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Erich Fromm, the Mentor
(2021)
In the previous chapter, we examined numerous aspects of postwar American society that came into play in Riesman’s formulation of autonomy. Many factors carry weight when we consider what inspired him to write >The Lonely Crowd< and to offer his insightful analysis of conformity’s malaise. Among those who influenced Riesman intellectually, there can be little doubt that Erich Fromm played a major role. Although Riesman never accepted Fromm’s pessimistic view and radical approach to modernity in the West, we clearly see the impact of Fromm on Riesman’s ideas about social character, conformity, and especially autonomy. Thus, in order to better understand Riesman we must take a look at Fromm’s theories especially in some of his early books. Here we find several core ideas that heavily impacted Riesman’s theory of autonomy.
フロムとフランクル,両者には深い共通点がある.両者とも,人間の《実存的特質》から生まれる《生きる意味を欲する》という根源的欲求との関連で人間の抱える精神的病理を解明するという視点に立つ.共にこう主張する.生きる情熱は生きる意味を掴むことによって生まれ,生きる意味を感得することは他者と深い愛の関係性(愛し愛される)を結ぶこと,いいかえると深い《応答の絆》を結ぶことによってのみ可能になる,と.この両者の観点から,現代日本の若者の精神状況を振り返るなら,我々は深い憂慮を感じざるを得ない.昨今の「拡大自殺」と名づけられた病理,自殺念慮者の増加,我が子虐待,イジメ,等々は今日の精神的荒廃を語るキーワードである.だからこそ,フロムとフランクルは若者によって再発見されねばならないし,実は両者との出会いを若者は待っている.
Предмет исследования — рассмотрение нечеловеческого в человеке. Данная проблема имеет несколько аспектов. Во-первых, она связана с религиозной тематикой. В сакральной литературе человек рассматривается как греховное создание, впавшее в первородный грех. Во-вторых, тема нечеловеческого сопряжена с моральным аспектом. Здесь она трактуется как человеческая подверженность злу. В-третьих, нечеловеческое в человеке связано с постепенным разочарованием в нём как в божьей твари, получившим освещение в средневековой литературе. Это вызвало особый феномен, который Н.А. Бердяев назвал «умалением человека». Новый этап в раскрытии этой темы можно связать с психоаналитическими традициями. Психоанализ раскрывает феноменологию бессознательного, природу инстинктов, ведущих к агрессии и разрушительству. Фромм пишет специальную книгу «Анатомия человеческой деструктивности». Наконец, нечеловеческое становится сюжетом современной трансгуманистической философии. Речь идет о том, чтобы внедрить в человека нечто, позволяющее исправить человеческую природу, создать нового человека. Автор опирается на столь значимую методологию, как герменевтический и психоаналитический анализтекстов, позволяющий в данном случае раскрыть разные аспекты нечеловеческого. Новизна статьи в постановке самой темы, которая в отечественной литературе не была предметом самостоятельного анализа. Автор делает попытку проследить историко-философскую традицию, которая связана с этой проблемой. Накоплены многочисленные интуиции о том, какое место занимает в потомке Адама то, что не соответствует его изначальной природе. Однако данная тема не рассматривалась в целостном историко-философском ракурсе. Прослеживая осмысление этой проблемы от древности до на ших дней, мы видим, что она актуализирует самые неожиданные ходы исследовательской мысли. Особенно злободневно звучат в этой теме сюжеты духовности человека как особого рода сущего. Человеческое не может раскрыть себя, если оно не связано с нечеловеческим.
This bachelor thesis deals with conception of various human aspects according to Erich Fromm and Herbert Marcuse. These aspects are freedom, society and human. In introduction is shortly introduced the Frankfurt school, both authors were its members and this school form them. There is mentioned freedom and her economic, religious and anthropological development in culture. Below is here shown directly evolution of human. Fromm and Marcuse go from Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx. In one chapter Fromm shows us an evolution of human character and Marcuse analyses evolution of Ego, which has to fight with Id and Superego. Chapter about society more deal with capitalism and there authors go from aforementioned Karl Marx. Fromm presents his conception of mood to have and mood to be. Marcuse shows us a technical progress in industrial society. In conclusion will be compared theory of both philosophers and it will be examined their usability at the present time.
Sosyal Araştırmalar Enstitü’sü, eleştirel perspektifi daima göz önünde bulundurarak çalışmalarını yürüten, tarihsel süreç içerisinde birçok konu, olay ve sorun olarak gördükleri alanlarda çalışmalarda bulunan Almanya merkezli bir okuldur. Enstitü üyelerinin yayımlanan çalışmalarında tarih, sosyoloji, siyaset bilimi gibi başat alanlar göze çarpar niteliktedir. Psikanaliz konusundaki çalışmaları ise diğer alanlara göre oldukça sayılı fakat bir o kadar da incelenmeye değerdir. Bu çalışmada, Enstitü’ye katıldığı ilk dönemde kendisini NeoFreudcu olarak addeden Erich Fromm’dan yola çıkarak Enstitü üyelerinin psikanalizle ilgili çalışmaları incelenmiş ve üyelerin bu bilimsel alana olan olumlu-olumsuz görüşleri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, birçok alanda sosyal bilimler adına çok değerli çalışmalara imza atan bu kuramcıların psikanalize ve Freud’un kuramlarına bakış açılarını yansıtmak ve psikanalizi kendi çalışma larında nasıl kullandıklarını belirlemektir.
Tekstas skirtas postsekuliariai ir postfundamentaliai kitybės filosofijai. Siekiama rekonstruoti efektyvios kitybės filosofinę tradiciją ir pateikti jos teoriją. Homoseksualumas nagrinėjamas kaip efektyvus kitoniškumas. Analizuojamos dinamiškos religijos, atviros Kitam. Akcentuojamas judaizmas ir hebrajų Biblijos svetimo meilė. Apeliuojama į Bibliją, rabiniškąją literatūrą bei jų psichoanalitinę interpretaciją, pateiktą E. Frommo ir J. Kristevos. Biblijos ir Korano svetingumo idėją esą atnaujino J. Derrida, J. Kristeva, G. Pollockas ir G. H. Hartmanas. Pateikiama kultūros analizė ir žydų literatūros studijos sankirta, inspiruota E. van Alpheno, M. Balio, Ch. von Braun bei G. Pollock. Pabaigoje analizuojami vizualios kultūros, kuriai atstovauja Lenkijos ir Lietuvos menininkai, pavyzdžiai.
Individuality is the quality or character of a particular person that distinguishes them from others of the same kind. In other words, it is the mark which separates its existence from the rest of the group. According to Fromm, the process of individuality begins at infancy level when the child is separated from the mother. This then takes an emotional toll on the child as he suffers from loneliness and anxiety which stem from the prior separation. The child will henceforth acquire his individuality through the process of socialization which requires constant interaction with people in his life. For this paper, we have selected a novel, Faggots, authored by Larry Kramer, to be the main text for our research. This article argues that the characters in the text are conflicted with feelings of anxiety and loneliness as they embark on respective quest to eradicate the feeling of loneliness by looking for a potential life partner. However, these characters go through a series of promiscuous relationships by living an active sexual lifestyle on the ground that they are in search of the >right< one. Therefore, this paper will look into the sadistic and masochistic (sometimes both; otherwise known as sadomasochistic) tendency practiced by the characters in the novel in their quest to reclaim their lost individuality. This research draws in the concept of freedom, sadism, and masochism as proposed by Erich Fromm to further consolidate the findings.
In its broadest sense, hegemony is defined as a set of agreed ideologies practiced by prominent regimes and governments which influences people’s minds. One of the practices which can be observed in most societies is the exclusion and rejection of homosexuals of their fundamental rights as humans. As such, the issue will be magnified in this paper through a satirical play written by Larry Kramer, entitled >The Normal Heart<. Parallel with the dominant hegemony, the homosexual characters in the play are mistreated and isolated within their own society. To retaliate, these characters consider themselves as victims and intend to counter the situation by masochism. However, the attempt seems to backfire and reify the preexisting hegemony. As such, this paper explores >The Normal Heart< in light of Antonio Gramsci’s concept of hegemony as well as Erich Fromm’s masochism. To further specify, the paper examines the homosexual characters – their victimization and their fight against the dominant ideologies and how it all leads to their estrangement within the society.
This dissertation tries to prove that the so-called philosopher on the throne can be a better ruler not only than dictator but also than contemporary liberal democratic politician. Since the sixth century BC, when the human undertook a systematic and critical contemplation upon surrounding reality, she/he has begun to dream about political rulers to be guided in their doings by the imperative of reason. In principal, the higher level of spiritual culture characterized the rulers, the more likely their subjects were to live to a great age in relative peace. That is why for centuries it has been dreamed of a political system that is something like a kind of a sophocracy. The most complete picture of such a sovereign, which fulfilled dreams about a sage in the crown, was outlined by Plato in his State. In his point of view, as long as the lovers of wisdom will not have royal power in the states, or the rulers will not begin to love wisdom honestly, there is no help for states and for the human race. Nevertheless, over the centuries, authority was enforced mainly by physical strength and not by reason. It was not until the twentieth century that democracy brought freedom and equality of rights, thanks to which political power became more rational. Unfortunately, also contemporary liberal democracy is not free from fundamental contradictions that can bring about its collapse. The main contradiction is the increasingly smaller influence of citizens – who in the theory of democracy are the only legal sovereign – on political decision-making. This is accompanied by the enhancing influence of entities with no democratic legitimacy, e.g. global corporations that do not care about the common (public) good, but only about their own. These entities use the growing intellectual and ethical weakness of democratic politicians whose purpose is their own particular interest and not the happiness (good) of their citizens. This may indicate a slow system disintegration. For this reason liberal democracy needs politicians who are wise enough to realize this threat. Of all the people in the history of the world who led political communities, to the Platonic ideal in the highest degree (among others, like T. G. Masaryk and Á. Göncz) got closer the man who, paradoxically, never wanted to be a ruler. Václav Havel's thought is a critique of both Soviet post-totalitarianism and Western democracy. In his opinion both systems, though to a different degree, alienate a human trying to reduce her/him to the role of a machine's cog. Havel proposes that every citizen take individual and global responsibility for herself/himself and the whole world, because only in this way she/he can consciously exert real influence over political decisions. What is more, this is the only way to build a politics that aims – if possible – the happiness of every person. Havel realizes that in today's world this attitude is extremely impractical and very difficult to apply in everyday life. Nevertheless, he knows no better possibility.
私がここで試みるのは,フランクルとフロムとの対話を想像することである.実際には両者は対話を行っていない.しかし,両者は有意義な対話を生む十分な理由を持つ.二人は同時代のユダヤ人であり,反ナチスの勇敢な闘士であり,それぞれの仕方でフロイトの精神分析学から「実存的精神分析」を生みだそうとした思想家であった.二人は,人間が抱く根本的な欲求はリビドーではなく,自分の人生を有意義な人生として実現しようとする「意味への欲求」であると考えた.フランクルは言う.「人生が君に投げかける問いに一つ一つ真摯に応えようとする営為が君に人生の意味を発見させるだろう」と.フロムは言う.「責任感とは,《自分には応答する力がある,だから応答する,応答したい》という自発的意識にほかならない」と.そして,フロムは指摘した.生き生きした豊かな応答関係の再生,これこそ今日の精神的課題である,と.
Sağlık kavramının semantik kapsama alanı kuşkusuz sadece tıbbi terminolojinin telaffuz imkânlarıyla sınırlı değildir. Bu konu, aynı zamanda söz konusu terminolojinin sosyolojik-kültürel ve teknolojik veçhelerinin büyük ölçüde medyatik sunumuna da bağlıdır. Zira sağlıklı olma hali, hastalığın olmadığı bir durumdan ziyade fiziksel, zihinsel ve toplumsal olarak tam bir iyilik halini simgelemektedir. Bizatihi bu >toplumsal olarak< nitelemesi bile sağlığın geniş bir uzamla olan ilişkisini açığa vurmakta olup, toplumla ilgili olan her şeyi kapsamaktadır. Bu geniş çerçeve içine alınan konular bütünü, sağlıklı insan ve sağlıklı toplum betimlemesinin kurucu söylemlerinin inşa edildiği alanlardır. Optimum sağlıklı yaşamın değişmez koşullarından söz edilebilir mi? Sağlıklı yaşamın her dönem için geçerli olabilecek genelleştirilmiş bir tarifi yapılabilir mi? Sağlıklı bir toplumun temel belirleyenleri veya gösterenleri nelerdir? Medya içeriği ve retoriği sağlıklı toplum imgesine ne şekilde katkıda bulunmakta ya da bozmaktadır? Tıp teknolojisi ve bürokrasisi bizatihi sağlıklı toplum önünde bir engel midir? Ivan Illich'in >klinik iatrojenez< adını verdiği kavramın sağlıklı toplumun kuramsal ve teknik betimlenişi açısından ifade ettiği anlamlar nelerdir? Toplumsal organizmanın da hastalanabileceğini varsayan görüşler, hangi argüman veya gerekçelerden hareket etmektedir? Aynı argümanlar bizatihi tıp alanının kendisi için de söylenebilir mi? Bu ve benzeri soru ve sorgulamalar ışığında tasavvur edilmeye çalışılan >sağlıklı toplum< imgesine ilişkin doktrin ve tartışmaların genel bir yazınsal taramasını yapmak, bizlere konu hakkında bütüncül ve somut bir fikir verebilir. Bu çalışmada Erich Fromm’un Sağlıklı Toplum ve Ivan Illich'in Sağlığın Gaspı kitaplarının anahtar kavramları rehberliğinde, toplum sağlığıyla ilgili sorunların genel bir değerlendirmesi yapılarak, ana akım yazılı ve elektronik medyada bireysel sağlığa ve sağlıklı toplum imgesine ilişkin üretilen haber söylemi ve içeriklerinin >korku çekiciliği< kavramı ekseninde kritik bir okumasına odaklanılacaktır.
The paper is an attempt at shedding light on the issues related to the dystopian vision of postmodern society metonymically represented by Vado, an imaginary city, in the novel >Un incendio invisible< written by Sara Mesa. This abandoned urban space causes us to reflect on crucial topics in postmodern society, such as incorporation into unknown place, redefinition of the concept of parenthood, liquid and perverse love, social inequalities, abandoned elders, consumption, role of shopping malls and their significance, human alienation, all phenomena that we find in the novel. The city of Vado plays symbolic role in that piece, hence its devastation and ruin show a close connection with the consumer society and the actions of Homo consumericus. We base our analysis on the philosophical and sociological postulates of Gilles Lipovetsky, Zygmunt Bauman, Erich Fromm and anthropological one of Marc Augé, as well as on the proposal of how to read a novel by Javier del Prado Biezma in order to describe the nature of all these mentioned problems and expose the criticism of Homo consumericus concealed in the novel.
В статье предлагается исследование психологии религии Э. Фромма и отмечается ее актуальность для современного религиоведения. Признавая изначальную доброту человеческой природы, он подвергает критике возможность возврата к традиционному религиозному укладу. Обсуждаются сложные взаимоотношения между психоанализом и религией. Отмечается недостаточность позиций по этому вопросу З. Фрейда и К. Юнга. Анализируются различные функции религии, проблема врачевания души, ритуализм, символизм и идолопоклонство современного человека. Э. Фромм делает акцент на психологической субъективности, предлагая игнорировать онтологическую проблематику, что ограничивает возможности его подхода.
An attempt to understand the idea of >commons< in architecture requires analytical tools and a narrative which will refer to >common values<. Yet the era of Postmodernism taught us mainly the relativism of multitudes of values, standards and paradigms. It made us used to >it all depends< approach. Many popular methods of describing architecture are based on analysing it in a historical or cultural context. This paper, however, proposes a perspective that refers to human needs which have arguably been universal for all the people in all historical periods in all cultures. This perspective could be useful particularly while dealing with big contemporary issues of >commons< in architecture – togetherness, ecology, common places and agendas. This paper proposes a framework based on the school of >positive psychology< and in particular on the unappreciated father of the Frankfurt School and critical theory – Erich Fromm who worked all his life on his comprehensive >theory of needs<. This paper proposes translating the concepts of this theory into architectural analyses and narrative. If we are to understand the essence of >commons<, we need to refer to people’s common needs. These are the key concepts of Fromm’s model. This paper is structured around what Fromm described as three basic, common needs: freedom, creativity and love. The analysis of low-tech movement will serve as an example illustrating how the lens of Erich Fromm’s theory allows better understanding of this phenomenon. The objective of this paper is to propose a new definition and narrative of the low-tech movement which will be based on a psychological framework.
Low-tech is an important, but at the same time largely underestimated movement of contemporary architecture. The first part of this paper attempts to discuss the characteristics of this phenomenon in the context of the grand ideas of Modernism and demonstrate how important it is to define it. The existing definitions of low-tech presented in the second part of the article bear a significant downside as they only focus on the physical aspects of this movement, i.e. materials and methods of construction. The third part of the paper suggests an alternative definition which allows extending research to include a psychological perspective onto the movement and incorporates the motivation of the creators and users of low-tech architecture. Based on the case study of Paulina Wojciechowska’s work and the newly proposed definition combined with a model based on the psychological theory developed by Erich Fromm, the paper attempts to introduce a narrative that reveals more about low-tech than even the most detailed description of physical materials and methods of construction.
Humanistische Transformation. Bericht von der 3. Internationalen Erich-Fromm-Forschungskonferenz
(2023)
Com o objetivo de elucidar como o conceito de liberdade é desenvolvido na teoria do filósofo e psicanalista contemporâneo Erich Fromm, baseado sobretudo em sua obra intitulada O medo à liberdade, assim como na revisão bibliográfica desse autor e de seus comentadores, esta comunicação apresenta a teoria antropológica do filósofo, de modo a aprofundar-se na concepção frommiana de liberdade, marcada pela ambiguidade que gera um processo dialético de sua expansão e fuga. Os aspectos negativos da liberdade são caracterizados por um sentimento de impotência e solidão e pela fragilidade do ego do indivíduo, o que faz com que o inconsciente humano crie mecanismos de fuga à liberdade: o autoritarismo, a destrutividade e o conformismo de autômatos. Por outro lado, a liberdade é ontológica ao homem, e sua expansão é um processo de individualização e realização humana. Diante dessas contradições existenciais, Erich Fromm propõe que a expressão das potencialidades intelectuais, emocionais e sensoriais do indivíduo, juntamente com transformações econômicas, políticas e culturais na sociedade são a alternativa para a constituição do humanismo.
Kehidupan manusia dipenuhi dengan berbagai macam harapan dan tujuan, salah satu harapan dan tujuan tersebut yaitu pencapaian kebahagiaan. Dengan segala kelebihannya manusia dituntut untuk menciptakan kehidupan yang seimbang dan serasi di dunia ini, dengan bahagia yang menjadi tujuan utamanya, karena semua manusia mendambakan kebahagiaan dalam kehidupan dunia ini. Kebahagiaan seolah-olah menjadi harapan atau tujuan yang didambakan dalam kehidupan manusia pada umumnya. Artikel ini merupakan kajian komparasi tentang kebahagiaan antara pemikiran Al-Ghazali dari sudut pandang Islam dengan Pemikiran Eric Fromm dari sudut pandang Psikologi. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan studi pustaka (library research). Hasil dari kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa konsep kebahagiaan dalam pandangan Islam menurut Al-Ghazali ialah bahwa kebahagiaan akan didapatkan ketika mengenal diri sendiri serta mengenal Allah dan dalam pandangan psikologi menurut Erich Fromm adalah bahwa kebahagiaan akan didapatkan ketika kita tidak menggantungkan hidup pada orang lain maupun benda-benda, akan tetapi pada diri sendiri, dengan menjadi manusia yang aktif dan produktif.