@techreport{RockelWillHense, author = {Rockel, Burkhardt and Will, Andreas and Hense, Andreas}, title = {The Regional Climate Model COSMO-CLM (CCLM)}, series = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift}, volume = {17}, journal = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0309}, pages = {347 -- 348}, language = {en} } @misc{HarlanderHenseWilletal., author = {Harlander, Uwe and Hense, Andreas and Will, Andreas and Kurgansky, Michael V.}, title = {New aspects of geophysical fluid dynamics}, series = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift}, volume = {15}, journal = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0144}, pages = {388}, language = {en} } @article{HarlanderWillKurganskyetal., author = {Harlander, Uwe and Will, Andreas and Kurgansky, Michael V. and Ehrendorfer, M.}, title = {Editorial: Topics in modern geophysical fluid dynamics}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SeeligHarlanderBorciaetal., author = {Seelig, Torsten and Harlander, Uwe and Borcia, Ion-Dan and Scurtu, Nicoleta and Egbers, Christoph and Klein, Marten and Ghasemi, Abouzar and Will, Andreas and Schaller, Eberhard}, title = {Inertial waves in rotating cylindrical annulus: theory, experiment and simulations}, series = {Book of abstracts, 9th European Fluid Mechanics Conference (EFMC), 9-13 September, Rome, Italy}, booktitle = {Book of abstracts, 9th European Fluid Mechanics Conference (EFMC), 9-13 September, Rome, Italy}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SeeligBorciaKleinetal., author = {Seelig, Torsten and Borcia, Ion-Dan and Klein, Marten and Ghasemi, Abouzar and Will, Andreas and Egbers, Christoph and Schaller, Eberhard and Harlander, Uwe}, title = {Inertial waves and wave attractors in a rotating annulus with inner or outer cylinder libration}, series = {European Geosciences Union (EGU), 10th General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 07 - 12 April 2013}, booktitle = {European Geosciences Union (EGU), 10th General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 07 - 12 April 2013}, language = {en} } @misc{KleinSeeligKurganskyetal., author = {Klein, Marten and Seelig, Torsten and Kurgansky, Michael V. and Ghasemi, Abouzar and Borcia, Ion-Dan and Will, Andreas and Schaller, Eberhard and Egbers, Christoph and Harlander, Uwe}, title = {Inertial wave excitation and focusing in a liquid bounded by a frustum and a cylinder}, series = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics}, journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics}, number = {vol. 751}, issn = {1750-6859}, doi = {10.1017/jfm.2014.304}, pages = {255 -- 297}, abstract = {The mechanism of localized inertial wave excitation and its efficiency is investigated for an annular cavity rotating with Ω0 . Meridional symmetry is broken by replacing the inner cylinder with a truncated cone (frustum). Waves are excited by individual longitudinal libration of the walls. The geometry is non-separable and exhibits wave focusing and wave attractors. We investigated laboratory and numerical results for the Ekman number E ≈ 10-6. inclination α = 5.71◦ and libration amplitudes ε 0.2 within the inertial wave band 0 < ω < 2Ω0 . Under the assumption that the inertial waves do not essentially affect the boundary-layer structure, we use classical boundary-layer analysis to study oscillating Ekman layers over a librating wall that is at an angle α = 0 to the axis of rotation. The Ekman layer erupts at frequency ω = f∗, where f∗ ≡ 2Ω0 sin α is the effective Coriolis parameter in a plane tangential to the wall. For the selected inclination this eruption occurs for the forcing frequency ω/Ω0 = 0.2. For the librating lids eruption occurs at ω/Ω0 = 2. The study reveals that the frequency dependence of the total kinetic energy Kω of the excited wave field is strongly connected to the square of the Ekman pumping velocity wE (ω) that, in the linear limit, becomes singular when the boundary layer erupts. This explains the frequency dependence of non-resonantly excited waves. By the localization of the forcing, the two configurations investigated, (i) frustum libration and (ii) lids together with outer cylinder in libration, can be clearly distinguished by their response spectra. Good agreement was found for the spatial structure of low-order wave attractors and periodic orbits (both characterized by a small number of reflections) in the frequency windows predicted by geometric ray tracing. For 'resonant' frequencies a significantly increased total bulk energy was found, while the energy in the boundary layer remained nearly constant. Inertial wave energy enters the bulk flow via corner beams, which are parallel to the characteristics of the underlying Poincar{\´e} problem. Numerical simulations revealed a mismatch between the wall-parallel mass fluxes near the corners. This leads to boundary-layer eruption and the generation of inertial waves in the corners.}, language = {en} } @misc{BoehmKueckenAhrensetal., author = {B{\"o}hm, Uwe and K{\"u}cken, Martin and Ahrens, Wilfried and Block, Alexander and Hauffe, Detlef and Keuler, Klaus and Rockel, Burkhardt and Will, Andreas}, title = {The Climate Version of LM: Brief Description and Long-Term Applications}, series = {COSMO Newsletter}, journal = {COSMO Newsletter}, number = {6}, pages = {225 -- 235}, language = {en} } @misc{GeorgievskiKeulerWilletal., author = {Georgievski, Goran and Keuler, Klaus and Will, Andreas and Radtke, Kai}, title = {Evaluation of Central European and Eastern Alpine seasonal climate simulated with CCLM: double nesting vs. direct forcing techniques}, series = {COSMO Newsletter}, journal = {COSMO Newsletter}, number = {11}, pages = {133 -- 142}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KleinGhasemiSeeligetal., author = {Klein, Marten and Ghasemi, Abouzar and Seelig, Torsten and Borcia, Ion-Dan and Harlander, Uwe and Will, Andreas}, title = {DNS of inertial wave attractors in a librating annulus with height-dependent gap width}, series = {15th European turbulence conference (ETC), Delft, The Netherlands (2015)}, booktitle = {15th European turbulence conference (ETC), Delft, The Netherlands (2015)}, abstract = {Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of inertial wave attractors have been carried out in a librating Taylor-Couette system with broken mirror symmetry in the radial-axial cross-section. The inertial wave excitation mechanism and its localisation at the edges was clarified by applying boundary layer theory. Additional resonance peaks in the simulated response spectra were found to agree with low-order wave attractors obtained by geometric ray tracing. Numerics and theory are in qualitative agreement with recent lab experiments.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SeeligGhasemiKurganskyetal., author = {Seelig, Torsten and Ghasemi, Abouzar and Kurgansky, Michael V. and Klein, Marten and Will, Andreas and Harlander, Uwe}, title = {Mean flow generation due to longitudinal librations of sidewalls of a rotating annulus}, series = {15th European turbulence conference (ETC), Delft, The Netherlands (2015)}, booktitle = {15th European turbulence conference (ETC), Delft, The Netherlands (2015)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KleinGhasemiSeeligetal., author = {Klein, Marten and Ghasemi, Abouzar and Seelig, Torsten and Borcia, Ion-Dan and Harlander, Uwe and Will, Andreas}, title = {Mean flow generation and inertial wave attractors in a librating annulus: DNS and theory}, series = {European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2015, Vienna, Austria, 13 April - 17 May 2015}, booktitle = {European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2015, Vienna, Austria, 13 April - 17 May 2015}, publisher = {European Geophysical Society}, address = {Katlenburg-Lindau}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KleinGhasemiSeeligetal., author = {Klein, Marten and Ghasemi, Abouzar and Seelig, Torsten and Borcia, Ion-Dan and Harlander, Uwe and Will, Andreas}, title = {DNS of inertial wave attractors in a librating annular cavity with a height-dependent gap}, series = {ICTW 19, Book of Abstracts, 19th International Couette-Taylor Workshop, June 24 - 26, 2015 Cottbus, Germany}, booktitle = {ICTW 19, Book of Abstracts, 19th International Couette-Taylor Workshop, June 24 - 26, 2015 Cottbus, Germany}, address = {Cottbus}, pages = {122 -- 123}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KleinBorciaEgbersetal., author = {Klein, Marten and Borcia, Ion-Dan and Egbers, Christoph and Ghasemi, Abouzar and Harlander, Uwe and Kurgansky, Michael V. and Schaller, Eberhard and Seelig, Torsten and Will, Andreas}, title = {Inertial Waves and Wave Excitation Mechanisms in Annular Cavities: Simulations, Experiments and Theory}, series = {European Turbulence Conference ETC14, Lyon, 2013}, booktitle = {European Turbulence Conference ETC14, Lyon, 2013}, pages = {2}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KleinGhasemiHarlanderetal., author = {Klein, Marten and Ghasemi, Abouzar and Harlander, Uwe and Will, Andreas}, title = {Inertial wave excitation and wave attractors in a librating annulus: DNS}, series = {European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2014, Vienna, Austria, 27 April - 02 May 2014}, booktitle = {European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2014, Vienna, Austria, 27 April - 02 May 2014}, publisher = {European Geophysical Society}, address = {Katlenburg-Lindau}, language = {en} } @misc{OgajaWill, author = {Ogaja, Jack and Will, Andreas}, title = {Fourth order, conservative discretization of horizontal Euler equations in the COSMO model and regional climate simulations}, series = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift}, volume = {25}, journal = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift}, number = {5}, issn = {1610-1227}, doi = {10.1127/metz/2016/0645}, pages = {577 -- 605}, abstract = {Horizontal spatial schemes of third order and above used for discretization of COSMO (Consortium for Small Scale Modeling) Euler equations can be described as quasi-higher order schemes since interpolation of the advecting velocities and differencing of the pressure gradient term remain second order accurate. For NWP and Regional Climate modeling, upwind schemes of either third or fifth order have been recommended combined with an explicit numerical diffusion. We have implemented fully fourth order central difference horizontal schemes for the model's Euler equations with two types of discretization of the advection terms: the first is a natural extension of the COSMO fourth order scheme by introducing fourth order interpolation of the advecting velocity, and the second is a symmetric type discretization which is shown to conserve the rotational part of kinetic energy. We combine both advection schemes with fourth order discretization of the pressure gradient term. To make the schemes completely fourth order, we consider all metric terms resulting from coordinated transformations. Theoretical analysis of the new schemes compared to the model's existing third order upwind scheme exhibits: a slightly increased group velocity error due to a wider stencil, a similar dispersive error, a significant reduction of the amplitude error, a significantly minimized aliasing error due to symmetric advection-discretization, and a significant increase in effective Courant number which potentially allows longer time steps. Using 20-year climate simulations, we show that the new symmetric fourth order scheme is more stable than the extended COSMO fourth order scheme and third order upwind scheme, and that an explicit numerical diffusion can be avoided when using the symmetric scheme. We show that a 20\% dispersive (phase) and diffusive (amplitude) errors limit result to the model's effective resolution of approximately 5Δx for all 4th and 3rd order schemes. Considering the same error limit for simulated kinetic energy spectra show that the horizontal numerical diffusion is reducing the model's effective resolution to more than 10Δx and thus using the symmetric 4th order scheme without explicit horizontal diffusion increases the effective resolution by a factor of two to approximately 5Δx. We further show that both implicit diffusion in upwind schemes and explicit numerical diffusion necessary for the current model's stable runs have effects of equal magnitude on the model's predicted climatologies. Climatologies show that fourth order schemes enhance vertical turbulence mixing in the planetary boundary layer which reduces parameterized convection. This consequently results to approximately 20\% peak reduction of summer precipitation and an increase of approximately 0.5 degrees Kelvin in summer 2m air temperature.}, language = {en} } @misc{GhasemiKleinHarlanderetal., author = {Ghasemi, Abouzar and Klein, Marten and Harlander, Uwe and Kurgansky, Michael V. and Schaller, Eberhard and Will, Andreas}, title = {Mean flow generation by G{\"o}rtler vortices in a rotating annulus with librating side walls}, series = {Physics of Fluids}, volume = {28}, journal = {Physics of Fluids}, number = {056603}, doi = {10.1063/1.4948406}, pages = {1 -- 23}, abstract = {Time periodic variation of the rotation rate of an annulus induces in supercritical regime an unstable Stokes boundary layer over the cylinder side walls, generating G{\"o}rtler vortices in a portion of a libration cycle as a discrete event. Numerical results show that these vortices propagate into the fluid bulk and generate an azimuthal mean flow. Direct numerical simulations of the fluid flow in an annular container with librating outer (inner) cylinder side wall and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations as diagnostic equations are used to investigate generation mechanism of the retrograde (prograde) azimuthal mean flow in the bulk. First, we explain, phenomenologically, how absolute angular momentum of the bulk flow is mixed and changed due to the propagation of the G{\"o}rtler vortices, causing a new vortex of basin size. Then we investigate the RANS equations for intermediate time scale of the development of the G{\"o}rtler vortices and for long time scale of the order of several libration periods. The former exhibits sign selection of the azimuthal mean flow. Investigating the latter, we predict that the azimuthal mean flow is proportional to the libration amplitude squared and to the inverse square root of the Ekman number and libration frequency and then confirms this using the numerical data. Additionally, presence of an upscale cascade of energy is shown, using the kinetic energy budget of fluctuating flow.}, language = {en} } @misc{WillOgaja, author = {Will, Andreas and Ogaja, Jack}, title = {Higher order horizontal schemes in COSMO 5 . 0 at different resolutions}, series = {CLM-Community Newsletter}, volume = {8}, journal = {CLM-Community Newsletter}, pages = {7 -- 8}, language = {en} } @misc{WeiherAkhtarBrauchetal., author = {Weiher, Stefan and Akhtar, Naveed and Brauch, Jennifer and Breil, Marcus and Davin, Edouard and Ho-Hagemann, Ha T. M. and Maisonnave, Eric and Th{\"u}rkow, Markus and Will, Andreas}, title = {Coupling of the regional climate model COSMO-CLM using OASIS3-MCT with regional ocean, land surface or global atmosphere model: description and performance}, series = {Geoscientific Model Development}, volume = {47}, journal = {Geoscientific Model Development}, issn = {1991-9603}, doi = {10.5194/gmd-2016-47}, pages = {1 -- 61}, abstract = {We present the prototype of a regional climate system model based on the COSMO-CLM regional climate model coupled with several model components, analyze the performance of the couplings and present a strategy to find an optimum configuration with respect to computational costs and time to solution. The OASIS3-MCT coupler is used to couple COSMO-CLM with two land surface models (CLM and VEG3D), a regional ocean model for the Mediterranean Sea (NEMO-MED12), two ocean models for the North and Baltic Sea (NEMO-NORDIC and TRIMNP+CICE) and the atmospheric component of an earth system model (MPI-ESM). We present a unified OASIS3-MCT interface which handles all couplings in a similar way, minimizes the model source code modifications and describes the physics and numerics of the couplings. Furthermore, we discuss solutions for specific regional coupling problems like handling of different domains, multiple usage of MCT interpolation library and efficient exchange of 3D fields. A series of real-case simulations over Europe has been conducted and the computational performance of the couplings has been analyzed. The usage of the LUCIA tool of the OASIS3-MCT coupler enabled separation of the direct costs of: coupling, load imbalance and additional computations. The resulting limits for time to solution and costs are shown and the potential of further improvement of the computational efficiency is summarized for each coupling. It was found that the OASIS3-MCT coupler keeps the direct coupling costs of communication and horizontal interpolation small in comparison with the costs of the additional computations and load imbalance for all investigated couplings. For the first time this could be demonstrated for an exchange of approximately 450 2D fields per time step necessary for the atmosphere-atmosphere coupling between COSMO-CLM and MPI-ESM. A procedure for finding an optimum configuration for each of the couplings was developed considering the time to solution and costs of the simulations. The optimum configurations are presented for sequential and concurrent coupling layouts. The procedure applied can be regarded as independent on the specific coupling layout and coupling details.}, language = {en} } @misc{WillHarlanderMetz, author = {Will, Andreas and Harlander, Uwe and Metz, Werner}, title = {Climatological relevance of leading seasonal singular vectors. Part I: Energy, enstrophy and spatio - temporal variability}, series = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift}, volume = {15}, journal = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift}, number = {4}, issn = {1610-1227}, doi = {10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0145}, pages = {1 -- 10}, abstract = {Fast growing atmospheric Rossby wave trains (RWT modes) are solutions of a Singular Vector (SV) analysis of a damped barotropic vorticity equation for northern winter basic flows. Using 40 DJF basic flows RWT modes are found over four regions of the globe only. Their propagation paths are remarkably constant for development times up to 96 h, but spread for longer times. The RWT mode with the largest 4 day growth rate develops over the North-Pacific (NPAC) region for each of the observed DJF basic flows considered. This mode is referred to as NPAC-mode. The eigenvalues, which are the 4 day kinetic energy growth factors of the NPAC mode, range from 10 to 24 for nearly all of the basic flows. In some exceptional years they are close to 30. The NPAC modes with moderate growth factors could be shown to be approximate solutions of the nonlinear model equation. Hereto a new formulation of the advection term provided by the energy-vortex theory was used. It appears that the constancy of propagation paths and the mode's shapes, the large growth factors and the validity of the linearization assumption up to development times of 96h make the NPAC mode a candidate to explain substantial parts of large scale interannual atmospheric variability in the North Pacific region.}, language = {en} } @misc{FruehWillCastro, author = {Fr{\"u}h, Barbara and Will, Andreas and Castro, Christopher}, title = {Editorial: Recent developments in Regional Climate Modelling with COSMO‑CLM}, series = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift}, volume = {25}, journal = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift}, number = {2}, issn = {1610-1227}, doi = {10.1127/metz/2016/0788}, pages = {119 -- 120}, abstract = {The COSMO model in CLimate Model (COSMO-CLM or CCLM) is one of the most advanced Regional Climate Model with respect to its model dynamics, numeric, and physical parameterization options. It is widely used for climate research, climate mitigation and adaptation studies, as the model is specifically designed for simulation at a convective-permitting, meso-γ spatial resolution on the order of 1 km which: • has a well-tested range of applicability, encompassing operational numerical weather prediction (COSMO), regional climate modelling for retrospective and future projection (COSMO-CLM), idealised studies (ITC) and the dispersion of trace gases and aerosol (ART) on weather forecast to interannual time scales, • was successfully applied in several regions of the world, and especially widely within Europe • has widely been used to downscale the results of global climate models and, • is well documented.}, language = {en} } @misc{FruehWillCastro, author = {Fr{\"u}h, Barbara and Will, Andreas and Castro, Christopher}, title = {Editorial: Recent developments in Regional Climate 1 Modelling with COSMO-CLM, Part 2}, series = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift}, volume = {25}, journal = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift}, number = {5}, issn = {1610-1227}, doi = {10.1127/metz/2016/0823}, pages = {S. 529}, abstract = {The special issue "Recent developments in Regional Climate Modelling with COSMO-CLM" aims to present 7 model developments of high relevance for the climate mode, model evaluation of new model versions and results 8 of model application down to local scale. In the first part, published in May 2016 (http://www.schweizerbart.de/ 9 papers/metz/list/25\#issue2) eight articles are presented. In this second part further key aspects of high resolution 10 regional climate modelling are addressed in five articles.}, language = {en} } @misc{GhasemiKleinWilletal., author = {Ghasemi, Abouzar and Klein, Marten and Will, Andreas and Harlander, Uwe}, title = {Mean flow generation by an intermittently unstable boundary layer over a sloping wall}, series = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics}, journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics}, number = {vol. 853}, issn = {1750-6859}, doi = {10.1017/jfm.2018.552}, pages = {111 -- 149}, language = {en} } @misc{KurganskySeeligKleinetal., author = {Kurgansky, Michael V. and Seelig, Torsten and Klein, Marten and Will, Andreas and Harlander, Uwe}, title = {Mean flow generation due to longitudinal librations of sidewalls of a rotating annulus}, series = {Geophysical \& Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics}, volume = {114}, journal = {Geophysical \& Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics}, number = {6}, issn = {1029-0419}, doi = {10.1080/03091929.2019.1692829}, pages = {762}, abstract = {Laboratory experiments with a rotating cylindrical annulus arereported that reveal a prograde jet, which is adjacent to a (longitu-dinally) librating inner straight cylindrical wall. Here, wall libration isrealised as a time-harmonic modulation of the inner cylinder's rota-tion rate. The outer cylindrical wall and bottom and top lids rotatewith constant angular velocity. The main purpose of our study is tocontribute to a qualitative and quantitative understanding of non-linearities that are present in oscillating, but centrifugally stable,vertical boundary layers frequently encountered in rotating wall-bounded flows. We consider a problem that is in a sense comple-mentary to that of previous works that focused on oscillating Ekmanlayers but neglected the vertical Stokes-Stewartson layers. A sim-ple analytical model is proposed that is able to predict the magni-tude and spatial structure of the emerging prograde near-wall jet interms of nonlinearity inherent in the inner cylinder's boundary layerdynamics.}, language = {en} } @misc{WillOgaja, author = {Will, Andreas and Ogaja, Jack}, title = {Higher order spatial discretisation methods for non-hydrostatic models of the atmosphere on regular grids}, series = {Mathematical Theory and Modelling in Atmosphere-Ocean-Science, Report No. 34/2010}, volume = {34}, journal = {Mathematical Theory and Modelling in Atmosphere-Ocean-Science, Report No. 34/2010}, pages = {2089 -- 2090}, abstract = {In turbulence modeling small stencils, conservation of the integrals of motion and high order of approximation of the mathematical operators for filtering and derivatives could be realised ([2]). Nowadays such methods are going to be developed for state of the art atmospheric LAMs. In the following the behaviour in idealised test cases of different numerical approximations of an incompressible model and the current status of the development of a state of the art model ( COSMO) for RCM and NWP is presented.}, language = {en} } @techreport{WillWoldt, author = {Will, Andreas and Woldt, Michael}, title = {Comparison of COSMO-CLM results with CM-SAF products: Radiation components ToA, at the Surface and Cloud Properties}, publisher = {Satellite Application Facility on Climae Monitoring}, address = {Offenbach}, pages = {121}, abstract = {For the first time all radiation components TOA and at the surface of the regional climate model COSMO-CLM have been systematically compared with the CMSAF products aiming to analyse the potential of such a comparison for evaluation of the model and of the CMSAF data. The group Environmental Meteorology at BTU Cottbus conducted a systematic comparison of CMSAF products for Europe with the model output of two regional climate model simulations with COSMO-CLM on the model grid of 0.165◦. COSMO-CLM was forced with the analysis of the global model GME provided by the German Weather Service. The discussion of the significance of the deviations between model and data for all radiation components and integral cloud properties for selected regions confirmed the potential of the method. First, different types of differences could be identified and hypotheses on possible origins could be formulated. Second, specific properties of CMSAF variables could be identified which should be improved in order to substantially increase the relevance of the CMSAF products for climate model evaluations. This study is based • on the accuracy statements of the SAF data and • on the comparisons of absolute values and differences between model results and between model results and SAF products for - annual means, - monthly means and - annual cycles of spatial averages for 35 selected regions. All differences exceeding the accuracy on space scales larger than 200 × 200 km2 are regarded as significant and the systematic analysis is restricted to the significant differences. The comparison of second moments and other statistical quantities like the spatio-temporal correlations remains for future work. The analysis of the results aims to determine the consistency of the provided SAF products with the accuracy statements, to quantify the inevitable uncertainties, and to draw conclusions about the origin of the differences between model and data taking into account the assumed typical spatial structures of the differences originating in model deficiencies and/or Satellite data bias. It is assumed that • a SAF data bias typically exhibits - a North-South contrast, - an annual cycle, - a land-sea contrast, - a day-night contrast and/or - a cloud free to cloudy contrast in the differences, 115 • a typical model bias exhibits - a land-sea contrast, - a spatial structure defined by a typical local climate, - a seasonal structure, - a cloud free to cloudy contrast and/or - a model domain boundary symmetry. However, the land-sea contrast, the annual cycle, the daily cycle and/or the cloud free to cloudy contrast may have its origin in both, the SAF data bias and/or a model deficiency. As additional informations the model evaluation results obtained from comparisons with ground station observation products are taken into account. Furthermore, the inter comparison between the results for variables, which have a direct physical relation, like e.g. the albedo the incoming and the outgoing short-wave radiation at the surface is considered. All discussions and analyses presented in this study are restricted to a previously selected set of parameters, regions, and time periods. The conclusions drawn in this report for a certain parameter in a specific region cannot generally be assigned to other parameters, regions and model configurations. Additionally to the results presented in this report the annual cycles for the other regions are provided as a supplement. In the following the main results of this first study are summarized. Two model simulations have been conducted with different initial conditions for the soil variables temperature and soil moisture. The internal model variability due to this difference appeared to be of minor importance in comparison with the stated accuracy of the SAF products. It increases slightly the total accuracy and will not be discussed in the follwing (see the discussion of each variable for details). One year data over Europe appeared to be sufficient for identification of different patterns of significant differences and to make suggestions on its possible origins like model deficiencies and/or SAF-data bias exceeding the stated accuracy. In the following the main hypotheses derived from the results are listed. • Boundary conditions inconsistent with cloud conditions in the model causing: - Negative differences of CLCT in the boundary shown in 24. - negative differences of ASWU_T shown in 8, - positive differences of ASWG_S shown in 36, - positive differences of ASOB_S shown in 49, - negative differences of ATHB_S shown in 60. • Overestimation of CLCT in the model over central to northern Europe of up to 0.3 in summer in Scandinavia causing: - Positive differences of ASOU_T shown in 9 116 - Positive differences in ATHB_T shown in 17 - Negative differences of ASWG_S shown in 37 - Negative differences of ASWDIFU_S in summer shown in 45 - Negative differences of ASOB_S shown in 49 - Positive differences of ALWD_S in SCA shown in 53 • Overestimation of formation of clouds over land in the model or bias over land in CMSAF data causing - negative differences of TQV over land shown in 32 - Neutral to positive differences in CLCT shown in 25 - CLCT and TQV show a weak negative correlation in winter (33 and 25 Jan.) and weak positive correlation in summer (33 and 25 Jul..) • Overestimation of deep convection in the model over land in summer or overestimated NorthSouth gradient in CMSAF data causing - positive differences of HTOP_CON in summer shown in 29 and 31, • Underestimation of formation of clouds in the model over water or CMSAF data bias over water surfaces - negative CLCT shown in 24 and 26 - negative differences (downward positive!) and weaker land-sea contrast in SAF120, especially in winter in ToA LW net shown in 16 and 18 - negative differences in ALWD_S shown in 52 and 55 especially in late winter to early spring. - negative differences in ATHB_S over WAS and Italy shown in 60 - negative TOT_PREC shown in 75 • Overestimation of the model surface albedo in regions covered by snow causing: - Positive albedo values over ALP and SCA in winter and spring shown in 41 - Positive ASWDIFU_S over ALP and SCA in late winter shown in 45 • Inconsistency of 2m temperature of the model and of the outgoing LW radiation in CMSAF indicating a bias in the GME analysis used in the SAF product. - negative differences in the 2m temperature shown in 68 and 69 all over the year and - neutral to positive (in SUE and POE in spring and autumn) differences of ALWU_S shown in 53 • Additional summer cold bias of GME008 configuration causing 117 - negative differences in central and northern Europe in summer in T_2M shown in 69 - negative differences in central and northern Europe in summer in ALWU_S shown in 57 - no differences in central and northern Europe in summer in ALWD_S shown in 53 - positive differences in central and northern Europe in summer in ATHB_S shown in 53 • Weaker variability on regional scale in CCLM in - monthly and annual means of ALB_RAD in 40 and 41 - monthly and annual means of surface up SW in 44 and 45 • CMSAF data bias: - higher north-south gradient in SIS than in ASOG_S in January shown in 37 - stronger land-sea contrast in CMSAF data CLC (24 and 25) - strong land-sea contrast in SDL shown in 52 The results show that the availability of independent SAF products for complementary variables allows to identify different space-time patterns of differences and to draw up hypotheses on its possible origins. However, the typical SAF product time scale of 1 or 2 years appears to be a limiting factor of the analysis. In this sense the results confirm the potential of the CMSAF data for model evaluation and the analysis of the quality of the CMSAF data. The availability of many variables can not replace the limited length of the time serieses. From physical point of view the cloud cover and the atmospheric content of water vapour, liquid and ice water in dependence on the height appear as the primary variables and it is suggested to focus in the future on these variables and on the consistency of the results obtained for these variables with the results for the radiation components. Assuming the accuracy stated for each SAF variable the provided SAF data are of satisfying quality for state of the art climate model evaluation. The SAF product accuracy values are substantially larger than the internal model variability and they are in many regions and seasons smaller than the differences between model results and SAF data. Assuming the accuracy stated as not certain, most of the difference patterns can be attributed to SAF product bias or to a model deficiency. Additional investigations are necessary to find the right answers. In this sense this report exhibits the potential of the method and invites to make additional contributions. Substantial progress can be expected from the analysis of the vertical structure, daily cycle and cloud free/cloudy states focussing on the cloud properties and related variables. Furthermore, a specification of the SAF accuracy limits in space and time and the extension of the time serieses are important for clarification of the applicability of the SAF products for model evaluation.}, language = {en} } @techreport{HollwegBoehmFastetal., author = {Hollweg, Heinz-Dieter and B{\"o}hm, Uwe and Fast, Irina and Hennemuth, Barbara and Keuler, Klaus and Keup-Thiel, Elke and Lautenschlager, Michael and Legutke, Stephanie and Radtke, Kai and Rockel, Burkhardt and Schubert, Martina and Will, Andreas and Woldt, Michael and Wunram, Claudia}, title = {Ensemble Simulations over Europe with the Regional Climate Model CLM forced with IPCC AR4 Global Scenarios}, publisher = {Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r Meteorologie}, address = {Hamburg}, doi = {10.2312/WDCC/MaD_TeReport_No03}, pages = {152}, abstract = {Regional climate projections have been performed for Europe with the climate version CLM (version 3.1) of the 'Lokal-Modell' (LM) of the German Meteorological Service. CLM has been forced with output of the ECHAM5/MPIOM global climate model of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, which contributed to the fourth climate assessment report (AR4) of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The results of the global model for the IPCC A1B and B1 scenarios as well as the reconstruction of the last four decades of the 20th century (20C3M) for the AR4 are dynamically scaled down to the CLM grid cell size of about 18×18 km2. Climatological parameters including all model variables and additional quantities characterising the climate are available from the World Data Centre for Climate database run by the German climate service group Model and Data. They can be accessed by the general public at no costs with the help of M and D. In particular, the 'Service Group Adaptation' (SGA) has been established at M and D to assist adaptation projects funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) giving advice on the interpretation of the CLM model results.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Will, author = {Will, Andreas}, title = {Regional climate modelling with COSMO-CLM: Achivements, uncertainties and challenges}, series = {Proceedings of TIKDEK 3-5 June 2013}, journal = {Proceedings of TIKDEK 3-5 June 2013}, address = {Istanbul}, pages = {8}, language = {en} } @techreport{WillKeulerBlock, author = {Will, Andreas and Keuler, Klaus and Block, Alexander}, title = {The Climate Local Model - Evaluation Results and Recent Developments}, number = {8}, publisher = {TerraFLOPS}, pages = {2 -- 3}, abstract = {A successful and overall evaluation of the CLM was a prerequisite for conduction of the consortial runs, which will be the data basis of the BMBF research program "Research for the climate protection and protection from climate impact". We present selected results showing the quality of the model and discuss open questions in regional climate modelling, which may be further addressed using the results of the consortial runs.}, language = {en} } @techreport{BoehmKueckenAhrensetal., author = {B{\"o}hm, Uwe and K{\"u}cken, Martin and Ahrens, Wilfried and Block, Alexander and Hauffe, Detlef and Keuler, Klaus and Rockel, Burkhardt and Will, Andreas}, title = {CLM - The Climate Version of LM: Brief Description and Long-Term Applications}, publisher = {COSMO Newsletter}, address = {Offenbach, Germany}, pages = {11}, language = {en} }