, series = {Ecological Applications}, volume = {27}, journal = {Ecological Applications}, number = {4}, issn = {1939-5582}, doi = {10.1002/eap.1510}, pages = {1167 -- 1177}, language = {en} } @misc{BirkhoferFevrierHeinrichetal., author = {Birkhofer, Klaus and Fevrier, Valentin and Heinrich, Anna Eva and Rink, Katharina and Smith, Henrik G.}, title = {The contribution of CAP greening measures to conservation biological control at two spatial scales}, series = {Agriculture, Ecosystem \& Environment}, journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystem \& Environment}, number = {255}, issn = {1873-2305}, doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2017.12.026}, pages = {84 -- 94}, abstract = {To promote a more sustainable agricultural production, the European Commission implemented direct payments that require farmers to implement greening measures aimed at reducing negative effects of agriculture on the environment and biodiversity. These greening measures (including fallows and permanent grasslands) have been criticised for their potential inability to conserve biodiversity and promote associated ecosystem services. In this study, we investigate if the presence of old or recently established fallows and permanent grassland in the landscape are beneficial for the emergence, activity density and spillover of ground-running natural enemies and as a result aphid biological control in cereal fields. Lycosidae and Theridiidae were more numerous in fallows (emergence \& activity density) compared to crop fields, while Staphylinidae and Linyphiidae showed opposite patterns. Spillover of Lycosidae was significantly higher from fallows into cereal fields, than between cereal fields. As a result of the opposite patterns in activity density in fallows between different groups of predators, a spillover from fallows did not result in a significantly higher aphid control in crop fields adjacent to them. A high proportion of permanent grassland in the landscape resulted in lower emergence of Linyphiidae and Carabidae. Our results support the assumption that a higher emergence and activity density of ground-running predators generally results in higher spillover to adjacent fields. However, patterns of emergence and activity density differed between individual natural enemy groups. Fallows, independent of age, can therefore act as source or sink depending on the focal predator group and more permanent grassland in the landscape can result in lower local emergence. Fallows at the local scale and permanent grassland at larger spatial scales therefore did not generally promote aphid biological control services provided by ground-running natural enemies.}, language = {en} } @misc{BirkhoferAnderssonBengtssonetal., author = {Birkhofer, Klaus and Andersson, Georg K. S. and Bengtsson, Janne and Bommarco, Riccardo and D{\"a}nhardt, Juliana and Ekbom, Barbara and Ekroos, Johan and Hahn, Thomas and Hedlund, Katarina and J{\"o}nnson, Annelie M. and Lindborg, Regina and Olsson, Ola and Rader, Romina and Rusch, Adrien and Stjernman, Martin and Williams, Alwyn and Smith, Henrik G.}, title = {Relationships between multiple biodiversity components and ecosystem services along a landscape complexity gradient}, series = {Biological Conservation}, volume = {218}, journal = {Biological Conservation}, issn = {1873-2917}, doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2017.12.027}, pages = {247 -- 253}, language = {en} } @misc{StaudacherRennstamRubbmarkBirkhoferetal., author = {Staudacher, Karin and Rennstam Rubbmark, Oskar and Birkhofer, Klaus and Malsher, Gerard and Sint, Daniela and Jonsson, Mattias and Traugott, Michael}, title = {Habitat heterogeneity induces rapid changes in the feeding behaviour of generalist arthropod predators}, series = {Functional Ecology}, volume = {32}, journal = {Functional Ecology}, number = {3}, issn = {1365-2435}, doi = {10.1111/1365-2435.13028}, pages = {809 -- 819}, language = {en} }