@misc{BonhageMykhailovaHirschetal., author = {Bonhage, Alexander and Mykhailova, Larysa and Hirsch, Florian and Schneider, Anna and Raab, Thomas and Fischer, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Donovan, Sally and Ouimet, William}, title = {Effects of historical charcoal burning on soil landscapes in West Connecticut - Quantifying pyrogenic and organic soil carbon content of Technosols by FTIR analysis}, series = {European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2019, Vienna, Austria, 7-12 April 2019}, journal = {European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2019, Vienna, Austria, 7-12 April 2019}, address = {Katlenburg-Lindau}, language = {en} } @misc{RaabHirschSchneideretal., author = {Raab, Thomas and Hirsch, Florian and Schneider, Anna and Bonhage, Alexander and Raab, Alexandra}, title = {Geoecological legacies of pre-industrial charcoal burning - Research questions and approaches}, series = {European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2019, Vienna, Austria}, journal = {European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2019, Vienna, Austria}, address = {Katlenburg-Lindau}, language = {de} } @misc{SchneiderHirschBonhageetal., author = {Schneider, Anna and Hirsch, Florian and Bonhage, Alexander and Raab, Alexandra and Raab, Thomas}, title = {Soil moisture monitoring on land use legacy soils - a study on relict charcoal hearth sites in Brandenburg, Germany}, series = {European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2019, Vienna, Austria, 7-12 April 2019}, journal = {European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2019, Vienna, Austria, 7-12 April 2019}, address = {Katlenburg-Lindau}, language = {de} } @misc{RaabRaabSchopper, author = {Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Schopper, Franz}, title = {Erfassung und Bewertung von vorindustriellen Meilerstandorten - Workshop 19. Februar 2019}, editor = {Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Schopper, Franz}, publisher = {Brandenburgische Technische Universit{\"a}t Cottbus-Senftenberg, Lehrstuhl Geopedologie und Landschaftsentwicklung}, address = {Cottbus}, issn = {2196-4122}, doi = {10.26127/BTUOpen-4817}, pages = {193}, language = {de} } @misc{RaabRaabHirschetal., author = {Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Hirsch, Florian and Schneider, Anna and Bonhage, Alexander and Aghte, Markus}, title = {Historische K{\"o}hlerei und ihre Hinterlassenschaft - Ein {\"U}berblick}, series = {Erfassung und Bewertung von vorindustriellen Meilerstandorten - Workshop 19. Februar 2019}, journal = {Erfassung und Bewertung von vorindustriellen Meilerstandorten - Workshop 19. Februar 2019}, editor = {Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Schopper, Franz}, publisher = {Brandenburgische Technische Universit{\"a}t Cottbus-Senftenberg, Lehrstuhl Geopedologie und Landschaftsentwicklung}, address = {Cottbus}, doi = {10.26127/BTUOpen-4817}, pages = {1 -- 22}, language = {de} } @misc{SchneiderHirschBonhageetal., author = {Schneider, Anna and Hirsch, Florian and Bonhage, Alexander and Raab, Alexandra and Raab, Thomas}, title = {Verbreitung und Eigenschaften von Meilerb{\"o}den in Brandenburg}, series = {Erfassung und Bewertung von vorindustriellen Meilerstandorten - Workshop 19. Februar 2019}, journal = {Erfassung und Bewertung von vorindustriellen Meilerstandorten - Workshop 19. Februar 2019}, editor = {Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Schopper, Franz}, publisher = {Brandenburgische Technische Universit{\"a}t Cottbus - Senftenberg, Fachgebiet Geopedologie und Landschaftsentwicklung}, address = {Cottbus}, doi = {10.26127/BTUOpen-4817}, pages = {23 -- 42}, language = {de} } @misc{RaabHirschRaabetal., author = {Raab, Thomas and Hirsch, Florian and Raab, Alexandra and Schneider, Anna and Bonhage, Alexander and B{\"o}nisch, Eberhard}, title = {B{\"o}den historischer Landnutzung in der Niederlausitz - W{\"o}lb{\"a}cker und Kohlemeiler}, series = {Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Beitr{\"a}ge}, volume = {26}, journal = {Brandenburgische Geowissenschaftliche Beitr{\"a}ge}, number = {1/2}, issn = {0947-1995}, pages = {5 -- 14}, abstract = {In der Niederlausitz finden sich - meist unter Kiefern- und Eichenforsten versteckt - zahlreiche Relikte der historischen Landnutzung, die bisher kaum bekannt sind. Zu den auff{\"a}lligsten Formen z{\"a}hlen W{\"o}lb{\"a}cker und Pl{\"a}tze ehemaliger Kohlemeiler. In einigen Regionen der Niederlausitz ist die Verbreitung der Landnutzungsrelikte so groß bzw. ihre Dichte so hoch, dass sie pr{\"a}gend f{\"u}r die Bodenlandschaft werden. Dieser Beitrag zeigt an repr{\"a}sentativen Beispielen die charakteristischen Merkmale und Eigenschaften der B{\"o}den auf W{\"o}lb{\"a}ckern und Relikten von Holzkohlenmeilern (HKM).}, language = {de} } @misc{BonhageMykhailovaHirschetal., author = {Bonhage, Alexander and Mykhailova, Larysa and Hirsch, Florian and Schneider, Anna and Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Ouimet, William}, title = {FTIR-based inquiry on carbon in forest soil substrate enriched by aged biochar, West Connecticut, USA}, series = {Jahrestagung der Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft der Schweiz und der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, Abstract-Band 2019}, journal = {Jahrestagung der Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft der Schweiz und der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, Abstract-Band 2019}, pages = {S. 198}, abstract = {Relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) are sites of former charcoal production that are an increasingly well documented anthropogenic feature in forests of the temperate climate zone. However, the type and extent of a possible legacy effect from RCHs on soil physical and chemical properties is still largely unknown. In the Litchfield Hills in west Connecticut, RCH sites are located mainly on slopes and therefore differ in their architecture from lowland sites found in Europe. One of the striking characteristics of a RCH site regardless of its architecture is the enrichment of the soil with charcoal in varying particle sizes. In this study, we use chemical digestion coupled with a PLSR-model to quantify organic carbon and pyrogenic carbon in RCH substrate by MIR-DRIFT measurements. Furthermore, we analyse the quality of carbon compounds by MIR-DRIFT measurements on multiple grain size fractions to assess the post-burn enrichment of soil organic matter. Preliminary results show a markedly increase in organic and pyrogenic carbon in RCH substrates in relation to the natural forest soil. Also, our first results suggest that the enrichment of organic carbon is favoured on RCHsites. However, the causality between the enrichment of soil organic matter and site features remains open. Experiments using chemical extraction techniques on our samples hint at an increase of labile organic compounds and/or microbial biomass. This legacy effect of RCHs is however evident and further studies need to focus on how to address them.}, language = {de} } @misc{SchneiderDonovanHirschetal., author = {Schneider, Anna and Donovan, Sara and Hirsch, Florian and Bonhage, Alexander and Raab, Alexandra and Raab, Thomas}, title = {Der Einfluss von Relikten der historischen K{\"o}hlerei auf Bodentemperatur und -w{\"a}rmeleitf{\"a}higkeit}, series = {Abstract-Band, Jahrestagung der Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft der Schweizund der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen GesellschaftBern, 24.-29. August 2019}, journal = {Abstract-Band, Jahrestagung der Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft der Schweizund der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen GesellschaftBern, 24.-29. August 2019}, pages = {S. 350}, abstract = {Die Beimengung von Holzkohle in B{\"o}den kann deutlichen Einfluss auf die physikalischen Bodeneigenschaften haben. Solche Effekte treten nicht nur in gezielt mit Holzkohle („biochar") angereicherten Ackerb{\"o}den auf, sondern auch auf den Standorten historischer Holzkohlemeiler (HKM), die in vielen Waldgebieten in großer Zahl vorkommen. Die pr{\"a}gendste Eigenschaft solcher B{\"o}den auf HKM ist eine technogene, kohlereiche Substratschicht, die {\"u}ber dem nat{\"u}rlich entwickelten Bodenprofil abgelagert ist. In j{\"u}ngster Zeitwurden in mehreren Studien ein von den umliegenden Waldb{\"o}den abweichendes Vegetationswachstum und eine abweichende C-Dynamik auf HKM festgestellt. Welche Bodeneigenschaften der HKM solche Unterschiede bewirken, ist aber noch unklar. Ein m{\"o}glicher, bisher kaum untersuchter Einflussfaktor ist die Bodentemperatur. Ziel dieser Studie war es, den Einfluss von Holzkohlebeimengungen auf die W{\"a}rmeleitf{\"a}higkeit und das Bodentemperaturregime von HKM-B{\"o}den zu charakterisieren. Untersucht wurden HKM auf sandigem Substrat in der Lausitz (Brandenburg). An zwei Standorten wurden Profile auf HKM und benachbarten Waldb{\"o}den f{\"u}r ein Monitoring der Bodentemperatur {\"u}ber jeweils ein Jahr instrumentiert, die W{\"a}rmeleitf{\"a}higkeit von HKM-Schicht, Ah-, fAh-und Bv-Horizont wurde im Labor bestimmt. In einem Laborexperiment wurde zus{\"a}tzlich die W{\"a}rmeleitf{\"a}higkeit von k{\"u}nstlich hergestellten Proben aus sandigem Substrat und Holzkohlefragmenten in unterschiedlichen Mischungsverh{\"a}ltnissen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine deutlich verringerte W{\"a}rmeleitf{\"a}higkeit des kohlereichen Substrats. Damit verbunden zeigen sich im Monitoring geringere Schwankungen der Bodentemperatur auf den HKM in tiefen Bereichen des Profils, in den obersten Dezimetern wurden hingegen st{\"a}rkere Schwankungen der Bodentemperatur festgestellt. Insgesamt zeigt sich damit ein noch {\"u}ber die technogene Substratschicht hinaus wirksamer Einfluss der typischen Eigenschaften des kohlereichen HKM-Substrats auf die Bodentemperatur.}, language = {de} } @misc{BonhageHirschSchneideretal., author = {Bonhage, Alexander and Hirsch, Florian and Schneider, Anna and Raab, Alexandra and Raab, Thomas}, title = {Aged biochar enriched substrate increases SOM stocks of forest soils in the North German Lowland}, series = {Abstract-Band, Jahrestagung der Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft der Schweizund der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen GesellschaftBern, 24.-29. August 2019}, journal = {Abstract-Band, Jahrestagung der Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft der Schweizund der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen GesellschaftBern, 24.-29. August 2019}, pages = {S. 502}, abstract = {Recentfindings of more than 4000 relict charcoal hearths (RCH) in the forest district Tauer (Brandenburg, Germany) raise the question to what extent soil properties are controlled by a legacy effect of historical charcoal burning. RCH sites are characterized bya substantial admixture of charcoal fragments of varying particle sizes constituting an anthropogenic addition of carbon to the natural forest soil. Ages of about 250 years proven by dendrochronological dating of larger charcoal pieces on RCHs allow for assessing long-term effects of biochar application on forest soils. In this study, we measured the geometry and SOM content of 20 RCH sites in a selected part of the forest district. The results are the basis for a projection of RCH SOM stocks on a 40 ha forest plot with 120 RCH sites. In the range of statistical uncertainties it is shown that RCHs add between 13 \% and 32 \% of SOM to the SOM stock of the natural forest soil in the studied plot. These substantial amounts of SOM are so far not recognized by any soil survey or forest soil inventories of SOM and SOC stocks. In light of an increasing amount of studies that detect RCH sites in forests of Europe and the USA in the range of tens-and even hundreds of thousands, the question has to be asked how to address this legacy effect in ongoing scientific discussions about soil carbon stocks, carbon sequestration and the long-term effects of biochar application into soils.}, language = {de} } @misc{BonhageHirschSchneideretal., author = {Bonhage, Alexander and Hirsch, Florian and Schneider, Anna and Raab, Alexandra and Raab, Thomas and Donovan, Sally}, title = {Long term anthropogenic enrichment of soil organic matter stocks in forest soils - detecting a legacy of historical charcoal production}, series = {Forest Ecology and Management}, volume = {459}, journal = {Forest Ecology and Management}, issn = {0378-1127}, doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117814}, pages = {11}, abstract = {Recent findings of several thousand relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) in the Tauer Forest (Brandenburg, Germany) raise questions about the legacy effects of historical charcoal production on soil properties. RCH sites are characterized by the admixture of charcoal fragments to the natural forest soil, constituting an anthropogenic addition of carbon. Dendrochronological dating of large charcoal pieces has identified RCH ages ranging from 1709 AD to 1823 AD for a subarea in the Tauer Forest, which allows for assessing century old effects of charcoal application on forest soils. We measured the geometry and soil organic matter (SOM) content of 20 RCH sites in a selected part of the forest. The results provide a basis for estimating RCH SOM stocks on a 40-ha forest plot with 120 RCH sites. We also assessed the accuracy of RCH mapping based on digital elevation models (DEMs) with results from a ground survey. Over 50 \% of sites were not detected by the DEM-based mapping. In the range of statistical uncertainties, RCHs add between 18 \% and 32 \% of SOM to the stock of the natural forest soil in the study area. This equals an additional 4.9 - 8.9 Mg of carbon per hectare of forest soil. These substantial amounts of SOM are so far not recognized by any survey or forest soil SOM inventories. Considering recent studies, which uncovered tens- and hundreds- of thousands of RCHs throughout Europe and the USA, we conclude that further knowledge of RCH SOM is important for quantifying anthropogenic SOM stocks on a global scale.}, language = {en} } @misc{BonhageHirschRaabetal., author = {Bonhage, Alexander and Hirsch, Florian and Raab, Thomas and Schneider, Anna and Raab, Alexandra and Ouimet, William}, title = {Characteristics of small anthropogenic landforms resulting from historical charcoal production in western Connecticut, USA}, series = {Catena}, volume = {195}, journal = {Catena}, issn = {0341-8162}, doi = {10.1016/j.catena.2020.104896}, pages = {14}, language = {en} } @misc{SchneiderHirschBonhageetal., author = {Schneider, Anna and Hirsch, Florian and Bonhage, Alexander and Raab, Alexandra and Raab, Thomas}, title = {The soil moisture regime of charcoal-enriched land use legacy sites}, series = {Geoderma}, volume = {366}, journal = {Geoderma}, issn = {0016-7061}, doi = {10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114241}, pages = {15}, language = {en} } @misc{SchneiderBonhageRaabetal., author = {Schneider, Anna and Bonhage, Alexander and Raab, Alexandra and Hirsch, Florian and Raab, Thomas}, title = {Large-scale mapping of anthropogenic relief features—legacies of past forest use in two historical charcoal production areas in Germany}, series = {Geoarchaeology}, volume = {35}, journal = {Geoarchaeology}, number = {4}, issn = {1520-6548}, doi = {10.1002/gea.21782}, pages = {545 -- 561}, language = {en} } @misc{HirschSchneiderBonhageetal., author = {Hirsch, Florian and Schneider, Anna and Bonhage, Alexander and Raab, Alexandra and Drohan, Patrick J. and Raab, Thomas}, title = {An initiative for a morphologic-genetic catalog of relict charcoal hearths from Central Europe}, series = {Geoarchaeology}, volume = {35}, journal = {Geoarchaeology}, number = {6}, issn = {1520-6548}, doi = {10.1002/gea.21799}, pages = {974 -- 983}, language = {en} } @misc{BonhageHirschRaabetal., author = {Bonhage, Alexander and Hirsch, Florian and Raab, Thomas and Schneider, Anna and Raab, Alexandra and Ouimet, William}, title = {Stratigraphy and shape of relict charcoal hearths in Connecticut, USA}, series = {Anthropogenetische Geomorphologie - Geomorophologie im Anthropoz{\"a}n : Virtuelle Jahrestagung des Arbeitskreises f{\"u}r Geomorphologie 2020, 28./29. September 2020, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, journal = {Anthropogenetische Geomorphologie - Geomorophologie im Anthropoz{\"a}n : Virtuelle Jahrestagung des Arbeitskreises f{\"u}r Geomorphologie 2020, 28./29. September 2020, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg}, address = {Cottbus}, issn = {2196-4122}, doi = {10.26127/BTUOpen-5363}, pages = {29}, language = {en} } @misc{RaabRaabHirschetal., author = {Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Hirsch, Florian and Bonhage, Alexander and Schneider, Anna}, title = {Fingerprints from past charcoal burning - lessons learned and future perspective studying Relict Charcoal Hearths (RCH)}, series = {EGU General Assembly 2020, Online | 4-8 May 2020}, journal = {EGU General Assembly 2020, Online | 4-8 May 2020}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-2949}, language = {en} } @misc{SchneiderHirschBonhageetal., author = {Schneider, Anna and Hirsch, Florian and Bonhage, Alexander and Raab, Alexandra and Raab, Thomas}, title = {The temperature and moisture regime of charcoal-enriched land use legacy soils}, series = {EGU General Assembly 2020}, journal = {EGU General Assembly 2020}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-2339}, language = {en} } @misc{SchneiderHirschRaabetal., author = {Schneider, Anna and Hirsch, Florian and Raab, Alexandra and Bonhage, Alexander and Raab, Thomas}, title = {Relikte historischer Kohlenmeier ini der Oberpfalz - Verbreitung und Erhaltung in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit vom Naturraum}, series = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Arch{\"a}ologie in der Oberpfalz und in Regensburg}, journal = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Arch{\"a}ologie in der Oberpfalz und in Regensburg}, number = {13}, issn = {1617-4461}, pages = {531 -- 546}, language = {de} } @book{HirschRaabRaab, author = {Hirsch, Florian and Raab, Alexandra and Raab, Thomas}, title = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Landnutzungsgeschichte in der Niederlausitz und im Erzgebirge}, publisher = {Brandenburg University of Technology}, address = {Cottbus ; Senftenberg}, issn = {2196-4122}, doi = {10.26127/BTUOpen-5388}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-53887}, pages = {101}, abstract = {In diesem Band sind verschiedene Beitr{\"a}ge zur Landnutzungsgeschichte in der Niederlausitz und im Erzgebirge zusammengefasst. Die ersten vier Beitr{\"a}ge befassen sich mit historischen Ackerfluren und W{\"o}lb{\"a}ckern in der Niederlausitz. Arch{\"a}ologische Untersuchungen, in Kontext gestellt mit archivalischen Quellen und historischen Karten, geben gemeinsam mit dem Einsatz naturwissenschaftlicher Methoden und Visualisierungen hochaufl{\"o}sender LiDAR-Daten neue Einblicke in die ehemalige Landnutzung. Der f{\"u}nfte Beitrag aus dem Erzgebirge beschreibt die Nutzung von ehemaligen Meilerpl{\"a}tzen als Quellengattung der Montanarch{\"a}ologie.}, language = {de} } @misc{BonhageEltaherRaabetal., author = {Bonhage, Alexander and Eltaher, Mahmoud and Raab, Thomas and Breuß, Michael and Raab, Alexandra and Schneider, Anna}, title = {A modified Mask region-based convolutional neural network approach for the automated detection of archaeological sites on high-resolution light detection and ranging-derived digital elevation models in the North German Lowland}, series = {Archaeological Prospection}, volume = {28}, journal = {Archaeological Prospection}, number = {2}, issn = {1099-0763}, doi = {10.1002/arp.1806}, pages = {177 -- 186}, language = {en} } @misc{SchneiderBonhageHirschetal., author = {Schneider, Anna and Bonhage, Alexander and Hirsch, Florian and Raab, Alexandra and Raab, Thomas}, title = {Accumulation patterns of soil organic matter in forests as a legacy of historical charcoal burning}, series = {EGU General Assembly 2021}, journal = {EGU General Assembly 2021}, doi = {10.5194/egusphere-egu21-5161}, language = {en} } @misc{SchneiderBonhageHirschetal., author = {Schneider, Anna and Bonhage, Alexander and Hirsch, Florian and Raab, Alexandra and Raab, Thomas}, title = {Hot spots and hot zones of soil organic matter in forests as a legacy of historical charcoal production}, series = {Forest Ecology and Management}, volume = {504}, journal = {Forest Ecology and Management}, issn = {1872-7042}, doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119846}, abstract = {Human land use often leads to distinct modifications of soils within small, clearly delimited areas. Legacy effects of past land use are also abundant in recent forest areas, but are hardly considered in ecosystem assessment and soil mapping. The soils on relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) are a widespread example for such land use legacy soils in forests. Soils on RCHs differ clearly from surrounding forest soils in their stratigraphy and properties, and are most prominently characterized by a technogenic substrate layer with high contents of charcoal and thus soil organic matter (SOM). Although RCH soils can clearly contribute to the SOM stocks of forest soils, their relevance on the landscape scale has hardly been quantified. In this paper we analyze and discuss the distribution and effects of RCH soils across scales for forests in the state of Brandenburg, Germany, with a focus on SOM stocks. Our analysis is based on a large-scale mapping of RCHs from digital elevation models (DEMs), combined with a linear regression model of SOM stocks in RCH soils. The spatial distribution of RCH soils in the study region has a scale dependent heterogeneity. The large-scale variation in site densities is related to the concentration of charcoal production to specific forest areas while the small-scale variation is related to the irregular distribution of single RCHs within the charcoal production fields. Up to 1.5 \% of the surface are covered by RCH soils in the forest areas within the study region. The results also show that RCHs can significantly contribute to the SOM stocks of forests, even where they cover only a small fraction of the soil surface, with up to 18 \% additional SOM for forest areas. Because of the heterogeneous distribution of RCHs, the SOM stock additions depend on the scale of observation. Our results suggest that RCH SOM additions can be overestimated when sites in small areas (< 1 km²) are analyzed; and that characteristic spatial concentration patterns of RCHs are even observable when values are aggregated to large areas (25 km² and more). Aggregating effects to irregularly-sized forest administrative units resulted in maps that well represent the spatial distribution of RCH soils and SOM. The study highlights that considering land use legacy effects can be relevant for the results of soil mapping and inventories; and that prospecting and mapping land use legacies from DEMs can contribute to improving such approaches.}, language = {en} } @book{RaabRaabBonhageetal., author = {Raab, Alexandra and Raab, Thomas and Bonhage, Alexander and Schneider, Anna and Hirsch, Florian and Aghte, Markus and Pommerenke, Alf}, title = {Historische K{\"o}hlerei in S{\"u}dbrandenburg - Begleitband zum K{\"o}hlerpfad Waldschule Kleinsee}, editor = {Raab, Thomas}, publisher = {Brandenburgische Technische Universit{\"a}t Cottbus - Senftenberg, Fachgebiet Geopedologie und Landschaftsentwicklung}, address = {Cottbus}, issn = {2196-4122}, doi = {10.26127/BTUOpen-5488}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-54883}, pages = {68}, language = {de} } @misc{UchinoRaabBonhageetal., author = {Uchino, Kazuki and Raab, Alexandra and Bonhage, Alexander and Schneider, Anna and Raab, Thomas and Wechler, Klaus-Peter and Bauriegel, Albrecht}, title = {Spatial heterogeneity of buried and recent soils in a drift sand area in North-Eastern Germany}, series = {EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23-27 May 2022}, journal = {EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23-27 May 2022}, doi = {10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2354}, abstract = {In the North European Lowland, on the sandy deposits of the Weichselian glaciation, soils developed during periods of landscape stability are often conserved under windblown sand. However, small-scale changes of sediments and other soil forming factors can result in high spatial variation of soil properties in these landscapes; and relocation of soil material by geomorphic processes further increases the spatial heterogeneity of the soil landscape. These spatial variations in soil properties and conservation need to be considered in order to correctly decipher and interpret the buried soils as records of past environmental conditions. In the forefield of the open-cast mine Cottbus-Nord, archaeological excavations in a dune and drift sand area revealed widespread buried soils of different characteristics. The densely spaced excavation trenches give exceptionally good insights into the pedosphere, allow for reconstructing the distribution of fossil and recent soils in a high spatial resolution, and offer good opportunities to improve the understanding of spatial and temporal patterns of soil formation. Remains of postpleistocene hunter-gatherer campsites were documented in archaeological excavations and found to be associated with a buried soil horizon. We recorded the stratigraphy of soil profiles along more than 15 trenches within an area of about 20 ha, and additionally described the position of buried soils from GPR surveys and microdrone photogrammetry. In a recently opened, 455 m long trench, all characteristic soils and sediments of the study region could be observed and stratigraphically connected. Within this trench, four profiles were identified for further research. Each profile was classified and described according to WRB and German Guidelines for Soil Mapping; and was sampled and investigated through laboratory analyses including determination of organic matter, total carbon and nitrogen contents, soil colour identification, texture analysis, magnetic susceptibility measurement, metal content analysis using X-ray fluorescence analyzer and pH measurement. The compaction and cementation of soil horizons was assessed in situ with a pocket penetrometer. Results show a small-scale mosaic of soils developed on fluvio-aeolian, limnic and aeolian sediments, high spatial variations in pedogenesis due to varying groundwater influence and intensity of horizontal and vertical leachate transport, and high variations in the erosion or conservation of fossil soils. The soil and sediment stratigraphy reflects several phases of landscape development: i) the formation of a Late Pleistocene soil on fluvio-aeolian deposits, ii) a fossilization by aeolian sands, iii) a stability phase with intensive podsolization and peat formation, and iv) a land use-induced aeolian remobilization of the sands.}, language = {en} } @misc{RaabKimBonhageetal., author = {Raab, Alexandra and Kim, Minhye and Bonhage, Alexander and Schneider, Anna and Raab, Thomas and Bauriegel, Albrecht}, title = {Initial processes of soil formation on Relict Charcoal Hearths (RCHs) in the Tauer Forest (Brandenburg, Germany)}, series = {EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23-27 May 2022}, journal = {EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23-27 May 2022}, doi = {10.5194/egusphere-egu22-3563}, abstract = {In the Tauer Forest, a woodland area north of the city of Peitz (Brandenburg, Germany), extensive charcoal burning was carried out from the mid-16th century to the mid-19th century resulting in numerous Relict Charcoal Hearths (RCHs). The most prominent feature of the soils on RCHs is the anthropogenically modified 20-30 cm thick RCH substrate that buries the former forest soil. The RCH substrate is a quite heterogenous mixture of mineral and organic compounds which were modified through heat during charring. It is characterized by its black color resulting from charcoal fragments (from fine dust to decimetre size pieces), lower bulk density, and higher porosity. After their use, the charcoal production sites were abandoned and soon became overgrown. Soil formation could commence in this anthropogenically modified RCH substrate. During recently conducted field work on RCHs in the Tauer Forest we detected features of initial podzolisation (bleaching of quartz grains) within this RCH substrate. To further investigate initial processes of soil formation (acidification, podzolisation, accumulation of soil organic matter) on RCHs, two different RCH sites were selected in the Tauer Forest: one RCH site in the forest district Tannenwald and one RCH site in the forest district Kleinsee. The Tannenwald site (RCH no. 29958) is situated in the western part of the Tauer Forest. It is an inland dune area with a coniferous forest (Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L.) plantation. The forest soils are Podzols and the soils on the RCHs are classified as Spolic Technosols. The dense undergrowth consists of mainly blueberry (Vaccinium L.). Dendrochronological ages (determination by K-U Heußner, DAI Berlin) of charcoal pieces proof, that the charcoal hearth was used after 1655. The Kleinsee site (RCH no. 29424) is situated in the eastern part of the Tauer Forest. The parent material is sand from glaciofluvial sediments of the Weichselian glaciation. The forest soils are Brunic Arenosols (Protospodic) and the soils on the RCHs are classified as Spolic Technosols (Arenic). The deciduous forest is dominated by sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.). The undergrowth is only scarce with some ferns (sporadic), blueberry (Vaccinium L.), some shoots of rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and some moss. There is no dendrochronological age available from the RCH, but RCHs nearby were dated from the 18th to the 19th centuries. At both sites, three soil monoliths were sampled on the RCH platform and three monoliths from the natural forest soil as reference soils. The soil monoliths were sampled continuously in 3 cm vertical spacings. Following lab analyses were carried out: pH (CaCl2), pH (H2O), total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), CECeff and total concentrations of selected elements. Analyses of pedogenic Fe are in progress. First results of these study will be presented and discussed.}, language = {en} } @misc{AlJobayerBlossPorschetal., author = {Al Jobayer, Md Adif and Bloß, Katharina and Porsch, Christopher and Maaten, Ernst van der and Maaten-Theunissen, Marieke van der and Bonhage, Alexander and Raab, Alexandra and Schneider, Anna and Raab, Thomas}, title = {Drought sensitivity of Pinus sylvestris L. on century old charcoal rich Technosols in the North-German Lowland}, series = {EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23-27 May 2022}, journal = {EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23-27 May 2022}, doi = {10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7978}, abstract = {Soils on relict charcoal hearths (RCHs), i.e. aged charcoal rich Technosols, feature documented legacy effects regarding their physical and chemical soil properties. These forest soils result from the pre-/early-industrial production of charcoal in upright standing hearths. Today, RCHs are found in forested areas as circular microrelief structures with average diameters of about 10 meters that contain technogenic soil horizons of about 20 cm thickness. RCH soils are most distinctly characterized by their large content of pyrogenic soil organic matter and consequently increased total carbon contents. The resulting changes in the soils' cation exchange capacity, soil acidity, total nitrogen contents and total element stocks are often significant. Furthermore, changes in soil physical properties like a lower bulk density and a higher porosity result in changed soil-water- and temperature regimes. Combined, these effects potentially result in unique soil microhabitats that are restricted to relatively small, clearly defined areas in many forest ecosystems. Recent studies on RCH soils increasingly focus on potential changes in microbiological and vegetational composition and abundances and report diverse effects. Here, we study the effects of century old charcoal rich Technosols on the drought sensitivity of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) on three RCH sites located in Lower Lusatia, Saxony (Germany). Through dendrochronologial analysis of increment cores and historical climate data, we study climate-growth relationships for trees on RCH soils and reference forest soils for two periods (AD 1963-1992 \& AD 1990-2019). Furthermore, we determine pointer years and components of resilience to quantify the trees' reaction to extreme weather conditions. This analysis was accompanied by soil sampling and analysis on the RCH sites and adjacent reference forest soils. Here, we present preliminary results and discuss them in the context of findings from other studies on RCH soils.}, language = {en} } @misc{RaabBonhageVerschoofvanderVaartetal., author = {Raab, Thomas and Bonhage, Alexander and Verschoof-van der Vaart, Wouter and Malik, Ireneusz and Raab, Alexandra and Schneider, Anna and Chauhan, Jai Singh and Thekkethala, Jeenus Joby}, title = {Soils on mining relicts in Upper Silesia, Poland - first results from the Mala Panew River catchment and the UNESCO heritage site Tarnowskie G{\´o}ry}, series = {EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23-27 May 2022}, journal = {EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23-27 May 2022}, doi = {10.5194/egusphere-egu22-969}, abstract = {The mining region of Upper Silesia has a long tradition with international significance. In 2017, the historic silver mine in Tarnowsky Gory was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. With the mining of galena (PbS), the region developed into one of the most important industrial centers in Central Europe in the 16th century. In addition to the underground galleries, the historical mining has left thousands of mining shafts as small relief forms, which have not been systematically investigated so far. Partly the mining shafts are associated with Relict Charcoal Hearths (RCH), another small form which is a result of charcoal production. In the Mala Panew River valley, north of Tarnowsky Gory, several tens of thousands of these RCH are found, which could be mapped by LiDAR in recent years. More detailed pedological investigations, which would allow a systematic comparison with other known RCH sites, are missing so far. Within the framework of a Polish-German cooperation project, we started in 2021 to investigate the mining shafts and the RCH in Tarnowsky Gory and in the Mala Panew River valley from a pedological-sedimentological point of view. At the RCH sites on the Mala Panew River, we focused on the following questions: How was the soil stratigraphy changed by the RCH construction? What are main processes of soil development before and after RCH construction? What was the role of the pits surrounding the RCH? How do the sites differ from the RCHs at Tarnowsky Gory especially with respect to soil properties and soil genesis? In Tarnowsky Gory, where a RCH was excavated directly next to a mining shaft, the following questions were in focus: How did the mining activity change soil distribution and soil properties? What are main processes of soil development on the different parts? What is the origin of the pit infill? What is the origin of the shaft rim deposits? Our work program included the construction of excavator trenches across the mining remains, construction, description and sampling of soil profiles along the trenches, schematic drawing of the soil stratigraphy, and laboratory analyses for the determination of texture, Munsell color, pH (CaCl2, H20), CaCO3 content, Ctotal \& Ntotal and total elements by FPXRF. We present the first results of the ongoing investigations.}, language = {en} } @misc{BonhageRaabRaabetal., author = {Bonhage, Alexander and Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Schneider, Anna and Ramezany, Shaghayegh and Ouimet, William}, title = {Pyrogenic carbon in temperate forests - long-lasting impact of historical charcoal production on soils and ecosystems}, series = {EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23-27 May 2022}, journal = {EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23-27 May 2022}, doi = {10.5194/egusphere-egu22-8312}, abstract = {Pre- and early industrial charcoal production has left a striking legacy effect on today's soil landscapes in many forests of Central Europe and the North Eastern USA. Charcoaling in upright standing hearths (also called kilns) resulted in distinct circular micro relief structures, easily identifiable today in the field and on high resolution LiDAR-based digital elevation maps. Soils on these sites are characterized by one or multiple layers of decimetre thick charcoal rich substrate, which makes them Spolic Technosols according to the WRB soil classification. The focus of research on these sites increasingly deals with the difference of their soil physical and chemical properties in relation to unaffected forest soils and the potential implications for changes in vegetation and faunal growth. The controlling factor thereby is the soils large content of charcoal in various particle sizes, ranging from fine dust to large chunks. Studies have repeatedly shown the soils significant increase in total organic- and pyrogenic carbon content. The increase in total carbon stocks is thereby not only caused by pyrogenic carbon, but also by an apparently increased accumulation of non-pyrogenic organic matter. Here we present the latest findings regarding the carbon contents of centennially old charcoal rich technogenic substrates, sampled as part of multiple research projects in Brandenburg, Germany and the Litchfield hills in North-western Connecticut, USA. A focus will be the determination of highly aromatic carbon by the molecular marker Benzene-polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) and its prediction by FTIR-MIR chemometric methods. We discuss the results on forest soil carbon stocks on a site specific to a landscape and regional scale. Furthermore, the potential to use these sites to study the long term effects of charcoal admixture to soils by wildfires or biochar application will be discussed.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchneiderBonhageRaabetal., author = {Schneider, Anna and Bonhage, Alexander and Raab, Alexandra and Raab, Thomas}, title = {Spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture in land-use legacy forest soils in Brandenburg, Germany}, series = {EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23-27 May 2022}, journal = {EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23-27 May 2022}, doi = {10.5194/egusphere-egu22-2182}, abstract = {Soil physical properties can show high heterogeneity in forest soils, implying a high spatial variability of soil moisture and plant water availability. Legacy effects of past land use, resulting in a small-scale mosaic of anthropogenically modified and unmodified soils in forest areas, further increase this spatial heterogeneity. The soils associated with relict charcoal hearths (RCH), most prominently characterized by a technogenic layer rich in charcoal fragments, are a widespread example for such land use legacy soils in forest areas. The objective of our study was to characterize the soil moisture regime of forest soils and RCH soils on sandy substrates in the northeastern German lowlands; and in particular to assess the long-term effect of the prolonged summer drought period in 2018 on spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture. We monitored matric potentials, soil water contents and soil temperature from June 2018 in forest soils in the Tauersche Forst (Brandenburg, Germany). Three soil profiles (one reference forest soil profile and two characteristic RCH soil profiles) were instrumented, sampled for laboratory analyses of bulk density, pore size distribution, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and persistence of water repellency; and root density distribution in the profiles was recorded. The soils in all profiles show low porosity and plant available water contents. On RCH soils, overall porosity is clearly higher compared with the reference soils, mainly related to larger volumes of coarse and fine pores. Soil moisture monitoring shows very high spatial and temporal variability of the recorded data after the prolonged dry period in 2018, with gradual rewetting over the winter periods and only short-term fluctuations of soil moisture in reaction to high-intensity precipitation events in the summer periods. The comparison of in-situ and laboratory-based water retention data shows strong hysteresis effects during the rewetting, with increasingly clear reactions of soil water contents to precipitation events over the years following the dry period, especially in the charcoal-rich substrates. The differences in soil moisture between the dry and the wetter periods were clearly higher in the RCH soils, which, compared with the reference soils, showed higher water contents under wet conditions and lower water contents under dry conditions. The results affirm that land use legacies can clearly increase the spatial and temporal variations of soil moisture in forest areas.}, language = {en} } @incollection{RaabHirschSchneideretal., author = {Raab, Thomas and Hirsch, Florian and Schneider, Anna and Raab, Alexandra}, title = {Geo{\"o}kologische Folgen historischer Landnutzung}, series = {Geoarch{\"a}ologie}, booktitle = {Geoarch{\"a}ologie}, editor = {Stolz, Christian and Miller, Christopher E.}, publisher = {Springer Spektrum}, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-62774-7_8}, pages = {71 -- 77}, abstract = {Seit dem Neolithikum wirkt sich die Nutzung der Landschaft auf unterschiedliche Weise auf Relief, B{\"o}den, Gew{\"a}sser, Flora, Fauna und Klima aus. Insbesondere die Folgen land- und forstwirtschaftlicher Wirtschaftsweisen waren daf{\"u}r ausschlaggebend. Grunds{\"a}tzlich reagieren {\"O}kosysteme auf anthropogene Eingriffe, wie die Umwandlung von Wald in andere Nutzungsformen, mit einer schrittweisen Degradation sowie reversiblen oder irreversiblen Ver{\"a}nderungen. Beispiele sind Bodenerosion und eine ver{\"a}nderte Artenzusammensetzung. Die Absch{\"a}tzung des Ausmaßes im globalen Maßstab gestaltet sich generell schwierig. F{\"u}r die Geoarch{\"a}ologie bedeutsam sind daher haupts{\"a}chlich lokale Spuren fr{\"u}herer Bewirtschaftung und Formen im Kleinrelief, die sich im Gel{\"a}nde wiederfinden lassen und als Geoarchive fungieren. Denn sie geben Aufschluss {\"u}ber (pr{\"a}-)historische Bewirtschaftungsformen. So zeugen W{\"o}lb{\"a}cker, Hochbeete, Plaggenesche und die Relikte der historischen Teichwirtschaft, Moorkultivierung und K{\"o}hlerei von fr{\"u}heren Formen der Land- und Forstwirtschaft.}, language = {de} } @misc{RaabRaabBonhageetal., author = {Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Bonhage, Alexander and Schneider, Anna and Hirsch, Florian and Birkhofer, Klaus and Drohan, Patrick J. and Wilmking, Martin and Kreyling, J{\"u}rgen and Malik, Ireneusz and Wistuba, Małgorzata and Maaten, Ernst van der and Maaten-Theunissen, Marieke van der and Urich, Tim}, title = {Do small landforms have large effects? A review on the legacies of pre-industrial charcoal burning}, series = {Geomorphology}, volume = {413}, journal = {Geomorphology}, issn = {0169-555X}, doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108332}, pages = {16}, abstract = {Relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) are small, anthropogenic landforms resulting from past charcoal burning and reaching significant land coverage in pre-industrial mining areas. We review three coupled legacies linked by RCH development: (i) a landscape-scale geomorphic effect, (ii) a unique soil fingerprint, and (iii) an evolving novel ecosystem. The history and technique of charcoal production are described to clarify legacy effects. Applying a recently presented morpho-genetic catalogue is useful for classified mapping of RCH findings. The RCH numbers and calculated RCH densities per study region vary greatly and impose uncertainties due to insufficient methods causing over- or underestimations. Areas with high RCH densities between 50 and 500 RCH/km2 seem reasonable. Machine learning-based remote sensing techniques are promising approaches with which to better assess the full scale of charcoal burning legacies. RCH soil properties feature dark charcoal-rich technogenic substrate layers classified as Auh horizons according to the World Reference Base with significantly increased C contents. These Auh horizons can also exhibit specific physical and chemical properties, such as relatively low bulk density, high porosity, high plant available water content, low thermal conductivity and differences in cation exchange capacity or nutrient status. However, relevant studies are rare, and thus, the effects may differ by study region. Regarding vegetation, there seem to be four main effects: changes in forest structure, species composition, recruitment pattern and productivity. The number of studies on this issue is, however, also very limited. Even fewer studies have examined the soil fauna in RCHs; thus, the reported effects cannot be used to draw general conclusions. Notably, RCH research has made considerable progress in the last five years, especially in the Light Detection and Ranging-based mapping of these small landforms and identification of RCH-specific soil properties, but ecological legacies are not well understood; thus, more interdisciplinary and integrative studies are needed.}, language = {en} } @misc{BonhageRaabSchneideretal., author = {Bonhage, Alexander and Raab, Thomas and Schneider, Anna and Fischer, Thomas and Ramezany, Shaghayegh and Ouimet, William and Raab, Alexandra and Hirsch, Florian}, title = {Vertical SOC distribution and aromatic carbon in centuries old charcoal-rich Technosols}, series = {European Journal of Soil Science}, volume = {73}, journal = {European Journal of Soil Science}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1111/ejss.13293}, pages = {1 -- 16}, abstract = {Charcoal-rich Technosols on century-old relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) are the subject of ongoing research regarding potential legacy effects that result from historic charcoal production and subsequent charcoal amendments on forest soil properties and forest ecosystems today. RCHs consist mostly of Auh horizons that are substantially enriched in soil organic carbon (SOC), of which the largest part seems to be of pyrogenic origin (PyC). However, the reported range of SOC and PyC contents in RCH soil also suggests that they are enriched in nonpyrogenic SOC. RCH soils are discussed as potential benchmarks for the long-term influence of biochar amendment and the post-wildfire influences on soil properties. In this study, we utilised a large soil sample dataset (n = 1245) from 52 RCH sites in north-western Connecticut, USA, to quantify SOC contents by total element analysis. The contents of condensed highly aromatic carbon as a proxy for black carbon (BC) were predicted by using a modified benzene polycarboxylated acid (BPCA) marker method in combination with diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy-based partial least square regression (r2 = 0.89). A high vertical spatial sampling resolution allowed the identification of soil organic matter (SOM) enrichment and translocation processes. The results show an average 75\% and 1862\% increase in TOC and BPCA-derived carbon, respectively, for technogenic Auh horizons compared to reference soils. In addition to an increase in aromatic properties, increased carboxylic properties of the RCH SOC suggest self-humification effects of degrading charcoal and thereby the continuing formation of leachable aromatic carbon compounds, which could have effects on pedogenic processes in buried soils. Indeed, we show BPCA-derived carbon concentrations in intermediate technogenic Cu horizons and buried top/subsoils that suggest vertical translocation of highly aromatic carbon originating in RCH Auh horizons. Topmost Auh horizons showed a gradual decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) contents with increasing depth, suggesting accumulation of recent, non-pyrogenic SOM. Lower aliphatic absorptions in RCH soil spectra suggest different SOM turnover dynamics compared to reference soils. Furthermore, studied RCH soils featured additional TOC enrichment, which cannot be fully explained now.}, language = {en} } @misc{HirschRaabRaabetal., author = {Hirsch, Florian and Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Schneider, Anna and Bonhage, Alexander and Schneider, Marcus and Bauriegel, Albrecht}, title = {Quaternary and geoarcheology in Lower Lusatia}, series = {DEUQUA Special Publications}, volume = {4}, journal = {DEUQUA Special Publications}, issn = {2625-8137}, doi = {10.5194/deuquasp-4-59-2022}, pages = {59 -- 71}, abstract = {Open-cast lignite mines in Lower Lusatia provide unique insights into human-induced environmental changes in the Northern European Lowland and improve our understanding of Quaternary landscape dynamics. The excursion will focus on soils and sediments of Late Pleistocene and Holocene age that have been modified by land use since the Slavic Middle Ages. In the vicinity of the open-cast mine J{\"a}nschwalde and in the Tauer forest north of Cottbus characteristic remains of historical charcoal production, a ridge-and-furrow system and late Quaternary rubification in soils are presented.}, language = {en} } @incollection{HirschRaabSchneideretal., author = {Hirsch, Florian and Raab, Alexandra and Schneider, Marcus and Raab, Thomas and Schneider, Anna and Bonhage, Alexander}, title = {Landschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen am Eilenzfließ bei Taubendorf}, series = {Ausgrabungen im Niederlausitzer Braunkohlenrevier : 2015/2016}, booktitle = {Ausgrabungen im Niederlausitzer Braunkohlenrevier : 2015/2016}, editor = {Schopper, Franz}, publisher = {Brandenburgisches Landesamt f{\"u}r Denkmalpflege und Arch{\"a}ologisches Landesmuseum}, address = {W{\"u}nsdorf}, isbn = {978-3-910011-87-8}, pages = {199 -- 204}, language = {de} } @misc{SchneiderRaabRaabetal., author = {Schneider, Anna and Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Sekhri, Simran and Bonhage, Alexander}, title = {Spatial distribution patterns and soil properties of former field systems in Northeastern Bavaria, Germany}, series = {Jahrestagung der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, Einladung und Programm Halle (Saale), 2.-8. September 2023}, journal = {Jahrestagung der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, Einladung und Programm Halle (Saale), 2.-8. September 2023}, pages = {88}, abstract = {Former field systems (FFS) in sloped forest areas are often discernible by a characteristic morphology with flattened slope areas and intermediary ridges formed by tillage erosion and colluvial redeposition. Soils of such lynchet field systems feature modified stratigraphy and properties and constitute a memory of past land use. At the same time, the legacies of past agriculture affect recent forest ecosystems. High-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) allow to identify lynchets over large areas and open up new opportunities to study the FFS. Within our research on different land use legacy features in forest areas, we study FFS in Northeastern Bavaria (Germany) in a geopedological approach, combining large-scale mapping and spatial analysis with the description and analysis of soil properties for specific sites. Lynchet systems (and other remnants of pre-industrial FFS) in recent forests were mapped from LIDAR DEMs for an area of 2045 km2 (972 km2 forest area). The results show more than 100 km2 of FFS, mostly appearing as lynchet systems. Their spatial distribution patterns differ within the study area, mainly depending on parent material and landform. Soil stratigraphy and properties were studied for FFS and reference positions in six study sites, combining a characterization of principal soil profiles and an assessment of spatial soil property variations. The FFS soils are characterized by truncated profiles over most parts of the flattened slope areas and accumulation of colluvium upslope of lynchet risers. The depth of soil profile truncation and height of lynchet risers differ, mainly related to slope and erodibility of the initial soils. Stratigraphy of the lynchet soils indicates a gradually proceeding formation by tillage erosion. First results of soil property analyses show that carbon and nitrogen contents differ between FFS and reference soils and are more homogeneous within the FFS. Furthermore, physical properties of the FFS soils (bulk density, pore size distribution, hydraulic conductivity) are modified compared to unaffected forest soils through profile truncation and accumulation of colluvium. Overall, the results show that the legacy effects of past agriculture affect large fractions of recent forest areas, and can be of different quality depending on lithology of the soils' parent material and land use history.}, language = {en} } @misc{RaabDrohanRaabetal., author = {Raab, Thomas and Drohan, Patrick J. and Raab, Alexandra and Schneider, Anna and Bonhage, Alexander}, title = {A novel view in geopedology : how small landforms from past land use affect the pedosphere}, series = {Centennial Celebration and Congress of the International Union of Soil Sciences}, journal = {Centennial Celebration and Congress of the International Union of Soil Sciences}, publisher = {Florenz}, pages = {1}, abstract = {LiDAR-based high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) can now provide a centimetre-accurate image of the Earth's surface. Soil science is still in the early stages of realising how fundamentally this new technology will change our understanding of the formation, properties and functions of the pedosphere and in particular the uppermost part of it, which usually represents A horizons. With the help of high-resolution DEMs, it is possible to identify and classify small topographic features that were previously not considered in soil mapping. Therefore, precise landform analyses will be crucial in assessing variations in soil horizonation and soil stratigraphy and will provide the framework for a new perspective in Geopedology that truly integrates Geomorphology and Pedology from pedon to soil landscapes. In the digital domain, this geopedological approach is growing rapidly by using artificial intelligence (AI) to automatically identify small landforms and visualise the heterogeneity of diverse pedological information. We present the results of the study of different types of relict anthropogenic landforms (RALs) and highlight their characteristics and differences compared to natural, undisturbed soils. The origins of these relict features can vary greatly, as can their distribution, morphology and age. The analysis of high-resolution relief models in Europe and the USA shows that morphological features can be found, particularly in forest that were created in pre-industrial times. Settlement structures (e.g. stone walls, burial sites) or linear relief forms created by soil cultivation (e.g. field terraces, furrow systems) are common. Relict Charcoal Hearths (RCHs), which originate from historic charcoal burning, are usually small circular platforms surrounded by pits or ditches, but can still cover a considerable part of the area. A relatively complex geomorphology can be observed in historic mining areas, which may include different landform types such as mine shafts and spoil heaps, resulting in a very heterogeneous pedological mosaic. To summarise, all studies reveal a high variation of soil properties controlled by small relief structures. Pedology should take this more into account in the future and improve knowledge of the impact of RALs on the pedosphere and other components of ecosystems.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchneiderRaabRaabetal., author = {Schneider, Anna and Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Bonhage, Alexander}, title = {Legacies of past land use : mapping anthropogenic landforms in forest areas of eastern Bavaria, Germany}, series = {Geoarchaeology}, volume = {40 (2025)}, journal = {Geoarchaeology}, number = {1}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {0883-6353}, doi = {10.1002/gea.22032}, pages = {1 -- 18}, abstract = {Reconstructing (pre-)historic land use distribution is essential for understanding past human societies and their impacts on the environment. Various land use forms result in distinct alterations of surface morphology, which are often well preserved but rarely described within forest areas. The interpretation of LiDAR Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) can greatly enhance our insight into the geoarchaeological records of woodlands. This study examines the legacies of past land use in forested areas of Upper Palatinate, Germany, utilizing LiDAR DEMs to map anthropogenic relief features. We comprehensively mapped land use legacy landforms (LULLs) that occur with considerable frequency in the study area, that is, former agricultural field systems, road remnants, abandoned ponds, relict charcoal hearths, mining legacies, and indicators of anthropogenically induced soil erosion. Results reveal that 17\% of the forested area is affected by LULLs, with the largest areas covered by former field systems, roads, and ponds. Characteristic LULL associations reflect past agricultural and charcoal production landscapes. While erosion indicators often coincide with field systems and roads, natural factors mainly influence their distribution. Comparison with historical maps suggests pre-19th-century abandonment of most LULLs and good preservation of anthropogenic relief modifications. Our results underscore the enduring impact of past land use on present woodland ecosystems and emphasize the importance of considering forest areas in the analysis of past human-landscape interactions.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchneiderRaabRaabetal., author = {Schneider, Anna and Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Bonhage, Alexander}, title = {Anthropogene Kleinreliefformen als Relikte fr{\"u}herer Landnutzung - Großfl{\"a}chige Kartierung aus digitalen Gel{\"a}ndemodellen}, series = {Pangeo / DEUQUA 2024 Abstracts}, journal = {Pangeo / DEUQUA 2024 Abstracts}, pages = {159 -- 159}, abstract = {Die direkten Auswirkungen menschlicher Landnutzung auf B{\"o}den und Sedimente betreffen h{\"a}ufig nur wenige Dezimeter Tiefe unter der Erdoberfl{\"a}che, erstrecken sich horizontal aber sehr weitr{\"a}umig. Indirekte anthropogene Einfl{\"u}sse auf geomorphologische und hydrologische Prozesse als ein Merkmal des Anthropoz{\"a}ns ergeben sich als kumulative Auswirkungen solcher wenig intensiven, aber großfl{\"a}chigen Eingriffe. Viele Landnutzungsformen hinterlassen charakteristische anthropogene Reliefver{\"a}nderungen und Kleinreliefformen, die in hochaufl{\"o}senden digitalen Gel{\"a}ndemodellen (DEMs) abgebildet sind. Die Auswertung von DEMs erm{\"o}glicht es damit, anthropogene Kleinreliefformen {\"u}ber große Areale zu erkennen und so (pr{\"a}-)historische Landnutzung zu lokalisieren und hinsichtlich ihrer fl{\"a}chenhaften Verbreitung und Verteilungsmuster zu beschreiben. W{\"a}hrend sich die technischen M{\"o}glichkeiten zur DEM-Auswertung v.a. durch KI-gest{\"u}tzte Methoden rapide weiterentwickeln, bleiben vielfach Unsicherheiten hinsichtlich der zeitlichen Klassifizierung und Repr{\"a}sentativit{\"a}t der erfassten Formen. Wir pr{\"a}sentieren Ergebnisse aus mehreren Fallstudien, in denen anthropogene Kleinreliefformen aus DEMs großfl{\"a}chig kartiert und erg{\"a}nzt durch bodenkundliche und sedimentologische Untersuchung morphogenetisch interpretiert wurden. Diese Studien konzentrieren sich auf Relikte der Holzkohleproduktion, des Bergbaus und der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzung in Untersuchungsgebieten in Brandenburg, Nordbayern, Schlesien, Nordwestirland und dem Nordosten der USA. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen durchwegs eine große Verbreitung anthropogener Kleinreliefformen in rezenten Waldgebieten und damit einen erheblichen Einfluss fr{\"u}herer Landnutzung auf aktuelle Bodenlandschaften. W{\"a}hrend Relikte der historischen Holzkohleproduktion nur vereinzelt mit Bodenerosion in Verbindung stehen, zeigt sich f{\"u}r Kleinreliefformen aus Bergbau und Ackerbau h{\"a}ufiger ein Zusammenhang mit anthropogen beeinflusster Morphodynamik. Die Fallstudien zeigen auch Effekte der {\"U}berpr{\"a}gung und eine Tendenz zur Abbildung {\"u}berwiegend j{\"u}ngerer Landnutzungsrelikte in DEMs und unterstreichen damit, dass f{\"u}r ein Verst{\"a}ndnis von Mensch-Umwelt Interaktionen die DEM-gest{\"u}tzte Rekonstruktion der vergangenen Landnutzung mit Auswertung weiterer Geoarchive kombiniert werden muss.}, language = {de} } @misc{SchneiderRaabRaabetal., author = {Schneider, Anna and Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Sekhri, Simran and Bonhage, Alexander}, title = {Spatial distribution patterns and soil properties of lynchet systems in Northeastern Bavaria, Germany}, series = {EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 24-28 Apr 2023}, journal = {EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 24-28 Apr 2023}, doi = {10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6090}, pages = {2}, abstract = {Former field systems (FFS) in recent forest areas of Central and Northern Europe are often discernible by their characteristic morphology with slightly flattened slope areas and intermediary ridges formed by tillage and water erosion. Soils of such lynchet systems feature distinctly modified stratigraphy and properties and thereby constitute a memory of past land use. At the same time, the legacies of past agriculture affect recent forest ecosystems. High-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) allow to identify lynchets over large areas and open up new opportunities to study the spatial distribution patterns and soils of FFS. Within our research on different land use legacy features in forest areas, we study FFS in Northeastern Bavaria (Germany) in a geopedological approach, combining large-scale mapping and spatial analysis with the description and analysis of soil properties for specific sites. Lynchet areas (and other remnants of pre-industrial FFS) in recent forests were mapped from LIDAR DEMs for an area of 2045 km2 (972 km2 forest area). The mapping results show more than 100 km2 of abandoned field systems within the study area, mostly appearing as lynchet systems. Their spatial distribution patterns differ within the study area, mainly depending on parent material and landform. In the limestone region of the Franconian Jura, FFS occur spatially dispersed, often as considerably small, irregularly shaped parcels, presumably reflecting proceeding abandonment of less productive and accessible fields with intensification of agriculture. In contrast, FFS in the Bohemian Massif in the eastern part of our study area were often found in compounds of many regularly shaped parcels, frequently associated with deserted settlement areas. Soil stratigraphy and properties were studied for FFS and reference positions (forest areas with no indications of former agricultural use) in six study sites, combining detailed characterization of principal soil profiles and an assessment of spatial variations of soil properties in a near-surface sampling approach. First results show that FFS soils are characterized by truncated profiles over most parts of the treads and accumulation of colluvium confined to relatively small areas upslope of lynchet risers. The depth of soil profile truncation and height of lynchet risers differ, mainly related to slope and erodibility of the initial soils. Stratigraphy of the lynchet soils indicates a gradually proceeding formation. Carbon and nitrogen contents were found to differ between FFS and reference soils and to be more homogeneous within the FFS. Carbon contents were mainly lower in the FFS, while both lower and higher nitrogen contents were observed for FFS soils, presumably related to different duration and intensity of agricultural use. Overall, the results show that the legacy effects of past agriculture affect large fractions of recent forest areas, and can be of different quality depending on lithology of the soils' parent material and land use history.}, language = {en} } @misc{HirschSchneiderMaatenTheunissenetal., author = {Hirsch, Florian and Schneider, Anna and Maaten-Theunissen, Marieke van der and Maaten, Ernst van der and R{\"a}biger, Christin and Raab, Alexandra and Raab, Thomas}, title = {Soil properties and tree growth at medieval ridge and furrow sites in Brandenburg, northeastern Germany}, series = {Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science}, volume = {186}, journal = {Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science}, number = {4}, issn = {1436-8730}, doi = {10.1002/jpln.202200345}, pages = {417 -- 427}, abstract = {Background Ridge and furrow (RIFU) systems and associated soils are a widespread legacy of medieval agriculture, are archives of historical land use, and might affect recent ecosystems. Open questions about RIFU formation and potential legacy effects still exist, especially related to physical soil properties. Aims Our aims were (1) to characterize the soil properties of RIFU soils and (2) to compare the drought sensitivity and the growth resistance in extremely dry years of trees growing on ridges and furrows, respectively. Methods We studied soil physical (bulk density, saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, and texture) and chemical (soil pH, soil organic matter, and nitrogen content) properties and the climate sensitivity of tree growth on RIFU systems for three study sites in Prignitz, Germany. Results RIFU systems showed a high spatial heterogeneity of soil stratigraphy due to ridge construction and increased accumulation of soil moisture and organic matter in furrows due to post-abandonment pedogenesis. Slight spatial differences in soil physical properties were found, with increased air capacity in ridge soils and higher available water contents in furrow soils. No differences in drought sensitivity were observed for trees growing on ridges and furrows, except for a wet site, where trees in furrows showed a higher sensitivity. Resistance in dry years tended to be similar or increase from furrows to ridges. Conclusions The results reflect a spatial differentiation of stratigraphy and post-abandonment pedogenesis on abandoned RIFU systems and suggest an adaption to different moisture conditions through RIFU construction. Differences in drought sensitivity of tree growth with relative land surface could only be detected for one of the three sites, where trees were found to be less drought sensitive on ridges.}, language = {en} } @misc{BonhageRaabSchneideretal., author = {Bonhage, Alexander and Raab, Thomas and Schneider, Anna and Raab, Alexandra and Ouimet, William and V{\"o}lkel, J{\"o}rg and Ramezany, Shaghayegh}, title = {From site to state - Quantifying multi-scale legacy effects of historic landforms from charcoal production on soils in Connecticut, USA}, series = {Catena}, volume = {232}, journal = {Catena}, issn = {0341-8162}, doi = {10.1016/j.catena.2023.107426}, language = {en} } @misc{MalikBohrWistubaetal., author = {Malik, Ireneusz and Bohr, Marcin and Wistuba, Małgorzata and Raab, Thomas and Bonhage, Alexander and Verschoof-van der Vaart, Wouter and Raab, Alexandra and Woskowicz-Ślęzak, Beata}, title = {Multi-Period Ore Exploitation in Upper Silesia, Central Europe}, series = {Journal of Field Archaeology}, volume = {48}, journal = {Journal of Field Archaeology}, number = {5}, issn = {0093-4690}, doi = {10.1080/00934690.2023.2200583}, pages = {366 -- 379}, language = {en} } @misc{RaabBonhageSchneideretal., author = {Raab, Thomas and Bonhage, Alexander and Schneider, Anna and Raab, Alexandra and Verschoof-van der Vaart, Wouter and Malik, Ireneusz and Chauhan, Jai Singh and Thekkethala, Jeenus Joby}, title = {Soil distribution and properties on mining relicts in Upper Silesia, Poland - first results from the Mala Panew River catchment and the UNESCO heritage site Tarnowskie G{\´o}ry}, series = {Jahrestagung der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, Einladung und Programm Halle (Saale), 2.-8. September 2023}, journal = {Jahrestagung der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, Einladung und Programm Halle (Saale), 2.-8. September 2023}, language = {en} } @misc{RaabRaabBonhageetal., author = {Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Bonhage, Alexander and Schneider, Anna}, title = {Relict Charcoal Hearth (RCH) soils - properties and classification}, series = {Jahrestagung der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, Einladung und Programm Halle (Saale), 2.-8. September 2023}, journal = {Jahrestagung der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, Einladung und Programm Halle (Saale), 2.-8. September 2023}, pages = {88}, language = {en} } @misc{RaabRaabBonhageetal., author = {Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Bonhage, Alexander and Schneider, Anna and Drohan, Patrick J. and Wistuba, Małgorzata and Malik, Ireneusz and Verschoof-van der Vaart, Wouter}, title = {Small anthropogenic landforms from past land use - what have we (already) learned and what do we (still) want to know}, series = {DGGM Meeting 2023 Conference proceedings 04.-06.10.2023, RWTH Aachen}, journal = {DGGM Meeting 2023 Conference proceedings 04.-06.10.2023, RWTH Aachen}, pages = {S. 61}, language = {de} } @misc{RaabRaabBonhageetal., author = {Raab, Alexandra and Raab, Thomas and Bonhage, Alexander and Schneider, Anna and Verschoof-van der Vaart, Wouter and Bauriegel, Albrecht}, title = {Geomorphology of the Schwarze Elster Valley (Southwest Brandenburg, Germany) at the Bronze Age barrow cemetery Schweinert - Findings from the 2023 research campaign}, series = {DGGM Meeting 2023 Conference proceedings 04.-06.10.2023, RWTH Aachen}, journal = {DGGM Meeting 2023 Conference proceedings 04.-06.10.2023, RWTH Aachen}, pages = {S. 60}, language = {de} } @misc{BonhageRaabDrohanetal., author = {Bonhage, Alexander and Raab, Thomas and Drohan, Patrick and Schneider, Anna and Raab, Alexandra}, title = {An initial geopedological survey and description of historic raised beds in north-western Ireland}, series = {Geomorphology}, volume = {481}, journal = {Geomorphology}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {1872-695X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.109778}, pages = {1 -- 12}, abstract = {Raised Bed (RB) field structures in northwestern Ireland are historical relics of widespread agriculture before and during the Great Famine in the mid-19th century. Their primary purpose was to improve drainage on shallow, waterlogged soils for cultivation of crops. Today, the undulating surface morphology created by the ridges and furrows remains visible in many locations, raising questions about how many of these historic fields actually still exist, whether they are mappable, and if their soils have undergone persistent anthropogenic changes. In this study, we analyse three different RB sites located in varying topographical positions and on different parent materials. High-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) are created using UAV-based photogrammetry to analyse the surface morphology and model surface flow accumulation and wetness. Soils are analysed using trenches and surface samples taken from ridges and furrows. Our results indicate that satellite or aerial imagery alone is insufficient for reliably detecting RB sites, as the height difference between ridges and furrows is too subtle. Ridge spacing and furrow depth are best observed using high-resolution DEMs (<50 cm cell size). The modelled surface hydrology suggests that the drainage function of RB sites remains, with furrows retaining more moisture than ridges. This can have significant implications for microhabitat structures within RB fields, potentially influencing faunal species composition and abundance. Furthermore, we find significant differences in specific elemental concentrations between soils on ridges and soils on furrows, as well as differences in grain size distributions. These findings indicate a wide range of potential legacy effects present in RB fields that merit further investigation.}, language = {en} } @misc{BonhageRaabRaabetal., author = {Bonhage, Alexander and Raab, Thomas and Raab, Alexandra and Schneider, Anna and Malik, Ireneusz and Wistuba, Malgorzata and Verschoof-van der Vaart, Wouter}, title = {Land use legacy landforms at the UNESCO Heritage Site Tarnowskie G{\´o}ry, Upper Silesia, Poland : stratigraphy, soils and age}, series = {Geoarchaeology}, volume = {40}, journal = {Geoarchaeology}, number = {1}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1520-6548}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.22028}, pages = {1 -- 8}, abstract = {Metallurgy in Upper Silesia (Poland) has a long tradition of international significance, which was emphasized in 2017 when the historic silver mine in Tarnowskie G{\´o}ry was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site. The area consists of various anthropogenic landforms, the stratigraphy of which has hardly been studied so far. In this study, we describe five main morphological units: Unit I (RCH) and Unit II (RCH pit), resulting from charcoal production; Unit III (shaft) and Unit IV (shaft heap), resulting from mining; and Unit V (reference forest soil). The first four units are a variation of a Technosol with inherently different properties from the reference forest soil. Unit I exhibits typical properties of a relict charcoal hearth (RCH), whereas Unit II resembles a pit. Unit III consists of a mostly infilled mining shaft remain (MSR), characterized by relocated subsoil. Unit IV consists of material from the adjacent Unit III that has been dumped directly aside. The studied RCH was used no earlier than during the second half of the 17th century, probably between 1725 and 1813. The studied MSR was used most likely between the 3rd and 5th centuries, which is much older than described so far. Together, the units reflect the characteristic heterogeneity of soils in shaft mining and RCH areas.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchneiderTaklaRaabetal., author = {Schneider, Anna and Takla, Melanie and Raab, Alexandra and Raab, Thomas and Bonhage, Alexander and Hirsch, Florian and R{\"o}sler, Horst}, title = {Towards an inventory of historic charcoal production fields in Brandenburg, Germany}, series = {European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2015, Vienna, Austria, 13 April - 17 May 2015}, booktitle = {European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2015, Vienna, Austria, 13 April - 17 May 2015}, publisher = {European Geophysical Society}, address = {Katlenburg-Lindau}, language = {en} }