@book{Buehler, author = {B{\"u}hler, Daniel}, title = {Universal, Intuitive, and Permanent Pictograms : A Human-Centered Design Process Grounded in Embodied Cognition, Semiotics, and Visual Perception}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-32309-7}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-32310-3}, pages = {XXI, 332}, abstract = {This book presents a complete human-centered design process (ISO 9241:210) that had two goals: to design universal, intuitive, and permanent pictograms and to develop a process for designing suitable pictograms. The book analyzes characteristics of visual representations, grounded in semiotics. It develops requirements for pictogram contents, relying on embodied cognition, and it derives content candidates in empirical studies on four continents. The book suggests that visual perception is universal, intuitive, and permanent. Consequently, it derives guidelines for content design from visual perception. Subsequently, pictogram prototypes are produced in a research through design process, using the guidelines and the content candidates. Evaluation studies suggest that the prototypes are a success. They are more suitable than established pictograms and they should be considered universal, intuitive, and permanent. In conclusion, a technical design process is proposed.}, language = {en} } @misc{BuehlerHemmertHurtienneetal., author = {B{\"u}hler, Daniel and Hemmert, Fabian and Hurtienne, J{\"o}rn and Petersen, Christer}, title = {Designing Universal and Intuitive Pictograms (UIPP) - A Detailed Process for More Suitable Visual Representations}, series = {International Journal of Human-Computer Studies}, volume = {Vol. 163}, journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Studies}, issn = {1071-5819}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102816}, pages = {1 -- 18}, abstract = {Visual representations are perhaps the most important mode of human-computer and computer-mediated human-human interaction today. Nevertheless, we suggest, there is a lack of appropriate processes for their design. It seems, designers as much as researchers sometimes assume that visual representations are universally and intuitively comprehensible although evidence suggests otherwise, resulting in suboptimal designs. This article addresses the problem by proposing a human-centered design process for universal and intuitive pictograms. This process is grounded in semiotics, theories of intuitive interaction, and visual perception. Furthermore, it has been validated through empirical research and in practice. The article describes the process, it explains each step, and it provides examples. The result is detailed instructions that other designers, researchers, and businesses can adopt in their projects for designing more suitable visual representations.}, language = {en} }