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Bachelor thesis interprets Erich Frommโs view of man. A human being is determined by his nature. He has obtained and also inherited attributes. Everybody has his own character which is continuously formed by society which a human being lives in. Love is very important for a human. But it is hard to learn it, as we can see in present-day society and also in Frommโs society at that time. This thesis also deals with Frommโs differentiation of two modes of human being โ mode to have, mode to be. Next chapter deals with destructiveness, as the opposite of love. Human is a creature who likes killing and enjoys his aggression. The freedom is also the main conception of Frommโs thoughts. It causes a manยดs powerlessness and fear. When a human being doesnโt have freedom then he feels relief and inner order. The last chapter deals with the suggestion of new society and new man by Erich Fromm. All is based on the mode to be which means a productive life.
This article offers an involved account of the first International Conference on Critical and Radical Humanist Work and Organizational Psychology, held from the 11th to the 13th of July 2022 at the University of Innsbruck. The objective of this report is to provide some background information and to give an overview of the most important conference themes, topics, and activities, as well as to briefly introduce main contributors to the conference and to provide some basic information and exemplary references regarding their academic work. After some general remarks on the conference organization and participants, the text is structured according to the main program features, specifically, pre-conference workshops, opening and keynote speeches, presentation sessions and workshops, poster exhibition, panel discussion, and farewell address. Ways to get connected with and become actively involved in the emerging movement towards โcriticalizingโ work and organizational psychology are discussed.
E. Fromm nannte die Liebe die Antwort auf die spezifische Besonderheit der menschlichen Existenz, die er in dem Bewusstsein unserer existenziellen Abgetrenntheit von der Natur und vom anderen Menschen sah. Sie ist eine Grundbedingung fรผr eine erfรผllte Existenz. Insofern wird das Unvermรถgen diese Abgetrenntheit zu รผberwinden und aus seiner einsamen Unverbundenheit herauszukommen, als tiefe narzisstische Krรคnkung und fortgesetzte Beschรคmung beschrieben, die es in einer psychotherapeutischen Behandlung zu รผberwinden gilt. Dazu bedarf es der Liebe. Es werden historische Entwicklungen des Umgangs mit Liebesgefรผhlen in der analytischen Situation beschrieben bis hin zu aktuellen intersubjektiven Interpretationen. Es wird auch Bezug genommen auf spezifische erotische Ausformungen des รbertragungs- und Gegenรผbertragungserlebens und es werden entsprechende behandlungstechnische รberlegungen dargestellt. Dabei wird im Besonderen auf die unterschiedlich zu handhabenden รbertragungen und entsprechenden Bedรผrfnisse der Patienten eingegangen: Auf die Mobilisierung frรผher, รถdipaler Bedรผrfnisse ist anders therapeutisch einzugehen als auf die im Verlauf einer lรคngeren Therapie auftretenden postรถdipalen, adoleszenten Bedรผrfnisse. Es wird dargelegt, wie wichtig es in einer gemeinsamen Inszenierung ist, dass der Therapeut, unabhรคngig von den an ihn gerichteten Beziehungswรผnschen und vom gegenseitigen รbertragungsgeschehen, ganz seiner professionellen Rolle verpflichtet bleibt.
ๆๆๅฐ่ชชๅไพ่ขซ่ฆไฝ้ไฟๆๅญธ็็ฏ็๏ผ่ผๅฐๅๅฐๅญธ็็้ๆณจ๏ผๅ
ถๅฏฆๅจ่ฟไปฃ่ฅฟๆนๆๅญธไธญ๏ผๆๆๅฐ่ชชไฝๆ้่ฆ็ไฝ็ฝฎ๏ผๅจๅฐ็ฃ๏ผๆๆๅฐ่ชชไนๆๅฎ็ผๅฑ็ๆญทๅฒ๏ผไธฆๅ
ทๆ็นๆฎ็็คพๆๆๅๆๆถตใๆฌๆไปฅๅฐ็ฃ็ถฒ่ทฏไฝๅฎถไนๆๅ็ๆๆๅฐ่ชช็บๆข่จๅฐ่ฑก๏ผไป็ๅฐ่ชชๅธธๅบ็พ่่ฌฌ็่ฌๆฎบๅๆดๅ็ๅ ดๆฏ๏ผ่ไบบ็ฉๅพๅพๅ
ๆปฟ็
ๆ
ๆดๅ็็น่ณช๏ผๆญ็คบไบ็พไปฃ็คพๆ็ๅ็จฎ็ ดๅฃๆงไบบๆ ผ๏ผไธฆไปฅ่ก่
ฅ้กซๆ
็บๆก่ถฃใๆฌๆ่ฉฆๅๆข่จ้ไบ็ ดๅฃๆงไบบๆ ผ็ๅก้ ๏ผ้คไบๆๆฐๆณๅๅๅๆๅฎๅบๆฟ็ๆฅต้๏ผ่ๅพๆฏๅฆๅ
ทๆไบบ้ก็ๅญๅฐๅข็ๆๆถ๏ผไปฅๅๅฐ็พไปฃๅทฅๆฅญๆๆ็คพๆ็่ซทๅป๏ผๆฌๆไธป่ฆๅ็จไฝๆดๅง็ใ็ ดๅฃๆงไบบๆ ผไธ้ๆฎต่ชชใ๏ผไพๅๆ้ไบไฝๅๆ้ฑ่็ๆทฑๅฑคๆถตๆ๏ผไธฆๆ็ดข็ ดๅฃๆงไบบๆ ผ็ๅก้ ่ๅฐ็ฃ็ๆฟ็ถ็พ็ไน้๏ผๅฏ่ฝๆๆๆจฃ็้่ฏๆงใ
Contemporary American writer George Saunders was recognized as >the writer for our time<. He was the winner of the 2017 Man Booker Prize for his novel >Lincoln in the Bardo<. Saunders is good at writing short fictions, with >CivilWarLand in Bad Decline<, >Pastoralia<, >In Persuasion Nation< and >Tenth of December< as his representative works. His short story collection >Tenth of December<, published in 2013, keeps Saundersโ terse, humorous and ironic writing style, describing the alienated body under the context of consumer culture. The current research on >Tenth of December< mainly focuses on one to two short stories in the collection. Most of the studies are conducted from the perspective of post-colonialism, feminism, ethics and consumption in cultural studies. Topics of the research cover trauma, ethics, alienation etc. However, body as an important research object has not been discussed yet. In light of it, the paper focuses on the alienated body caused by the consumer society and aims at exploring its nature and its social and cultural roots, as well as the writing intention and the social value of the collection. There are five chapters altogether. The first chapter gives brief introduction to George Saunders and >Tenth of December<. Besides, after sorting out the previous and the current studies on Saundersโ works, this chapter points out the significance of the study and expounds the researching approach.โ The second chapter defines >the alienated body< by means of sociology and Erich Frommโs theory of alienation, and sorts out the phenomenon of alienation in body and its subsequent consequence.โ The third chapter, based on Jean Baudrillardโs theory of the consumer society and Max Horkheimerโs critique of instrumental reason, is committed to interpreting the phenomenon of the alienation of the body and exploring the social roots for it, including the re-appropriation of the body by capital, the toiling of body by sign-value consumption as well as the impairment of body by instrumental reason. Based on the former two chapters, the fourth chapter is devoted to exploring the palpable ways out of the dilemma. Individuals whose bodies are alienated should, first of all, become an independent subject to regain subjectivity. Secondly, death also serves as a solution to the alienation of the body. Last but not least, individuals can turn to the power of the humanist communities to realize salvation.โ The last chapter is the concluding part, summarizing the main idea of the paper and pointing out the social values embodied in the novella as well. Through textual analysis, a conclusion can be drawn that the alienated body is the product of the consumer society. By revealing the alienation of the body, the story collection aims at speaking for the marginalized people whose bodies have been utilized as an operational capital by revealing the alienation of the body and appeals for the renaissance of humanistic spirit in the consumer society. On top of that, the problem that happened to the body is also associated with the future of humankind. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ค์ฆ ์ผ์ค์ง๋ก์ ์ํ๊ฐ ๊ทผ๋ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ๋นํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌํํ๊ณ ์์์ ๋
ผ์ฆํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ์ค์ฆ ์ผ์ค์ง๋ก๋ ์ํ ๋ด๋ฌํฐ๋ธ ์์ ๊ทผ๋ ์ฌํ์ ๊ดํ ๊ฒฌํด๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ๋ด์ง ์๋๋ผ๋, ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐ์ถ ๋ฐฉ์์ ํตํด ๊ทผ๋ ์ฌํ์ ๋ด์ฌํ๋ ๋ชจ์๊ณผ ๊ณ ํต์ ํญ๋กํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋
ผ์ฆํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ <๋ง์ถ>๊ณผ <๋งฅ์ถ>๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ ๋ถ์๋์์ผ๋ก ์ผ๊ณ , ๊ทผ๋์ ์๊ฐ์ ํํํ๋์ฐ์ถ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๋์ธ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ฌ์ฌํ๋ ์ฐ์ถ์ ์ดํด๋ณธ๋ค.
์ค์ฆ ์ผ์ค์ง๋ก์ ์ํ๋ ์๊ณ์ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํด ๊ทผ๋์ ์๊ฐ์ ์ฑ์ฐฐํ๋ค. ์ผํฐ์์ ์ง ์๊น์ง๋ก ์นจํฌํ๋ ์๊ณ ์๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ฉ์ ํจ์จ์ฑ ๊ทน๋ํ๋ฅผ์ํด ๋ชจ๋ ์ธ๊ฐ ๋์์ ํต์ ํ๋ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ ๋ถํ๋ ์๊ฐ ์ง์๋ฅผ ํํํ๋ค. ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฐ์ถํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋น๊ฐ์ญ์ ์ธ ๊ทผ๋์ ์๊ฐ์ ํน์ฑ์๊ฐ์ํํ๋ค. ์๊ณ ์๋ฆฌ๋ ์๊ณ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฐ๋์ ๋ง์ถฐ ์์ง์ด๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ค, ๋๋ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง์ ํจ๊ป ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ค์ ํ์ผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ์ ๋ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ถ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฌ์ ๋ด๋ฉดํํ ๊ทผ๋์ธ์ ๋ฌ์ฌํ๋ค.
๋์๊ฐ ์ค์ฆ ์ผ์ค์ง๋ก๊ฐ ์งํฅํ๋ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์คํ์ผ๊ณผ ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ์ฐ์ถ, ์ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฐฐ์น ๋ฑ์ ์๋ฆฌํ ํ๋กฌ์ด ๊ทผ๋์ธ์ ๋ณ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ณ ์ํ โ์๋์ธํ์ ์์โ ๊ฐ๋
์ ํ์ฉํด ๋ถ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ต์ ํ๋ ํ์ ๊ณผ ๋ถ์์ฐ์ค๋ฌ์ด ๋ชธ์ง, ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ์ ๋๊ธฐํ๋ํ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณผ ์๊ฐ์ด ํต์ ๋๊ณ ํ์ธ๊ณผ ๋น์ทํ๊ฒ ํ๋ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ๊ฐ์ ์์ํ๋ ๊ทผ๋์ธ์ ์๋์ธํ์ ์์์ ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถํํ๋ ์์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด์ฌ์ ๋ฐํ์ ๋ ๊ทผ๋์ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋ ์ธ๊ฐ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ๋ธ๋ค. ๋ ๋ค์ค ํ๋ ์์ ๊ฐํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฃผ๋ณ ์์์ ์ํด ํต์ ๋๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ ๋ฐฐ์น๋๊ทผ๋ํ๊ฐ ํ๋ฐฉํ๋ ์์ ์ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ํ์์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค.
ํํธ ์ค์ฆ ์ผ์ค์ง๋ก์ ์ํ๋ ๊ทผ๋์ ํน์ฑ์ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋ ๋์์ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ฌ๊ณ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๋ ์ญ์ค์ ์ฐ์ถ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๊ด๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ํ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋นํ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋ ๋น์ธ๊ฐ์ ์์ ๊ณผ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ, ํ์ฌ, ๋ฏธ๋๊ฐ ํผ์ฌํ๋ ๋น์ ํ์ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ํ๋ด๋ ์ฐ์ถ์ด ๋ํ์ ์ด๋ค. ๊ทผ๋์ ๋ชจ์์ด ์์กดํ๋ ํ์ฌ์ ์์ ์์, ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ค์ฆ ์ผ์ค์ง๋ก ์ํ์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ ํจํ๊ฒ ๋์๊ธฐ๋ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ จํ๊ธธ ๊ธฐ๋ํ๋ค.
Alan Furst's >The Foreign Correspondent< is mainly about the life of Italian intellectuals who had fled Mussolini's fascist government and found uncertain refuge in Paris. Their life is that of >diaspora< since as the etymological meaning of >diaspora< suggests, they had to leave their home country and to lead very precarious lives in a foreign country. Their life is dangerous as well as uncertain because they resisted fascism by publishing clandestine press that smuggled news and resistance messages from Paris back to Italy. Their lives can be traced as the pursuit of freedom. According to Eric Fromm, the freedom can be viewed as >the passive freedom< and >the active freedom<. This paper follows how Carlo Weisz, the main character of this novel, whose job is a foreign correspondent, becomes to achieve the active freedom from the life of passive freedom. As a conclusion, this paper will discuss how Weisz achieves his identity through liberty and love.
้ฉฌๅฐๅบๅกๅๅผๆดๅง้ฝๆฏๆณๅ
ฐๅ
็ฆๅญฆๆดพ้่ฆไปฃ่กจไบบ็ฉ๏ผไปไปฌๅ
ณๆณจๅฐๅจๅ่พพ็ๅทฅไธ็คพไผไธญ๏ผๅผๅ็ฐ่ฑก้ๆฆๆฒกๆ่ขซๆฌๅผ๏ผๅ่้็็คพไผ็ๅๅฑๅพๅฐไบๅขๅผบใ้ๅฏน่ฟ็งๆทฑๅฑ็ๅผๅ็ฐ่ฑก๏ผไปไปฌไปไบบ็ๅฟ็ๆบๅถๆน้ข่ฟ่กๅๆ๏ผ่ฎคไธบไบบๅคฑๅปๅๆๆ่ฏ็ๆ นๆบๅจไบๅฟ็๏ผไบบ็่กไธบๅๅฟ็ๆๆงๅถ๏ผๅฝขๆไบบ็โ่ชๆๅผๅโใ้ฉฌๅฐๅบๅกๆๅบๅๆๆงๅฟ็ๆบๅถ็่ฎบ๏ผๅ้ ไบโๅ้ขไบบโๆฆๅฟต๏ผๅผๆดๅงๆๅบ้้ฟ่ช็ฑๅฟ็ๆบๅถ็็่ฎบ๏ผไธค่
็็ธๅ็นๆฏ้ฝๅฏน้ฉฌๅ
ๆๅผๅ็่ฎบใๅผๆดไผๅพท็ฒพ็ฅๅๆๅญฆ่ฟ่กไบๅธๆถ๏ผ้ฝๅ
ณๆณจๅฐไบ็คพไผๅๅฑไธญไบบ็ไปทๅผ็ๅฎ็ฐใ้ฉฌๅฐๅบๅกๅๅผๆดๅงๅฟ็ๆบๅถ็ ็ฉถ็ๆไน๏ผ๏ผไธ๏ผ็่ฎบๆไน๏ผๅๅฑไบ้ฉฌๅ
ๆ็ๅผๅ็่ฎบ๏ผ๏ผไบ๏ผ็ฐๅฎๆไน๏ผๅ
ณๆณจไบบไธ็คพไผไปทๅผ็ๅฎ็ฐ๏ผๆๅฉไบ็คพไผไธปไน็ฒพ็ฅๆๆๅปบ่ฎพใ
Raymond Carver is the >father of minimalism< in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. He is famous for his minimalism in form and length, style and material. There is always an important theme in Carverโs works โ >loneliness<. Starting from the predicament of interpersonal communication, Carver writes about peopleโs experience and feelings of loneliness in life. There are frequent communication dilemmas in Carverโs novels, including gender communication dilemma and intergenerational communication dilemma, and the latter is the continuation of the former in family life. If there is often silence between the sexes, then there is also a lack of normal and warm communication between generations, replaced by verbal conflicts. In addition, TV culture also has a great impact on interpersonal communication. Carverโs characters are often addicted to TV programs, which makes the communication barriers that originally exist in interpersonal communication become more serious, and strengthens peopleโs spiritual emptiness and boredom and lonely, closed state of existence. Carver not only focuses on this kind of loneliness in the ordinary sense of everyday life, but also depicts the abstract, universal and philosophical picture of loneliness. In the way of literature, he echoed and verified the theory of American social psychologist Erich Fromm: >loneliness<, as the shadow of >freedom<, coexists with >freedom< and lies in the whole human living condition. The problem of >loneliness< canโt be solved fundamentally. The characters in the novel often use violence to escape loneliness, which is obviously undesirable. There is also a more rational and beautiful way for human beings: love and understanding โ this is the right way to deal with the problem of loneliness and relieve the pain of loneliness, and it is also the glimmer of hope revealed in Carverโs later novels. In addition, Carver shows the theme of loneliness with his unique minimalist artistic techniques โ >vacancy< narrative strategy, uncertain discourse and time and dull and narrow narrative scene. Carver often deliberately omits some important plots and dialogues, resulting in a certain >vacancy< in the process of the novel, in order to invite readers to explore the rich implication and strong sense of fear, threat and loneliness hidden behind the simple text. He also creates a new atmosphere through uncertain discourse, the narratorโs ambiguous narration of events and the design of uncertain time. It creates a suspense atmosphere and a terrible sense of threat, which perfectly sets off the desperate psychological state of the characters surrounded by loneliness. Finally, the dull and narrow narrative scene limits the charactersโ activity space, creates a dull and depressing atmosphere, and highlights the charactersโ lonely living condition. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 11/2022]
With the implementation of the >Internet +< action plan and the extensive involvement of intelligence, the consumption frenzy mediated by the Internet has rapidly intensified, and people have changed from traditional offline consumption to online consumption that does not depend on time and space. The consumption concept, consumption pattern and consumption structure of Chinese people are affected to varying degrees. In particular, the group of college students has gradually occupied a very important position in online consumption. In the process of playing a social role, the consumption demand is constantly changing, and online consumption has also been enthusiastically loved by college students. At the same time, the symbolic meaning and consumption characteristics brought by the world of online consumption are gradually infiltrating the consumption concept of college students. She is no longer a simple satisfaction of consumption needs, but has gradually evolved into a kind of consumption that is separated from consumption. The true meaning is the transformation towards consumption alienation such as symbolic consumption, conformity consumption, and advanced consumption. Simply put, college studentsโ online consumption shows an increase in consumption year by year, in various forms. Most students have irrational consumption behaviors, which will undoubtedly bring a kind of non-positive guidance to college students. In serious cases, it will cause unpredictable harm to the future development of college students. Therefore, for college students who have not yet stepped into the society, it has important practical significance to study the alienation of online consumption of college students. From the perspective of sociology, this research combines Baudrillardโs theory of symbolic consumption and Frommโs theory of consumption alienation. 850 college students conduct research on Internet consumption. The content of the questionnaire consists of two parts, the first part is the basic situation of the respondents, and the second part is the specific situation of college studentsโ online consumption. Using SPSS to analyze the survey data and combined with the interview data, the current situation of the alienation of college studentsโ online consumption is summarized as follows: At present, female college students are more likely to have online consumption alienation than male college students, and junior students are more likely than freshmen, sophomores and seniors. Of studentsโ online shopping consumption alienation is more serious, compared with other majors, the alienation of online consumption is also more obvious for art college students. The alienation of college studentsโ online consumption is affected by consumer subjects, consumer groups, and social environment, and relevant analysis is carried out. The influence of consumer subjects is mainly reflected in consumer psychology, venting impulsive consumption, com-paring conspicuous consumption, blindly conforming consumption, and advancing consumption. Finally, the article puts forward some suggestion-s to guide college students to reasonable network fees from three levels: individual, group and society. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Although scholars from home and abroad have paid much attention to the alienation theme in OโNeillโs >Long Dayโs Journey into Night<, their examinations are mainly from one perspective and seldom from multiple aspects. Therefore, in light of Erich Frommโs analysis of manโs relation to himself, others, and society in his alienation theory, the thesis purports to argue that, by analyzing the causes of alienation in >Long Dayโs Journey into Night<, the Tyrones, the main characters in the play, are in the existence of meaninglessness and hopelessness. The thesis includes an introduction, body, and conclusion, and the central part is the body, which is divided into three chapters. With the application of Frommโs notion of escape mechanism, chapter one inquires why the Tyrones are beset by alienation from themselves and how they attempt to eliminate alienation. Authoritarianism and destructiveness are the causes why the Tyrones run up against alienation from themselves. Precisely, the Tyronesโ dependence on anonymous authorities engenders their idolatrous love for Catholicism and their parents. Meanwhile, pushed by the automaton conformity mechanism, each in the Tyrones is split into real self and pseudo self. In addition, the Tyrone family, with the mechanism of destructiveness, tries to eliminate themselves from suffering from alienation through alcohol or morphine, which are weak and unsustainable, so they cannot eliminate alienation. By analyzing the reasons and attempts, the chapter reveals peopleโs meaningless existence in that they fail to achieve their self-development.โ Chapter two studies why the Tyrones sustain alienation from others in the conjugal, parent-child, and sisterly/brotherly relationships. To be specific, affected by egoism, human relationships, enslaved by personal benefits, are reduced to relations between commodities. Due to inhuman relationships, the Tyrones cannot gain happiness or hope in their relations with others. In chapter three, the reasons for alienation from society suffered by the Tyrones are explored from their production process, consumption activities and past experiences. The family is separately trapped in the past and cannot get rid of the agony from the past, so they become the slave of their past experiences. In the production process, the Tyrones work only for the sake of dollars, thus ceasing to be an active agent in society. In the consumer world, the Tyrone family purchases not for the use-value of commodities but the possession of them. Hence, the Tyrone family, being the object of social activities and the past, finds no way to succeed or step into the future, consequently caught in the existence of hopelessness and meaninglessness.โ The conclusion part points out that, in the capitalist society, the Tyrones suffer from alienation from themselves, others, and society, leading to a meaningless and hopeless existence. Through investigating the causes of the alienation in the play, the thesis reveals the living predicament of modern people, which will arouse people to pay attention to their existence and spiritual needs. [www.cnki.net, 11/2022]
The current era is often referred to as the era of big data. The development of information technology makes almost everything related to data. Different fields have different data. Everyone is generating data, and everyone lives in the data. While people enjoy the convenience of life brought by big data, the spiritual confusion has not been resolved. This article analyzes and thinks about Frommโs human thoughts, and takes this as his starting point to reflect on the spiritual dilemma of people in the era of big data.โ This article first gives a brief overview of the current research situation of Frommโs human thoughts at home and abroad, and puts forward his own research goals. The first chapter makes a brief analysis on the background and sources of Frommโs humanistic thought. The second and third chapters make a concrete analysis of Frommโs anthropological thoughts: the second chapter focuses on the analysis of Frommโs theories about human existence, and the third chapter focuses on his theory of social personality and social unconsciousness A brief explanation, and pointed out that these his theories are still applicable to the analysis of the social character and unconsciousness of people in the era of big data. Chapter 4 mainly clarifies the basic concepts of big data, and the reason why Frommโs ideas are still valuable in todayโs big data era. During these forty years, the major contradictions in Western society have not fundamentally changed, the living conditions of people have not improved much, and their capabilities have not been fundamentally exerted.โ Combining this reality, this article takes Frommโs humanistic thoughts as the starting point, deeply analyzes the morbid human phenomenon in the current era, and analyzes the mental dilemma of people in the era of big data from four aspects of catering to data, interfering with data, relying on data and possessing data. These pathological phenomena are also the contemporary portrayal of Fromm's ideas about the dichotomy and unproductive society of human existence 40 years ago. Similarly, his solution has similarities with Marxโs plan, and it has some reference significance. Based on this understanding, the author affirmed that Frommโs anthropological thinking still has its significance in this era of big data. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Bedeutung der Entfremdung und die Problematik der Identitรคt in der modernen Industriegesellschaft. Es geht um die Entfremdung im Dasein des Menschen und den Verlust an der Beziehung zwischen >Ich< und >Welt<.
Erstens sind nach Auffassung in diesem Beitrag die moderne Gesellschaft und die Entfremdung, Begriff und Ursache der Entfremdung, Erkenntnis der Entfremdungsstruktur sowie Verdinglichung, Konfliktstruktur und Zerstรถrung des Subjekts unserer Zeit eingeprรคgt. Im Hinblick auf theoretische Forschungen diskutieren wir Hegel und Marx vom philosophischen Gesichtspunkt, Melvin Seeman vom soziologischen Gesichtspunkt, und Erich Fromm vom psychologischen Gesichtspunkt aus. Im Allgemeinen lรคsst sich sagen, dass die in die industriellen Strukturen eingebundenen Menschen an den Leistungsanforderungen zerbrechen kรถnnen. Die Leistungssteigerung in sรคmtlichen Facetten betrifft nicht nur den Arbeiter und Manager, sie betrifft auch den Autor, weil Umsatzsteigerung in jedem Betrieb Pflicht ist. In einer von Nรผtzlichkeit und Gleichgรผltigkeit beherrschten Gesellschaft steht der Mensch im Gegensatz zur Welt und zu sich selbst. Zweitens werden in Bezug auf >Die Verwandlung< Kafkas die Entfremdung des Menschen und der Verlust der Identitรคt im literarischen Sinnbild angesprochen. Fรผr den heutigen Menschen ist die Zerrissenheit seines Lebens und seiner Welt charakteristisch. >Die Verwandlung< stellt die Gestalt des heutigen Menschen bloร, der an dem groรen Mechanismus der heutigen industriellen Gesellschaft jรคmmerlich zu Grunde geht. Es lรคge zunรคchst nahe, die Verwandlung vom Menschen ins Tier als Identitรคtsverlust aufzufassen. Denn die Verwandlung ins Tierhafte bedeutet zwar den Verlust der Sprache, die auf tierische Laute reduziert ist, einen Wechsel in der Nahrungsaufnahme und in einem rรคumlichen Sichfortbewegen, also eine Reduktion der vitalen Organisation auf eine rein tierische Stufe; aber das Bewuรtsein des Verwandelten ist ein rein menschliches, und er ist รผberdies durchaus imstande, menschliche Vorgรคnge und Gesprรคche aus seiner Umgebung aufzunehmen. Gregor ist zwar in ein widerwรคrtigrs Tier verwandelt, aber er hรถrt darum nicht auf, Gregor zu sein. Mit der >Verwandlung< bleibt Kafka in der Ausweglosigkeit des mytischen Kreises gefangen, wo Opfer und Selbstopfer ununterscheidbar werden. Kafka sah sein >Ich< im Unheil und meinte zu erkennen, dass einzig im Leiden des Todes ein Zustand des Heils erreicht werden kรถnne. So war es sein Bestreben, dichtend den Tod herbeizufรผhren, um auf diese Weise sein Seelenheil zu erringen.
One of major challenges facing contemporary psychiatry is the insufficient grasp of relationship between individual and collective mental pathologies. A long tradition of diagnosing >mental illness< of society โ exemplified by Erich Fromm โ stands apart from approach of contemporary social psychiatry and is not perceived as relevant for psychiatric discourse. In this Perspective article, I argue that it is possible to uphold the idea of a supra-individual dimension to mental health, while avoiding the obvious pitfalls involved in categorical diagnosing of society as suffering from mental illness. I argue for an extended notion of public mental ill-health, which goes beyond the quantitative understanding of mental health as an aggregate of individual diseased minds captured in statistics, and which can be conceived as a dynamic, emergent property resulting from interactions of individual brains/minds in social space. Such a notion, in turn, presents a challenge of how to account for the interfacing between individual minds/brains and the collective mental phenomena. A suitable theoretical framework is provided by the notion of epidemiology of representations, originally formulated by cognitive anthropologist Dan Sperber. Within this framework, it is possible to highlight the role of public (material) representations in inter-individual transfer of mental representations and mental states. It is a suitable conceptual platform to explain how the troubling experiences with causal or mediating role on mental health, to a significant degree arise through a personโs direct interaction with material representations and participation in collective mental states, again generated by material representations.
The present paper uses the conceptual framework first introduced by Erich Fromm in Escape from Freedom (1941) to draw parallels between how Germans came to embrace authoritarianism and totalitarianism in the 20th Century and how Americans have come to entertain authoritarian remedies in the 21st Century. Erich Frommโs (1941) seminal conceptualization of negative and positive freedom are relevant today to understand the expansion of the internet and calls for privacy protections and privacy rights. A vicious cycle of negative freedom chasing has emerged in post-Great Recession and post-war America. Alternatively, valuing positive freedom can offer a real and long term solution to external threats to both individual freedom and social order (Fromm, 1941). A global social movement revolving around โprivacy rightsโ has emerged in the 21st Century. It is rapidly becoming a lightning rod for past social movements in the 20th Century.
Frankfurt school started its activity in 1928 by establishing an institute for social research. Some of the theorists of this school are Marcuse, Horkheimer, Adorno, Fromm and Benjamin Habermas. This school considered most of the thoughts and ideas of classical Marxism as incorrect and criticized them. Basically, in this school criticizing the poor condition of the school community has been an important component and art is considered as a medium to make the people aware of these problems. In Iran with the advent of the constitutional (Mashrooteh) movement, literature and art entered a new phase and the poets were committed to criticizing the disorders and social, political and cultural problems. They believed that the art with no benefit for the peopleโs welfare and improvement of social and political conditions, and not used as a weapon against tyrants, is a worthless art. Thus, the authors in this study made an attempt to investigate these critical ideas in the works of one of the most prominent poets and critics of constitutional (Mashrooteh) era, sayed Ashraf-Al-Din Gilani known as Nasim-e-Shomal, and to determine the critical components in the poems of this renowned Iranian poet.
์กด์ฌ ์ฒดํ์ ํฐ์ ์ผ๋ก์์ ๋ฏธ์ ] [Art as the Grounds of the Lived Experience of Being]
(2007)
์กด์ฌ๋ ์์ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์์ ํ๋ ค๊ณ ํํ์ง ์๊ณ ๊ธฐ์จ์ ์ฐจ์ ์์ ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์์ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ ์ธ๊ณ์ ํ๋๊ฐ ๋๋, ๊ทธ๋ฐ ์ค์กด์์์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์กด์ฌ ์งํฅ์ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ฏธ์ ์ ํตํด์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ด์ ๋ ๋ฏธ์ ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌ์ ๊ทผ์์ ๋ํ ๋ฌผ์์ ๋ด์ ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์กด์ฌ๋ก ์ ํ๊ณ์ํฉ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๋ ค๋ ์ฑ์ฐฐ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ด ๋ฏธ์ ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ ์ด๊ฒ์ ์์ ์ ๊ฒฝํ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์๋ฆฌํ์ง ์๊ธฐ์ ์ด์ํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์กด์ฌ ์งํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ค์ํ ์์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ณ , ํตํฉ์ ์ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ , ์ด์ ์ ๊ฒฝํํ๊ณ , ์์ ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๊ณ , ๋ด์ฌ์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ฉด์์ ๊ต์ก์ ์์๋ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ ์ ์์ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ต์ก์ด ์ง์์ ์ต๋ ์ ๋ ๋ณด๋ค๋ ๋ฏธ์ ํ๋์ ํตํ ์๋ฏธ์ฒดํ์ด๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ฑ์ฅ๊ณผ ์์ฑ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ด๋ฆผ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ์์ด๋ค๋ก ํ์ฌ๊ธ ์ ํ์ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ๊ณ ์์ ์ ์กด์ฌ์ ๋ง์ฃผํ๊ฒ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
Filozofia jest bogatym ลบrรณdลem alternatywnych narracji opisujฤ
cych, w jaki sposรณb powinniลmy chroniฤ prawa czลowieka; narracji, ktรณre rozwinฤลy siฤ w czasach istnienia XX-wiecznych rzฤ
dรณw totalitarnych. Niniejsza ksiฤ
ลผka skupia siฤ na myลli dwรณch filozofรณw tego okresu โ Ericha Fromma i Isaiaha Berlina. Analiza ich przemyลleล pozwala na ukazanie nowej filozoficznej koncepcji paลstwa i prawa opartej na wartoลciach godnoลci ludzkiej i solidarnoลci, uzasadnianych za pomocฤ
argumentรณw odmiennych od >tradycyjnie uniwersalistycznych<. W koncepcji tej, zakorzenionej w ludzkim doลwiadczeniu, prawo musi uwzglฤdniaฤ zmieniajฤ
ce siฤ okolicznoลci, byฤ nakierowane na utrzymanie chwiejnej rรณwnowagi miฤdzy rรณลผnymi i czasami przeciwstawnymi wartoลciami. Rozwaลผania filozofรณw sฤ
zaskakujฤ
co aktualne i ukazujฤ
, ลผe zagroลผenia, ktรณre wystฤ
piลy w XX wieku, czyhajฤ
na nas takลผe dziล.
Ist das Verhalten der gehorsamsbereiten Teilnehmenden des Milgram-Experiments unter dem Begriff des autoritรคren Charakters nach Erich Fromm zu subsumieren? Um diese These bestรคtigen beziehungsweise widerlegen zu kรถnnen, wird als erstes ein allgemeiner รberblick รผber den Aufbau und Ablauf des besagten Experiments gegeben. Anschlieรend erfolgt eine Betrachtung der im Buch aufgefรผhrten, gehorsamswilligen Versuchspersonen. Milgram verรถffentlichte einige Aufzeichnungen zu den Nachgesprรคchen, um herauszufinden, wie sich die Funktion des Gehorsamsprozesses zusammensetzt. Daran schlieรt sich eine Schilderung dessen nach seinem Verstรคndnis an. Im nรคchsten Kapitel folgt ein Umbruch und der autoritรคre Charakter nach Erich Fromm wird typisiert. Nach getaner Vorarbeit findet ein Vergleich der beiden Konzepte und somit die Prรผfung der These statt. Letzen Endes werden im Fazit die zentralen Ergebnisse zusammengefasst und durch meine eigene Meinung ergรคnzt. [Amazon.de]
The aim of the article is the comparison of the conception of relation between the attitude to self and sense of happiness in humanistic ethics of Erich Fromm and Mieczyslaw Gogacz. The text indicates differences occurring between them, as well as similarities, however the latter ones seem to be particularly interesting, as the conceptions of mentioned philosophers derive from totally different philosophical traditions. Analyses of Fromm and Gogacz show that attitude of human being to themselves signify cantly influences not only their sense of happiness, but also their way of life and relation with other people.
Goethe wrote: >Mankind walks steadily forward, but the person remains the same<. Customs as a normative tradition ways of behavior are the important social community and have the power to unwritten laws. Are primarily transmitted orally or by imitation, once established are very slow to change. The article discusses the problem of looking at the reality of the two opposite poles.
This article takes the position that our contemporary overheated media environment lends itself to comfortable passivity, resulting in mental breakdown in the guise of the dark emotions: anxiety, melancholia and boredom. This is especially the case with the inevitable synergy of the upcoming technological transformations from genetic modification, virtual reality simulacra and artificial intelligence/robotics. After discussing the data from the World Health Organization regarding the stark increase of people across the globe suffering from depression and anxiety, this article weds the concepts of McLuhanโs hot-cool distinction with Frommโs delineation of the productive character orientation. Following Fromm, this article argues that joy ensues from reason, productive labour and loveโsorrow from ignorance, alienated work and indifference. When we willfully abrogate our responsibilities to self and other via non-participational mediated forms, we cede away our potential for growth and development. This leads to the emotional breakdowns of guilt, boredom, anxiety and melancholia. Viktor Franklโs logo-therapeutic perspective is discussed as a counterbalance to the social effects wrought by our overheated technological environment. Franklโs stress on phenomenological meaning as the cornerstone of existence provides a lens to understanding the affects of an over-reliance on technological gadgetry.
Beck (1995) has outlined an influential social theory in which the role of modern risks has been highlighted. Modern societies are characterized as qualitatively distinct from premodern societies due to the self-generated new risks of annihilatory potential. Jonas (1979) has proposed an approach highlighting fear as a heuristic guideline for approaching further scientific research and technological development. According to this framework, imagining annihilatory risks inherent in a particular technology and research should make us forego the potential benefits of this technology, as the potential costs are too high. Mittelstraร (1992) argues exactly the opposite and claims that not less but more research and technological progress is necessary in order to enhance the survival chances of the human species. In order to reduce the possibility of deliberate action, which may trigger the annihilation of the human species, however, Mittelstraร (1992) calls for the development of a strong ethos of responsibility. The question, though, remains on what kind of rationale this ethos of individual responsibility may be grounded? It is suggested in this paper that Fromm (1947) provided the answer to the question of how such an ethos may be created and sustained.
ใ่ต็ฝชใๆฏ่ฑๅฝไฝๅฎถไผๆฉยท้บฆๅ
ๅฐคๆฉๅไฝ็ไธ้จ้ฟ็ฏๅฐ่ฏดใๅฐ่ฏดๆ่ฟฐไบไธปไบบๅ
ฌๅธ้ๅฅฅๅฆฎๅ ไธบๆๆ
ไธ็ๆซๆ่ๅๅบไผช่ฏ,้ ๆไบไธ็้พไปฅๆฝๅ็ๅๆ็ๆ
ไบใๆฌๆ้่ฟ็ปๅๅผๆดๅงๅผๅ็่ฎบไธ็่ชๆๅผๅๅไบบ้
ๅ
ณ็ณปๅผๅ่งๅบฆ,ๅด็ป>่ต็ฝช<่ฟไธไธป้ข,ๅๆๅธ้ๅฅฅๅฆฎ็ฏไธๆปๅคฉ็ฝช่ฟ็ๅๅ ใ
First generation Frankfurt School critical theorists argued that global solidarity was possible because human beings have similar vulnerabilities to mental and physical suffering. This approach to solidarity remains significant for any discussion of the ethical aspirations of critical theory. It also has ramifications for efforts to develop a sociological approach to global moral codes which is influenced by the idea of an emancipatory social theory. Informed by certain themes which were developed by Simone Weil, this article draws on the writings of Fromm, Horkheimer, Adorno and Elias to consider how a sociology of international moral codes can be developed. One of the aims of this project is to consider how far global moralities have developed forms of solidarity around the recognition of shared vulnerabilities to mental and physical suffering which are part of the speciesโ biological legacy.
The only way in our opinion to account for this striving for justice and truth is by the analysis of the whole history of man, socially and individually. We find then that for everybody who is powerless, justice and truth are the most important weapons in the fight for his freedom and growth (Fromm, 1942/2002, p. 248).
Business and economy use advertising to promote their products and to increase their profits. Political parties also try to win votes with the help of commercial propaganda. Every step of the way we are accompanied by advertising, our everyday life and our culture are shaped by it.This article asks how the permanent confrontation with advertising affects the recipients. What consequences does propaganda and manipulation have for people who are exposed to this constant influence? The phenomenon of the Homo oeconomicus is also examined in this context. The Homo economicus is primarily a person who consumes and subconsciously identifies with his or her consumption. He's addicted to consumption. Advertising determines the life of the Homo oeconomicus. The psychologist Erich Fromm already dealt with the phenomenon of exuberant materialism in his book >To have or to be< in the 20th century. This book in particular and his work in general are also presented in this article. Fromm propagated a >rational< consumption that focuses on the real needs of people. A separate chapter is dedicated to Edward Bernays, the nephew of Sigmund Freud, a pioneer of public relations, whose work >Propaganda< โ his famous book from 1928, which is still surprisingly current โ is presented. Gewista is an Austrian advertising company. This company is in the focus of this article because we can find its out-of-home commercials also in places that were previously free of advertising. That's why the story of Gewista is told and its product range will be presented.Using the example of Gewista there will be asked for the self-image and the foreign attributions of advertising companies. These companies offer a service they describe themselves as a form of communication. Therefore, the article also analyzes whether advertising can really be seen as a topic of communication theories.
This paper was inspired by the documentary >The Act of Killing<, directed by an American-born, British filmmaker Joshua Oppenheimer and released in 2012. Provoked and appalled by what is described as one of the worst mass murders in the 20th century, the movie director focuses not so much on the crime itself but the perpetrators of the crimes and the ensuing consequences. A part from the need to bring to open and discuss this part of Indonesian history, as well as the consequences of the communist and subsequent anti-communist political rules, this paper deals, on the one hand, with the question and the essence of human nature capable of such monstrosity and on the other, with the role that art must take in understanding and healing of the open wounds in any nationโs history as well as individual perpetrators of the crimes. For this purpose, the ideological framework of Erich Fromm as given in his study >Anatomy of Human Destructiveness< and also philosophical ideas of Hanna Arendt, specifically concerning the nature of evil itself were used as theoretical framework.
The purpose of this study was to analyze problems related to the mechanism whereby students can accept corporal punishment during extracurricular sports activities with reference to the books Escape from Freedom and Man for Himself that were central to Erich Frommสผs authority theory. Specifically, the author focused on the concepts of >authoritarian character<, >authoritarian ethics< and >authoritarian conscience< Fromm pointed out that anxiety prompted Germanyสผs citizens to give up their freedom in order to obey authoritarian powers such as Hitler and the Nazis. Students taking part in extracurricular sports activities were considered from the viewpoint of Frommสผs authority theory. It was revealed that students comply with a leaderสผs authority in order to relieve anxiety, and have positive thoughts about corporal punishment. Furthermore, it was found that such acceptance of corporal punishment succeeded in eliminating conspicuous suffering, but not in removing any underlying conflicts. Fromm pointed that fear of anxiety was relieved by spontaneous activity. To achieve spontaneous activity by students, it was suggested that some form of measure that does not create the type of partnership that occurred between Germanyสผs citizens and Hitler would be desirable for any relationship between the leader of extracurricular sports activities and the students.
In his paper, the author considers >the humansโ love of themselves, of their perfection and self-preservation.< He shares Al-Ghazaliโs postulate >humans love the eternity of their being< and highlights the presence of this idea in the doctrine of Christianity, in the conceptions of Ludwig Feuerbach (1804โ1872) and Erich Fromm (1900โ1980).
The idea of sport's character-forming qualities is a globally spread notion, which has begun to be questioned in recent years. In problematizing this notion, the relation of sport to its practitioners has been the primary study. The way the problems reflect the relation of sport to society has been less in focus. This essay sets such a focus with the help of character concepts in social psychology (Riesman, Fromm and Sennett), developing a reconstruction of such concepts of sport in a Swedish context. From being a sphere by the side of society, sport in Sweden from the twentieth century onwards has been increasingly linked in complex ways to the various spheres and actors of society. This understanding of how characters are fostered into and within sport sheds light on the conditions for character formation at different stages of history until the present time. The problems receive further relevance when considering how New Economy culture and its conditions for character formation may affect Swedish sport in the near future.
It has been over 70 years since Erich Fromm wrote >Escape from Freedom<. He defined two type of freedom: FREEDOM FROM (negative) and FREEDOM TO (positive). Fromm's masterpiece, however, does not measure the two types of freedom, and this is not surprising โ there were no freedom data at the time. Now, there are plenty of data, and Fromm's concepts of freedom can be operationalized across countries. The two types of freedom, positive and negative, correlate at below 0.5, and such low correlation is surprising โ I discuss outliers and point out that freedom is an end in itself, as recognized, for instance, by Amartya Sen. Furthermore, while we acknowledge the importance of FREEDOM FROM, we forget that FREEDOM FROM is not fully realized without FREEDOM TO: it's great to be free; but it's even better to feel free as well.
Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar as influรชncias da teoria psicanalรญtica no processo de constituiรงรฃo da Psicologia Polรญtica, como campo de pesquisa. Inicialmente, enfocamos os pensadores franceses Alexis de Tocqueville, Gabriel Tarde e Gustave Le Bon, cujas contribuiรงรตes acerca das revoluรงรตes francesas sรฃorelevantes ao campo. Em contrapartida, apresentamos os autores anglรณfonos Graham Wallas e Harold Lasswell, pois suas reflexรตes aportam distintas perspectivas aos eventos polรญticos, porรฉm, nรฃo menos significativas para a posterior institucionalizaรงรฃo da Psicologia Polรญtica. Em seguida, os principais textos sociais de Freud, bem como os metapsicolรณgicos, sรฃo abordados com o objetivo de analisar os elementos polรญticos subjacentes na teoria psicanalรญtica. Finalmente, apresentamos trรชs autores, que no nosso entendimento, sรฃo essenciais ร histรณria do campo: ilhelm Reich, Erich Fromm e Theodor Adorno, cujo interesse principal era o estudo do autoritarismo. Por meio de uma anรกlise crรญtica e reflexiva, buscamos mostrar as contribuiรงรตes da psicanรกlise e como ela foi apropriada por esses autores. Esta pesquisa justifica-se por preencher uma lacuna na histรณria da Psicologia Polรญtica e mostrar a relevรขncia da psicanรกlise para o pensamento polรญtico, especialmente, durante e logo apรณs a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Alรฉm disso, รฉ indubitรกvel a atualidade desses autores, haja vista a crescente adesรฃo ao discurso autoritรกrio que se observa em pleno sรฉculo XXI.
The purpose of this study was to analyze problems related to the mechanism whereby students can accept corporal punishment during extracurricular sports activities with reference to the books Escape from Freedom and Man for Himself that were central to Erich Fromm's authority theory. Specifically, the author focused on the concepts of >authoritarian character,< >authoritarian ethics,< and >authoritarian conscience.< Fromm pointed out that anxiety prompted Germany's citizens to give up their freedom in order to obey authoritarian powers such as Hitler and the Nazis. Students taking part in extracurricular sports activities were considered from the viewpoint of Fromm's authority theory. It was revealed that students comply with a leader's authority in order to relieve anxiety, and have positive thoughts about corporal punishment. Furthermore, it was found that such acceptance of corporal punishment succeeded in eliminating conspicuous suffering, but not in removing any underlying conflicts. Fromm pointed that fear of anxiety was relieved by spontaneous activity. To achieve spontaneous activity by students, it was suggested that some form of measure that does not create the type of partnership that occurred between Germany's citizens and Hitler would be desirable for any relationship between the leader of extracurricular sports activities and the students.
ะะพัะปะต ะบัะฐัะตะณ ัะฒะพะดะฐ ัั ะธะทะปะพะถะตะฝะธ ะฟะพัะตะฝัะธัะฐะปะธ ัะพัะธะพะปะพะณะธัะต ะฟัะธั
ะธัะฐััะธััะบะพะณ ัะฐะทะฝะฐัะฐ ัะฐะณะปะตะดะฐะฝะธ ะฝะฐ ะพัะฝะพะฒั ะทะฝะฐัะฐ ัะฐะผะต ะฟัะธั
ะธัะฐััะธัะต ะพะดะฝะพัะฝะพ ะฟัะธั
ะพะฟะฐัะพะปะพะณะธัะต, ัั. ะะฐ ะพัะฝะพะฒั ะพะฝะพะณ ััะพ ะบะปะธะฝะธัะบะฐ ะฟัะธั
ะธัะฐััะธัะฐ ะผะพะถะต ะดะฐ ะฟััะถะธ ัะพัะธะพะปะพัะบะพะผ ัะฐะทะฝะฐัั, ะฟัะฒะตะฝััะฒะตะฝะพ ะธะท ัะณะปะฐ ะฐะฝะฐะปะธะทะต ะฟัะธั
ะธัะบะธ ะธะทะผะตัะตะฝะต ััะฒะฐัะฝะพััะธ ะฟะพัะตะดะธะฝะฐัะฐ (ะธะท ัะฝะพะฒะฐ, ัะธะผะฟัะพะผะฐ, ะตะผะพัะธะพะฝะฐะปะฝะพะณ ััะฐัะฐ ะฟะพัะตะดะธะฝะฐัะฐ ะธ ัะป.). ะะพัะพะผ ัั ะพะฟัะธัะฝะพ ะธะทะปะพะถะตะฝะต ะฟะฐัะพะณัะฐััะบะต ัััะดะธัะต ะบะฐะพ ะผะตัะพะดะพะปะพัะบะธ ะฟะพัะตะฝัะธัะฐะป ะธะฝัะตะณัะฐัะธัะต ะฟัะธั
ะธัะฐััะธััะบะพะณ ะธ ัะพัะธะพะปะพัะบะพะณ ัะฐะทะฝะฐัะฐ. ะะพะฝััะตะฝะธ ัั ัะตะทัะปัะฐัะธ ะฟะฐัะพะณัะฐััะบะธั
ัััะดะธัะต ะคัะพะผะฐ ะธ ะะธััะฐ ะพะด ะธะฝัะตัะฝะฐัะธะพะฝะฐะปะฝะธั
, ัะต ะกัะฐะฝะพัะตะฒะธัะฐ ะธ ะะดะฐะผะพะฒะธัะฐ ะพะด ััะฟัะบะธั
ะฐััะพัะฐ, ะธ ัะพ ะฒะตะทะฐะฝะพ ะทะฐ ะฟะฐัะพะณัะฐัะธัะต ะกัะฐัะธะฝะฐ, ะฅะธัะปะตัะฐ, ะะพะปะฐ, ะคะธัะตัะฐ, ะะธะปะพัะตะฒะธัะฐ ะธ ะฝะตะบะพะปะธะบะพ ะดััะณะธั
ะธััะพัะธััะบะธั
ะปะธัะฝะพััะธ. ะฃ ะทะฐะบัััะบั ัะต ัะบะฐะทะฐะฝะพ ะฝะฐ ัะตะพัะธััะบะต, ะผะตัะพะดะพะปะพัะบะต ะธ ะตะผะฟะธัะธััะบะต ะฟัะตัะฟะพััะฐะฒะบะต ะบะพัะธััะตัะฐ ะฟะฐัะพะณัะฐััะบะธั
ัััะดะธัะฐ ั ัะพัะธะพะปะพะณะธัะธ, ะทะฐะฒะธัะฝะพ ะพะด ัะตะพัะธััะบะธั
ะพะฑัะฐะทะฐัะฐ (ะฟัะธั
ะพะฐะฝะฐะปะธัะธัะบะพะณ ะธ ัะตะฝะพะผะตะฝะพะปะพัะบะพะณ) ะธ ัะธััะธัะฐัะฐ ะฑะธะพะณัะฐัะธัะต ะปะธะดะตัะฐ ั ะพะดะณะพะฒะฐัะฐัััะต ะดััััะฒะตะฝะพ-ะธััะพัะธััะบะต ะพะบะพะปะฝะพััะธ.
Hegelโden Marcuseโye Yabancฤฑlaลma Olgusu [On the Concept of Alienation: From Marcuse to Hegel]
(2016)
Gรผnรผmรผz insanฤฑ, kendi รผretimine ve tรผketimine, doฤal ve toplumsal รงevresine, diฤer insanlara ve en รถnemlisi kendi รถzรผne yabancฤฑlaลmฤฑล durumdadฤฑr. Teknolojik geliลmeyle birlikte insanlarda ve toplumda bunalฤฑm, yalnฤฑzlaลma, kimlik yitimi ve nesneleลme sรถz konusu olmuลtur. Bu sรผreรงte insan iรงeriksiz ve anlamsฤฑz bir varlฤฑk haline gelmiลtir. Yabancฤฑlaลma sorununu merkeze alan bazฤฑ รงaฤdaล filozoflar deฤerlerden ve ideallerden arฤฑndฤฑrฤฑlmฤฑล olan insanฤฑn, varoluล aรงฤฑsฤฑndan anlamsฤฑzlaลtฤฑฤฤฑnฤฑ, yabancฤฑlaลtฤฑฤฤฑnฤฑ ve รงรถzรผlmeye baลladฤฑฤฤฑnฤฑ ileri sรผrmektedir. Bu makalede Hegel, Feuerbach, Marx, Lukรกcs, Fromm ve Marcuseโnin yabancฤฑlaลma olgusu hakkฤฑndaki fikirleri ele alฤฑnฤฑp tartฤฑลฤฑlmaktadฤฑr.
En este artรญculo de reflexiรณn se indaga por las formas en que el enfoque psicosocial, en su aplicaciรณn por parte de Erich Fromm, configura un diรกlogo entre la psicologรญa y la sociologรญa. A partir de su obra El miedo a la libertad y de las condiciones que el contexto del nacionalsocialismo alemรกn introduce en su eฬpoca, se propone una lectura de esta fundamentaciรณn del enfoque psicosocial a partir de las categorรญas de libertad, individuo y sociedad, sus articulaciones y operatividad teรณrica. Esta investigaciรณn bรกsica, de carรกcter cualitativo, privilegiรณ la revisiรณn e interpretaciรณn teรณrica, para lo cual se retoma un autor y una propuesta seminales para la actualidad del enfoque. Fromm, desde las especificidades propias de su eฬpoca y las formas de organizaciรณn social de las que fue testigo, reflexiona en torno a lo psicosocial como un marco abierto de referencia, consecuente con la complejidad propia del siglo xx y sus contradicciones sociohistรณricas.
U uvodu su izloลพena obeleลพja druลกtvene prirode psihiฤkih poremeฤaja. Zatim je izloลพen doprinos pojedinih autora i njihovih dela razvoju sociologije mentalnih poremeฤaja u evropskim zemljama i SAD, posebno u aspektu sociogeneze psihiฤkih poremeฤaja. Saลพeto su predstavljena glediลกta Konta, Dirkema, Albvaksa, Mejera i Eliota, preko Gofmana, Parsonsa, Morena, Fukoa i predstavnika antipsihijatrije (Lenga, Bazalje i Sasa) I frojdomarksista (Rajha, Froma i drugih) sve do autora savremenih udลพbenika iz ove oblasti (Galagera, Itona, Kokerhema i drugih). Dat je kratak presek izuฤavanja sociologije mentalnih poremeฤaja u Srbiji.
En este ensayo se reflexiona sobre el autoritarismo contemporรกneo, a propรณsito de los 80 aรฑos del libro clรกsico: El miedo de la libertad, de Erich Fromm. Se argumenta que el mensaje principal del texto mantiene su vigencia al advertir sobre los riesgos que se ciernen sobre la democracia ante la llegada de un lรญder autoritario al cual las masas se someten en busca de resguardo y sentido, en el que el caso salvadoreรฑo sirve para ilustrar la sumisiรณn a lรญderes populistas en Centroamรฉrica. Mientras la dignidad de las personas no sea colocada en el centro de las preocupaciones polรญticas, el riesgo de persistir en la idea de escapar de la libertad a travรฉs del autoritarismo serรก siempre una posibilidad latente.
En su obra >El miedo a la libertad<, publicada en 1941, el psicรณlogo y psicoanalista alemรกn Erich Fromm desenmascara de forma casi vertiginosa una tendencia ambivalente, inherente a las sociedades modernas, segรบn la cual la libertad conquistada por el ciudadano medio en las democracias del sistema capitalista es directamente proporcional al crecimiento de un generalizado sentimiento de soledad, impotencia e insignificancia. Esta situaciรณn empuja al individuo a buscar algรบn tipo de subterfugio o paliativo mediante el cual consiga contrarrestar dicha sensaciรณn de angustia. En este ensayo, me propongo abordar la correlaciรณn entre la absurda coherencia del universo kafkiano y las ideas de Fromm con respecto a los mecanismos, desarrollados desde la รฉtica protestante y exacerbados por el espรญritu del capitalismo tardรญo, que para el cumplimiento de tal fin se sirviรณ nuestra sociedad occidental, y contrastarlos con la problemรกtica actual. Sabemos que si algo destaca dentro de la irracionalidad racional que significa toda la obra de Kafka es precisamente ese >miedo inconsciente a la libertad< que obliga a sus personajes a encerrarse dentro del incuestionable marco del sometimiento โ o sumisiรณn, como dirรญa Fromm โ al gran Otro y cumplimiento de las normas sociales establecidas, lo que a su vez se articula como una suerte de refugio aislado de la caรณtica realidad exterior, si bien a expensas del bienestar tanto fรญsico โ como sucede en La metamorfosis o en El artista del hambre โ como psicolรณgico โ en el caso de El proceso o El Castillo โ del protagonista en cuestiรณn.
The riddle of time and space
(2022)
Time is the most important feature or fundamental describer of normal human experience and is also the most eminent forgotten element of psychoanalysis. Freud believes that the unconscious is timeless and believes that it perceives any given moment as new and immaculate. He makes very little effort to illustrate the origin of time; however, he points to the function of the Pcpt-Cs as the key to this riddle. After him, fewer psychoanalysts can be found who have systemically researched this subject, except for Andrรฉ Green, Hartocolles, Arlow, and Sabbadini. In this paper, I have tried to illustrate how the sense of time is related to libidinal cathexis. I have displayed, through some pathological situations such as melancholy, mania, and schizophrenia, and a clinical vignette, that the more ego invests libido in the objects, the faster we sense the passage of time and the more it withdraws libido from the objects into itself, the slower time passes. Finally, using my previous viewpoint about transitional time objects and phenomena, I have presented some ideas about an object relation account of the origin of the sense of time.
The article raises the subject of female motive in Stanisลaw Grochowiakโs poetry. Female element in the work of the representative of 56 generation is marked positively โ in contrast to masculine one. The poetโs high evaluating of woman is closely connected with the war escalation in 20th century. According to Grochowiak, it proclaims that civilization based on patriarchal system suffered its defeat. The only hope for humanity resurgence is just related to a woman. The author says that she is the host of such values as love and wisdom โ and her fertility and protectiveness are opposite to the death. The crisis of European civilization caused by two world wars has its overtone in philosophic idea of Erich Fromm. He abstracted two tendencies in humanโs behavior: biophilic โ directed at life and necrophilic โ aimed at death. Fromm similarly to Grochowiak found the reason for the twentieth-century hecatomb in human nature, in this what is typical of man and patriarchal society. Both Grochowiakโs and Frommโs diagnoses are parallel but at the same time independent, that is why we can say that they are complementary to each other in seeking the explanation for traumatic war events and the hope for humanโs future.
Jung Chan's >Wild Swans<: Love as a Political Concept [application of Fromm's theories to art]
(2019)
This article explores the different forms of love which appear in a work which is part family memoir, part autobiography, and part literary fiction: Jung Changโs >Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China< (1991). This exploration is underpinned by theories of love articulated first by Karl Marx and Alexandra Kollontai and later by Erich Fromm and Michael Hardt. In different ways these thinkers all point to the idea that love is not merely a private matter between two individuals but rather a social and political phenomenon. Frommโs insistence that love changes according to historical and cultural circumstances is shown to be relevant throughout as Chang portrays love adapting to the vast political changes taking place in China from approximately 1924 (when her grandmother became a concubine) until 1976 (the death of Mao). Corresponding to a large extent to the life histories of the >three daughters of China< โ Changโs grandmother, Changโs mother, and Chang herself โ the article traces a distinctive movement through property love and family love to >winged Eros<-based love, >red love< and finally love as a decision.
I argue in this paper that every society has its own >libidinal drives< that may or may not paralyze the capacity of individuals towards freedom. Fromm calls this the social character. Social character is the unconscious canalization of individual libidinal drives for the attainment of social objectives instituted by the dominant figures of society. I theorize that the Freirian dyadic alliance persists because of a dominant characterology permeated by the ruling authorities. The dynamics of social character structure not only eludes the oppressed conscious awareness, but it also actually strengthens the domination and control through the institutionalization of structural policies enacted and implemented by the oppressors. Hence, what Freire laments in the Pedagogy of the Oppressed is equalized and smoothen by how the marginalized and the downtrodden cling incessantly towards the oppressors. By depending upon the dominant ruling authorities, the oppressed find fulfillment and satisfaction, upon which they fortify the dyadic-symbiotic relations. This happens because of the dynamics of their character structure that caters to the instinctual drive to survive. The social character gives rise to the inner satisfaction of oppressed libidinous desires and needs, thus equalizing their own emotional needs. Furthermore, the very nature of their submissiveness is a character trait that unknowingly recanalizes their elementary needs in life. Hence, by understanding how the Frommian social character influences social behaviors the symbiotic element that cements the Freirian dyadic relation is unlocked. Through unraveling the dynamics of social characterology, the Freirian dyadic symbiosis ungrounds itself and eventually grasps why the majority of the poor and marginalized are motivated and find fulfillment therein as a matter of survival from controlling authorities.
A presente pesquisa estรก vinculada ao Laboratรณrio de Estudos em Religiรตes e Religiosidades da Universidade Estadual de Maringรก (BR), sob tรญtulo >Histรณria e Literatura: as narrativas mitolรณgicas em As Brumas de Avalon<, obra literรกria escrita por Marion Zimmer Bradley (1982). O trabalho tem como objetivo buscar compreender uma linguagem literรกria que contรฉm em si uma linguagem simbรณlica. Assim, tanto sรฃo utilizados apontamentos de Roger Chartier (1999), quanto ao uso da literatura como fonte histรณrica, como tambรฉm se procurou alinhar o trabalho com a linguagem simbรณlica de Erich Fromm (1969).
Economic threat predicted the level of superstition in Germany for the tumultuous years 1918 to 1940. Indexes of superstition were the number of articles on astrology, mysticism, and cults appearing in a German periodical index. Threat was measured by levels of real wages, unemployment, and industrial production. The economic threat variables significantly predicted level of superstition in two of the three superstition indexes. Experimental and naturalistic evidence concerning situational determinants of superstition are reviewed. These results support Fromm's (1941/1965) thesis that threat produces authoritarianism and corroborate Sales's (1973) investigation of U.S. archival data.
It is argued that Brouwerโs philosophy of mathematics makes perfect sense if viewed from an Eastern philosophical perspective, as a mathematics in what Erich Fromm called โthe being mode of existence.โ The difficulty Western philosophers have accepting its validity under Brouwerโs own justifications is that mathematics is one of the highest prized treasures of Western philosophy (those footnotes to Platoโs dialogues).
์ด ๊ธ์ ๋์ฒด๊ฐ ใ์ํฐ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ใ์์ ๊ฐ์งํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ถ๊ต์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋๊ต์ ๋ํ ๊ฒฌํด๋ฅผ ํ๋กฌ์ ๊ฒฌํด์ ๋์กฐํ๋ฉด์ ๋นํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒํ ํ๋ฉด์, ๋์ฒด์ ๊ฒฌํด๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ์์์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋์ฒด๋ ๋ถ๊ต์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋๊ต๊ฐ ํ์ค์ ๊ณ ํต์ ๊ฐ๋ ์ฐฌ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๋ฉด์๋ด๋ฉด์ผ๋ก์ ๋ํผ๋ ํผ์์ผ๋ก์ ๋ํผ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ฐฝํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ํ๋ฌด์ฃผ์์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ, ๋ํ ์์๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ ์๋ช
๋ ฅ์ ์ฝํ์ ํดํ์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋์์ผ๋ฉด์๋์๋ช
๋ ฅ์ ์ฝํ์ ํดํ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ๋ฐ์นด๋น์ค์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐํด์ ํ๋กฌ์ ์ข
๊ต๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒ ๊ถ์์ฃผ์์ ์ธ ์ข
๊ต์ ์ธ๋ณธ์ฃผ์์ ์ธ ์ข
๊ต๋ก ๋๋ณํ๋ฉด์ ๋ถ๊ต๋ฅผ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ณธ์ฃผ์์ ์ธ ์ข
๊ต๋ก ๋ณด๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋๊ต์๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์์๊ฐ ์์ฌ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ๋กฌ์ ์์์ ์ฐธ๋ ์ ์ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋๊ต ์ ๋น์ฃผ์๋ ์ธ๋ณธ์ฃผ์์ ์ธ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด์, ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ์ ์ง์ ๋ฅํ ์ ์ ๋ํ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ธ ๋ณต์ข
์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ ์ ๋ํ๋ ๊ตํ์ ๊ต๋ฆฌ๋๊ถ์์ฃผ์์ ์ธ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด์๋ค. ํ๋กฌ์ด ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์ข
๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ถ์์ฃผ์์ ์ข
๊ต์ ์ธ๋ณธ์ฃผ์์ ์ธ ์ข
๊ต๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ด๋ค ๋ฉด์์๋ ๋์ฒด๊ฐ ์ข
๊ต๋ฅผ ํ์์ ์์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฑดํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋๋ ์ข
๊ต์, ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ฝํ์ํค๊ณ ๋ณ๋ค๊ฒ ํ๋ ์ข
๊ต๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ๋ค. ๋์ฒด๊ฐ ์ด๋ค ์ข
๊ต์ ์ข๊ณ ๋์จ์ ๊ทธ ์ข
๊ต๊ฐ ์ค์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ง๋ ๋ฐ์ํ๋๋๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ง๋ ๊ฐ๊ฑดํ ์กด์ฌ๋ก ๋ง๋๋๋์ ๋ฌ๋ ค ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ, ํ๋กฌ์ญ์ ์ด๋ค ์ข
๊ต์ ์ข๊ณ ๋์จ์ ๊ทธ ์ข
๊ต๊ฐ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ง๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ํ์กด์ฌ๋ก ๋ง๋๋์ง์ ๋ฌ๋ ค ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํ๋กฌ์ด ๋ถ์ฒ์ ์์๋ฅผ ์ธ๋ฅ๊ฐ ์ถ๊ตฌํด์ผ ํ ์ด์์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ๊ตฌํํ ์ธ๋ฅ์ ์ฌํ๋ก ๋ณด๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด์, ๋์ฒด๋ ๋ถ์ฒ์ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์ ํ์์ ์์ง๊ฐ ์ฝํ๋ ๋ฐ์นด๋น์ผ๋ก ๋ณธ๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์์๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์
์ฅ์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌ๋ฆฌํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด์์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ใ์ํฐ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ใ์์์ ๋์ฒด๊ฐ ์ฌํด๋ํฌ์ฃผ์์ ์ธ ์ฌ๋์ ์ฃผ์ฐฝํ๋ ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฃผ์์ ์ธ ํด๋จธ๋์ฆ์ ๋ํด์ ๋นํ์ ์ธ ์
์ฅ์ ์ทจํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐํด ํ๋กฌ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๋ฐ์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋๋ค. ๋์ฒด๊ฐ ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฃผ์๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ๋ถ๊ต๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋๊ต์ ๋ํ๋๊ณ ์๋ ์ฌํด๋ํฌ์ฃผ์์ ์ธ ์ฌ๋์ ํ์ด ์ฝํ ์๋ค์ ์๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ง์ ๋๋ก ๋ณด๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด์, ํ๋กฌ์ ์คํ๋ ค ์ง์ ํ ๋ด์ ์ธ ํ์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋๋ ์ฌํด๋ํฌ์ฃผ์์ ์ธ ์ฌ๋์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ์ ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๊ตฌํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด์ผ๋ง๋ก์ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ์ด ์ถ๊ตฌํด์ผ ํ ๊ฐ์น๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ด ๊ธ์ ์ผํํ์ฐ์ด์ ์๋ง๊ด๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ๊ฐ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๊ทน๋ณตํ ์ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ผํํ์ฐ์ด์ ์ฒ ํ์ ์ธ๊ฐ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ๋ชจ๋ ์กด์ฌ์๋ค์ด ์๊ธฐ๋ณด์กด์์ ์๋ง๊ณผ ์ข
์กฑ๋ณด์กด์์ ์๋ง์ ์ํด์ ๊ท์ ๋๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฌํ ์๋ง๋ค์ ๋ฌผ์์ฒด๋ก์์ ์์ง์ ํํ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ผํํ์ฐ์ด๋ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ค๊ณผ ์ข
์กฑ๋ค์ ์์ ๋ค์ ๋ฌดํํ ์๋ง์ ์ถฉ์กฑ์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ์๋ก ํฌ์ํ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฑํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ธ๊ณ๋ ์๊ฐํ ์ ์๋ ์ธ๊ณ ์ค์์ ์ต์
์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ผํํ์ฐ์ด๋ ์๋ง์ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๋ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ฑ์ ์ํ ์์ง๋ถ์ ์ ๋ด์ธ์ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋ ์ด์ฑ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ณด์กด๊ณผ ์ข
์กฑ๋ณด์กด์์ ์๋ง์ ๋๊ตฌ๋ก ๋ณด๋ ์์ ์ ์ฒ ํ์ ์
์ฅ๊ณผ ๋ชจ์๋ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ๊ทธ์ ์ฒ ํ์ด ์ด์ฑ๊ณผ ์๋ง์ ์๋ก ๋๋ฆฝํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๋ ์ ํต์ ์ธ ์ด์๋ก ์ ์
์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฝํ๊ฒ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๋ฉด์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์๋ง์ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ๋ ๋ณด๋ค ์ค๋๋ ฅ์๋ ์
์ฅ์ผ๋ก์ ์ด ๊ธ์์๋ ๋ง๋ฏธ์์ ํ๋กฌ์ ์๋ง๊ด์ ๊ฐ๋ตํ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ๋กฌ์ ์ผํํ์ฐ์ด๋ ์์์ ์ ํต์ ์ธ ์ด์๋ก ์ ์ธ ์
์ฅ์ด ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ์ด์ฑ๊ณผ ์๋ง์ด ๋๋ฆฝํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์คํ๋ ค ์์ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ์๋ง๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋ ๊ฑด๊ฐํ ์ด์ฑ์ ๋ํด์ ํ๊ดด์ ์ด๊ณ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ์๋ง๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋ ๋ณ์ ์ธ ์ด์ฑ์ด ๋๋ฆฝํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด์๋ค.
The aim of this work is to interpret โ by means of the postcolonial strategy of reading โ a short story titled Mimesis, published in Paweล Huelleโs collection: Opowieลci chลodnego morza. This kind of interpretation reveals a choice of new perspectives, aiming at the healing of trauma by explaining the symptoms and revealing hidden facts. In Mimesis by Huelle, this happens due to the characterโs narration. The author of the article presents a process of the characters identity creation during their encounters with different cultures (Huelle exemplifies a multicultural mosaic in his short story). All the way through the imagery of the characters, the author of the article enhances the main axiological features and describes the process of identity creation, thus an act of liberating oneself from restrictions of oneโs own culture.
Dr. Pankiewiczโs paper focuses on the depiction of Erich Frommโs character and views. The subject of the author's analysis is the work of Fromm entitled >War in Man< (the author is the initiator of the Polish edition of this book). The paper raises both the issues of the presented book, as well as Fromm's views, which can be found in reading the paper. Dr. Pankiewicz points out that >War in Man< is a very important voice of warning against nuclear threat, while pointing to the paradoxical fact that the main source of danger to humanity is currently man himself - that the element of self-destruction lies within us. The author introduces to the reader the universal issues of life and death, so characteristic for Fromm's thought, citing pessimistic thoughts about the dimensions of human destructiveness. And although (as stated by the author himself) the take on the paper's issues is not optimistic, the guide and popularization of Fromm's reflections on the global nuclear threat is nowadays one of the most current issues. The text help us to better understand what was happening and is still happening before our eyes: It approximates the structure of modern manโs nature and the problems of interdependence of social and psychological factors, explains the essence of human aggressive behaviour, indicating the sources of these behav-iours.
๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์์๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ํ ์ ๊ทผ์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ด์ง ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ํ ์ ๊ทผ์ผ๋ก ์๋๋์๋ค. ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์์๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋
ผ์ํจ์ ์์ด์ ํ๋ก์ดํธ๋ฅผ ์์ํ์ฌ ์ต, ์๋ค๋ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฑ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ์๋ก ํ๋ ํธ๋์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ์๋ค ์กฐ์ฐจ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์์๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋
ผ์ํจ์ ์์ด์ ๋จ์ฑ์ ์ผ๋์ ๋ ์๋ฌผํ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ์ง๋์น๊ฒ ๊ฐ์กฐํ ๋ฉด์ด ์ง์ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์์์ ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ํ ์ดํด๋ ์๋์ ๋ฌธํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ ๊ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด๋ง์ผ๋ก ๋จ์ํํด์๋ ๊ณค๋ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋จ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ฑ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ ์์์ ๊ฒํ ๋์ด์ผ ํ ํ์์ฑ์ด ์ง์ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ข
์ ์ โ๋จ์ฑ ์๋๋ฉด ์ฌ์ฑโ์ด๋ ์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋
ผํ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก์์ ์ฌ์ฑ๋ก ์ด ์ ๊ฐ๋์ด์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ฉด์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์์์ ๋ํ ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํจ์ ์์ด์๋ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์๋ฆฌ์ , ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธก๋ฉด ์ด์ธ์ ์ฌํ์ , ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ์ผ ํจ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ์๋ค.
์ด ๊ธ์ ์ฃผ๋ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ํ๋ณต ๋ด๋ก ์ ๋น๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋๋ ์์ ์ ์ต๋ํ์ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ต์ํ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ ํ๋ณต๋ก ์ ์งํฅํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋๋ ๋จผ์ ์์ ์ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ๋ณ์ฆ๋ฒ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ด๋ก(1), ์ํผ์ฟ ๋ก์ค์ ์๋ฆฌ์คํ ํ
๋ ์ค์ ํ๋ณต๋ก ์ ๋นํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋๋ ํ๋ณต๋ก ์ด ๋ถํํ ์์์ ๋น ์ง์ง ์์ผ๋ ค๋ฉด ํ๋ณต๊ณผ ๋ถํ์ ์ด๋ถ๋ฒ์ ๋ฒ์ด๋์ผ ํ๋ฉฐ(2), ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋ ์๋จ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก์ ํ๋ณต์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ์ ์งํ์์ ์ ๋นํํด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ์
์ฅ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค(3). ๋์๊ฐ ๋๋ ํ๋กฌ๊ณผ ๋ง๋ฅด์ฟ ์ ์ ๊ธ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์์ ํ๋ณต๋ก ์ด ์์ค๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์๊ฐ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ด ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋
ผ์ฆํ๋ค(4). ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ๋๋ ํ๋ณต ๋ด๋ก ์ด ์๊ธฐ์นจ์ ๊ณผ ์๊ธฐ์ฐ๋ฏผ์์ ๋์ ๋ฐ๊นฅ์ผ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ด ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐํ๋ค(5).
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ฌ๋์ ๊ดํ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฒ๋๋ค์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ํ์ฌ Fromm์ ์ฌ๋์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐํผ ๋จ๋
๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์ฒ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์๋ค. ๋จผ์ , ๊ตญ๋ด์ธ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค์ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ ํ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ฒ๋๋ค์ ํ๊ณ์ ์ ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ ์ด์ ๋ํ ๋์์ผ๋ก Fromm์ ์ฌ๋์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. Fromm์ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ํ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก 6๊ฐ ํ์์์ญ(์๊ธฐ์ , ๋ชจ์ฑ์ , ๋ถ์ฑ์ , ํ์ ์ , ์ด์ฑ์ , ์ ์ ์ฌ๋)์ ์ถ์ถํ์๋ค. 6๊ฐ ํ์์ฒ๋์ ์ ํฉํ ๊ธฐ์ด 100๋ฌธํญ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ ํ, ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค๊ณผ์ ๋
ผ์๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 1์ฐจ ์๋น๋ฌธํญ์์ 60๋ฌธํญ์ด ์ ์ ๋์๋ค. 30~50๋ ๊ธฐํผ ๋จ๋
324๋ช
์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์๋น๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ์ฌ ๋ฌธํญ๋ถ์, ํ์์ ์์ธ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ ๋ถ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 22๋ฌธํญ์ด ์ ๊ฑฐ๋๊ณ , 868๋ช
์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๋ณธ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ์ฌ ๋ฌธํญ๋ถ์, ํ์ธ์ ์์ธ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ ๋ถ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 1๋ฌธํญ์ด ์ ๊ฑฐ๋์ด ์ต์ข
38๋ฌธํญ์ด ์ ์ ๋์๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ ์ฌ๋์ฒ๋์ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ ๊ณ์๋ .72~.86 ์ฌ์ด๋ก ์ํธํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ฌ๋์ ์ฒ๋์ ํ๊ณ์ ์ ๋ณด์ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ๋ฌ ๋จ๊ณ์ ๋ค์ํ ์ธ๊ฐ๊ด๊ณ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ฐ์ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ตญ๋ด์ธ์์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ฑ์ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋ฌ์ ํฌํจํ ์๋ก์ด ์ฐจ์์ ํตํฉ์ ์ฌ๋์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ๊ทธ ์์๊ฐ ์๋ค.
๋ฌธใํ๋์ ๊ธฐ์ ์๋๋ฅผ ํน์ง์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ํ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ํ์ผ์ ์ง๋ฐฐ์ด๋ค. ์ด ์์์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋
ธ์๊ฐ ๋ ์ฑ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฒด์ ์ ์์ํ๋ฉฐ ์ด์๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์๋ฐ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์์ ์ ๋ณธ์ฑ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ฉ์ด์ง ์ฑ ์์ธ๋ ์ํ๋ก ์ด์๊ฐ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ธ๊ฐ์์ธ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์๋์ ๊ทน๋ณต์ ์ํด์๋ ์ด๋ ํ ํํ์ ์ค๋ฆฌํ์ด ํ์ํ ๊ฒ์ธ๊ฐ? ์ ํต์ ์ธ ์ค๋ฆฌํ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ ์ด์ฑ์ ๋ํ ๊ฐ์กฐ๋ง์ผ๋ก๋ ๋๋ฆ๋๋ก ๋งค์ฐ ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๊ณ ์ฃผ์ง์ฃผ์์ ์ธ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์๋์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ํญํ๊ธฐ์๋ ์ค๋๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค. ๊ธฐ์ ์๋์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ์ฌ๋์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ ์๋์ ์ค๋ฆฌํ์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ํธ์ํด์ผ๋ง ํ๋์ ์ค๋๋ ฅ ์๋ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์๋ค์ฌ์ง ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ๋ฐํ์ ๋๋ฉด์ ๋์์ ๊ธฐ์ ์๋์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํ์๋ก ํ๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ฌ๋์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์๋์ ๋ํ ํ๋์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๋์์ด ๋ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ฌ๋์ ์ค๋ฆฌํ์ด๋ค.๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ ์๋์ ์ ํฉํ ์ฌ๋์ ์ค๋ฆฌํ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ด๋์์ ์ฐพ์ ๊ฒ์ธ๊ฐ? ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋ณธ ๊ธ์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ ์ฒ ํ์๋ ํ์ค, ํ์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ, ํ๋กฌ์ด๋ค. ์ธ ์ฌ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์๋์ ๋ํ ๋นํ์ ์ธ์์ ํ ๋๋ก ๋๋ฆ๋๋ก์ ์ฌ๋๋ก ์ ์ ๊ฐํ๋ค๋ ๊ณตํต์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ ์ง๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํ์ค์ ์ฌ๋๋ก ์ ์ง๋์น๊ฒ ์ด๋
์ ์ด๊ณ ์ถ์์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ง๋๋ค. ๋ํ ํ์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ์ ์ฌ๋๋ก ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ฑ๊ณผ ํ์ค์ฑ์ ๋ด์งํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์์๋ ํ์ค์ ๋นํด ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ด๋ ์๊ทน์ ์ด๊ณ ๋น์์ง์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ ์ด ๋จ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ ๋๋ค. ํ๋กฌ์ ์ฌ๋๋ก ์ ์์์ ๋จ์ ์ด ๋นํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ทน๋ณต๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก์ ํ์์์ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ์งํฅํ๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋ณธ์ฑ์ ์ด๋ง์ ๋ฐํ์ ๋๊ณ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ด๋
์ ์ฌ๋์ด ์๋ ์ฌํ์ ํ์์ผ๋ก์์ ์ฌ๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ง์ถ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ํ๋กฌ์ ์ฌ๋๋ก ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์๋์์ ํฉํํ๋๊ณ ์๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ฑ ํ๋ณต์ ์ํ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ ํ์ค์ ์๋ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ ์ ํ๋ค. ๊ธฐ์ ์๋์ ์ฌ๋์ ์ค๋ฆฌํ์ ์ด๋ฌํ ํ๋กฌ์์ ์ฌ๋๋ก ์ ๋ฐํ์ ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํ๋นํ ์ด๋ก ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฆฝ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
๊น์์์ 1945๋
๋ฑ๋จํ ๋ค ํ์ค๊ณผ ์์ ๊ณผ์ ํฌ์ ์์์ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋ฉฐ ์์ ์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ ํ์ธํ๊ณ ์ ํต์ฐฐ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ํ ์ ๊ท๋ค์ ์ฐ๋ฌธ์ ํ์์ ๋น๋ ค ๋
ธ๋ํ ์๋ค. ํนํ ๊น์์์ 4.19๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ์์ธ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ ๋ฅผ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ค์ ์ฒ์ง๋ฅผ ์ค์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์์ ํ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฌํ์์ ํต์ผ์ ์ขํ๋ ค๋ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ๊ณ์ํด ์๋ค. ์์ธ๋ ๊ทผ๋์ ๋น์ธ๊ฐํ์ ํจ๊ป ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๋ ์ค์ํ ๋ถ๋ฉด์ ์ง๋๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ฐ์ด ์์ ์ ๋ณธ์ง์ ์ ์งํด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง๋๋ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ์์๋ ๊น์์ ์์ ๋ํ๋ ์์ธ๋ฅผ >๋ฌธ๋จ๊ณผ ์์ ์ ์๋ก๋ถํฐ์ ์์ธ<, >์ํ๋ก๋ถ ํฐ์ ์์ธ<, >์๊ธฐ ์์ ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ์ ์์ธ<๋ก ๋๋์ด ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊น์์์ด >์กฐํ์ ํต์ผ<์ ๊ฐ์น๋ก ์ผ์์์ ๋ฐํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์์ธ๋ ํค๊ฒ๊ณผ ๋ง๋ฅดํฌ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํ์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ๋กฌ์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊น์ง ๊ทผ๋์ ์ค์ํ ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ํ์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฌธ๋ช
์ ์ํฉ์ด ์กด์ฌ์๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ํ์ง ์๋ ์ํฉ์์๋ ํ๋ฌด์ ๋ถ์์ ๋น ์ง ์๋ฐ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ง๋จํ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ๊ด๊ณํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ๋งํ๋ค๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋น ์ ธ ์์ธ์ ์ง๋ฉด ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊น์์์ด ๋ฑ๋จ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์ธํ๊ณผ์ ๋ถํ์ ์์ ์ ์์ ๋ํ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ๊ฐ์ ํํํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ํ์ ์์ด์ ๋ฒ์ญ ์ผ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฒญ๋ถ ๋ฒ์ญ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ ๋งํฌ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์๋์ผ๋ก ์ด์ฌํ ๋ค ๋ญ์ ํค์ฐ๋ฉฐ ์์ ์ ๋ณ๋๋ฆฌ ์ธ์์ด๋ผ๋ ์์กฐ์ ๋น ์ง ๊ฒ๋ ์์ธ ๋๋ฌธ์ด์๋ค. ์ด์๋ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์๊ธฐ ์์ธ๋ ์์ ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฆ์ ์ฆํ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ๋ธ๋ค. ํด๋ฐฉ๊ณผ 4.19 ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 5.16๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์๋์ ์ํฉ์ ๊น์์์๊ฒ ์์ด ์ค์๊ณผ ๋น์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธ์๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์์ , ์ ์, ์์ฌ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํ์ด์ํ์ ๊ด๋
๋ค์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊น์์์ด ์์ธ์ ๋น ์ง ๊ฒ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ์ค๊ณผ ์ฌ์ ๋ผ๋ ๋น๋์ผ์ ๊ฐ๊ทน ๋๋ฌธ์ด์๋ค. ์์ธ๋ ์์ธ๋๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์ํฉ๊ณผ ์์ธ๋ ์ดํ์ ์ํฉ์ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค. ๊น์์์ ๋๊ตฌ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์์ ์ ๋ํด ๊น์ด ์๊ฒ ์ฑ์ฐฐํ ์์ธ์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ํ์๋ ์์ ์ ๋ฐฉ์ํ์ง ์์๋ค. ํ์ค๊ณผ์ ์ธ์๋งํผ ์์ ๊ณผ์ ์ธ์์ ๋ฉ์ถ์ง ์์๋ค. ํ์ค๊ณผ ์์ ๋ํด ์๋์ ์์ฑ๊ณผ ์ ๋์ ์์ฑ์ ํ์ํ๊ณ ์ ๋์์์ด ์์ ์ ๋์๊ฐ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋์ ์ ํตํด ๊ทธ๋ ์กฐํ์ ํต์ผ์ ํ์ค๊ณผ ์์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ก ์ผ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์์ธ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ๊น์์์ด ๋ฆฌ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ฆ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋๋์ฆ์ ๋ ์ด์ฆ ์ฌ์ด์์ ๊ท ํ์ ์ด๋ฃฌ ๊ฒ๋ ์กฐํ์ ํต์ผ์ ํ์ค๊ณผ ์์ ๊ถ๊ทน ์๋ฆฌ๋ก ์ผ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค.
์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋ํ์์ ์๋ช
์ ์ํ ๊ต์ก์ ์์์คํ์ ๊ด์ ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ์ฌ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋
ผ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ์ค์ฒ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ๋ ค๋๋ฐ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋๋ค. ๋๋ ์ฐ์ ์ถ์ ๋ชฉ์ , ์์์คํ, ํ๋ณต๊ฐ๋
๋ฑ์ ์ํธ๊ด๋ จ์ฑ์ ์ดํด๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋ค์์ผ๋ก ์ ํต์ ๋ฐ ํ๋์ ๋๋ชฉ๋ค์ด ์์์คํ์ ์ํด ํ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก์ >๊ธ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ<๊ณผ >ํ๋ณต ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ<์ ์์ฉ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. >์๋ช
๊ฐ๋
<์ ๊ดํ ์ ์๋ ์ดํด๋ฐฉ์์ ์ฐธ์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ํ์ ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ ํตํฉ์ ์ธ ์ดํด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํด์ผํ๋ค. >์๋ช
ํ์<์ ์๋ฌผํ์ ๋น๋กฏํ ์์ฐ๊ณผํ๊ณผ ์ํ๋ฑ์ ํ๊ตฌ๋์์ด๊ณ >์๋ช
์ ๋ณธ์ง<์ ์ฒ ํ์ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ ์ธ๋ฌธ๊ณผํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์์ด๋ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ณ ๋ฑ ์ข
๊ต์์๋ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ณผ ๊ต๋ฆฌ์ ํ ๋๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ์๋ช
์ ๋ณธ์ง์ ๋ํ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ํด๋ต์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ์ค๋๋ ์๋ช
์ ์์์ ์กด์์ฑ์ ๋๋์ด๋ ค๋ ๊ต์ก๊ณผ ์ด๋์์ ๋ด๊ฑธ๊ณ ์๋ >์๋ช
์ ๋ฌธํ<๋ >์ฃฝ์์ ๋ฌธํ<์ ๋ฐ๋๊ฐ๋
์ด๋ค. ์ฃฝ์์ ๋ฌธํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์๋ช
์ ๊ฒฝ์ํ๋ ์์๊ณผ ํ์กฐ์์ ์นํธ๊ณ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฃผ์, ์พ๋ฝ์ฃผ์, ๋ฌผ์ง์ฃผ์๊ฐ ๊ทธ ์จ์์ด๋ค. ํ๋์ฌํ์์ ๋ง์ฐ๋ ์ฃฝ์์ ๋ฌธํ๋ ์๋ช
์ ๋ฌธํ๋ก ๋ฐ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๊ฐ์์ ๋๋์ ์๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ ๋์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ํตํ์ฌ ์๋ช
๋ฌธํ์ ๊ฑด์ค์ ๋ฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํด์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์๋ฆฌํ ํ๋กฌ์ด ๋งํ๋๋ก >์์ ์ ์ถ<์ด ์๋๋ผ >์กด์ฌ์ ์ถ<์ด์ด์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์๋ช
์ ์ํ ๊ต์ก์ ๊ต์๊ต์ก์ ๋ฒ์์์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ํ์๋ค์๊ฒ ์ค์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐ๋์งํ๋ค.
El culto a la Santa Muerte es una creencia secular que se incrementa con gran rapidez en el Mรฉxico del 2009 actual y la presente tesina trata primeramente del origen de su culto, su relaciรณn con la iglesia catรณlica- ortodoxa y sus caracterรญsticas. Posteriormente, se analiza este tema desde un enfoque psicoanalรญtico. En base a la teorรญa de C.G. Jung, se aclara que el culto es la >sombra(tรฉrmino de Jung)< del neoliberalismo aparecida en el subconsciente colectivo mexicano.Tambiรฉn se expone que los aztecas tenรญan una tendencia hacia la >necrofilia< en su religiรณn primitiva segรบn Erich Fromm. Y como conclusiรณn, planteo cuatro premisas. Primero, el culto actual de Santa Muerte proviene de la tradiciรณn europea de la Danza Macabre, no obstante, la iglesia catรณlica no reconoce su legitimidad. Segundo, el culto tiene cuatro principales caracterรญsticas: 1. el sintetismo entre lo europeo y lo indรญgena, 2. el culto que se enfoca mรกs en la vida mundana, 3. el culto como religiรณn del mercado en el sentido de que se comercializa el culto, 4. el pรกnico por la muerte. Tercero, el culto se propaga por la crisis econรณmica causada por el neoliberalismo. Los marginados que no fueron beneficiarios de la globalizaciรณn han acogido este culto como >sombra< del neoliberalismo subconscientemente. A pesar de la tradiciรณn europea, la tendencia hacia la >necrofilia< ocultada en el subconsciente colectivo de los mexicanos resucita o intensifica esta >sombra<. Cuarto, el culto tiene ambivalencia como tabรบ. En otra palabras, tiene dos lados positivo y negativo. El positivo radica en que el culto absorbe y consuela a los marginados afectados por la globalizaciรณn y el negativo es que el culto es una alerta roja a la sociedad mexicana.
์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ํ๋ผํค์์ ์๋ฆฌ์คํ ํ
๋ ์ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ ๋ง์ค ์ํด๋์ค์ ํค๊ฒ์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ ์์์ฒ ํ์ ๊ณ ์ ์ ์ ํต์ ์ง๋ฐฐํ๋ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก ์ ์
๊ฐํ์ฌ ํ๋ณต์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ํด์ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก ์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋น๋กฏํ ๋ชจ๋ ์กด์ฌ์๋ค์ด ์์ ๋ค์๊ฒ ์ฃผ์ด์ ธ ์๋ ๋ณธ์ง์ ์ธ ํ์์ ์คํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉํํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ ๋ณธ์ง์คํ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ณธ์ง์คํ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก ์ ๊ทผ๋์์ ์ง๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ ํ์ฌํ๋ ์๊ธฐ๋ณด์กด์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก ๊ณผ๋ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ ์กด์ฌ์๋ค์ ๋จ์ํ ์๊ธฐ๋ณด์กด์ด๋ ์ข
์กฑ๋ฒ์์ ๋์ด์ ์์ ์๊ฒ ๋ถ์ฌ๋ ๋ณธ์ง์ ์ธ ํ์์ ๊ตฌํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉํํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณธ๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ณต์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ณธ์ง์คํ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก ์ ์ ์ ๋ก ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ง ์ ๋๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ช
๋ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ฉด์, ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ณธ์ง์คํ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก ์ ์
๊ฐํ์ฌ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ํ์
ํ๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ์ฌ์๊ฐ์ธ ์๋ฆฌ์คํ ํ
๋ ์ค์ ์๋ฆฌํ ํ๋กฌ์ ํ๋ณต๊ด์ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์
์ฆํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค.
The text considers the problem of Albert Schweitzer's fight to stop the development of nuclear weapons, in view of the problem of modern international terrorism. Special services in many countries for some time gains information about the efforts of various terrorist organizations to obtain nuclear weapons (or components and knowledge needed to produce it). To determine the risk there was establish a term: 'nuclear terrorism', and many actions (legal and operational) are taken in order to prevent this phenomenon. Currently no one questions the clear negativity of nuclear terrorism, so it's worth to think about its structure and causes โ which arise from human destructiveness. The element of self-destruction, present in human nature manifested itself particularly strongly with the invention of weapon with such great power of destruction, which is a nuclear weapon. Albert Schweitzer noticed an element of self-destruction, calling it 'an inhuman way of thinking' and actively engaged in a worldwide campaign against nuclear armament. The main reason which cause the Doctor of Lambarรฉnรฉ to take this activity, was to draw the attention of world public opinion on the negative effects of nuclear test-explosions. However, during the exploration of issues (in which he was supported by eminent specialists in the field of nuclear physics, with Albert Einstein headed), Schweitzer discovered a much more serious danger threatening all of humanity. This text is an attempt to answer the question about the topicality of peace appeals made by him in the 50's and 60's. The author reminds the risks associated with the development of nuclear weapons and technology in Schweitzer's times and at the present time, trying to outline the basic differences between them. Today, more and more The text considers the problem of Albert Schweitzer's fight to stop the development of nuclear weapons, in view of the problem of modern international terrorism. Special services in many countries for some time gains information about the efforts of various terrorist organizations to obtain nuclear weapons (or components and knowledge needed to produce it). To determine the risk there was establish a term: 'nuclear terrorism', and many actions (legal and operational) are taken in order to prevent this phenomenon. Currently no one questions the clear negativity of nuclear terrorism, so it's worth to think about its structure and causes - which arise from human destructiveness. The element of self-destruction, present in human nature manifested itself particularly strongly with the invention of weapon with such great power of destruction, which is a nuclear weapon. Albert Schweitzer noticed an element of self-destruction, calling it 'an inhuman way of thinking' and actively engaged in a worldwide campaign against nuclear armament. The main reason which cause the Doctor of Lambarรฉnรฉ to take this activity, was to draw the attention of world public opinion on the negative effects of nuclear test-explosions. However, during the exploration of issues (in which he was supported by eminent specialists in the field of nuclear physics, with Albert Einstein at the helm), Schweitzer discovered a much more serious danger threatening all of humanity. This text is an attempt to answer the question about the topicality of peace appeals made by him in the 50's and 60's. The author reminds the risks associated with the development of nuclear weapons and technology in Schweitzer's times and at the present time, trying to outline the basic differences between them. Today, more and more.
The aim of the research is to discover effective tools to support and educate caregivers in the face of difficult situations, including from an ethical point of view, such as moral distress. A literature review devoted to the link between moral behavior and neuroscience was performed. Subsequently, the main models of Coaching with Ethical purposes were studied, as a progressive detachment from the Coaching model linked to Performance. Once the affinities were established, a philological research was carried out among the main authors of Humanistic Ethics to identify the authentic roots of a Health Coaching aimed at defining the fundamental principles of an enhancement of Well-being.
The present article aims to reflect on the relationship of man to nature, namely the relationship of culture and environmental crisis. The following considerations are largely based on the one hand, the concept of evolutionary ontology ล majs Joseph, on the other hand, the idea of Erich Fromm that in the context of the environmental crisis and its relation to culture and humanity offer attractive incentives for reflection. %is concerns in particular the attempt to develop a more moderate approach that could serve as an acceptable platform for further reflection on this issue. While such an approach is based on the traditional view on this issue, which in the last century attempted to justify the extension of moral respect to all living flesh, no response yet on their weaknesses and try to give new impetus to the still current discourse. Therefore your attention article focuses on reflection on the transformation of culture that in these contexts, the words ล MAJS appears to be an evolutionary possibility and an existential necessity.
Hard lessons: (Critical) Management Studies and (Critical) Work and Organizational Psychology
(2023)
This short paper explores what lessons Critical Work and Organizational Psychology (CWOP) might learn from the rise of Critical Management Studies (CMS) thirty years ago. I begin by exploring the conditions of possibility for CMS, before providing a history of how it grew and institutionalized. Despite its >success<, I describe how partial, parochial and positional it was, and open a gap between its achievements within some Business Schools and its relative invisibility outside them. I conclude with some challenges for CWOP, in the spirit of learning from CMS.
์ด ๊ธ์ ์ฐ์ , ์ญ์ฌ์ ํธ๋ผ์ฐ๋ง๊ฐ ํ๋ก์ดํธ์ ์ ์ ๋ถ์ํ๊ณผ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฅธ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋
ผ์ํ๋ ๋ฐ์์ ์ถ๋ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋์งธ๋ก, ์ด ๊ธ์ ์ ์ ๋ถ์ํ์ด๋ผ ๋ ๋ฒ์ฃผ ์์์ ํ๋ก์ดํธ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฅธ์ง๋ฅผ ๋
ผ์ํ ๋ฉด์ ํธ๋ผ์ฐ๋ง์ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ํ๋ก์ดํธ์ ์ ์ ๋ถ์ํ์ด ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ๋นํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์
์งธ, ํ๋กฌ์ ์ฌํ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ์ ๋ค๋ฃจ๋ฉด์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ํธ๋ผ์ฐ๋ง์ ๊ดํ ์ ์ ๋ถ์์ด ๊ฐ์ง ํน์ง์ ์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ๋
ผ์ ํ์ ์ด ๊ธ์ ๋ท ์งธ, ์ญ์ฌ์ ํธ๋ผ์ฐ๋ง์ ์น์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด ๊ธ์์ ์ ์ํ๋ ์ญ์ฌ์ ํธ๋ผ์ฐ๋ง์ ํน์ง์ ๋ค์์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง์ด๋ค. โ ์์ด์ ํธ๋ผ์ฐ๋ง์ ๋ฐํด ํ์ฒ์ ํธ๋ผ์ฐ๋ง์ด๋ฉฐ โก์ง์ ์ฒดํํ์ง ์์ 2์ฐจ์ ํธ๋ผ์ฐ๋งํ๋ผ๋ ์ ์์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ด๊ณ , โข์ฒดํ ๋น์ฌ์ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ ๋์ด์ ์ธ๋ ์ง๋จ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ค๋ ์ ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ํธ๋ผ์ฐ๋ง์ ๋ํ ์ ์ ๋ถ์์ ์ฌํ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ๊ณผ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค. ๋ํ, ๊ทธ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์น์ ๋ ์ญ์ฌ์ ํธ๋ผ์ฐ๋ง๊ฐ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ PTSD๊ฐ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ ์ฅ์ ๋ก์ >ํธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ<๋ค์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ๊ณต๋ ์ฒด ๊ฐ์ ๋ฆฌ๋น๋์ ํ๋ฆ์ ์ฐฝ์ถํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
The ideology of psychotherapy is questioned through critical concepts taken from the Freudo-Marxist tradition. The paper first analyses in detail six determinant ideological processes detected in psychotherapy that three pioneers of Freudo-Marxism criticised in the 1920s: dualistic scission and metaphysical immobilisation (Luria); idealist generalisation and mechanistic determination (Bernfeld); and repressive adaptation and historical decontextualisation (Reich). Following this, it briefly reviews seven paired analogous processes that were denounced by continuators of the Freudo-Marxist tradition: valorative moralisation and the psychologisation of the social (Fenichel); instinctualโrational deprivation and the mechanisation of the subject (Adorno); alienating performance and surplus repression (Marcuse); manipulation and dehumanising alienation (Fromm); abstraction and mythologising (Bleger); authoritarianism and suggestion (Caruso); and depoliticisation and rationalisation (Langer). The argument will show how Freudo-Marxist questionings of these operations โ many now forgotten โ are still current and can be inspiring and enriching for a modern critique of psychotherapy.
The aim of this paper is to portray the influences of cultural processes on the professional and family life of the modern, Western societies. The text contains the review of the literature on the subject depicting the symptoms of reconciling career with family life. With reference to the analyses conducted by Erich Fromm and Theodore Brameld, a diagnosis of social conditions contributing to disorders of the work โ family life balance is put forward. The summary embraces number of conclusions that should be addressed to the overall sphere of education. Consequently, the purpose of the teachersโ work should not exclusively concern relaying specialist knowledge to pupils whom which they teach, nor preparing young people to the work, as the key task is rather to >teach human beings how to be a man, how to reach the level of a complete, coherent personality at peace with others<. Thus, in order to support a well-balanced functioning of the society, education must have an effective influence on the process of establishing standards of the >art of being< in world of the daily life.
Some people diagnosed with schizophrenia show an alteration of the sense of self. From a psychodynamic perspective, it has been hypothesized they have disorders of the integration of self/other identification/differentiation processes. From a neuroscientific view some with this diagnosis present dysfunctions in neural correlates of representation of self from other (the implicit sensorimotor-based bodily self), and self united with other. In >Sense of self and psychosis, part 1< we discussed scientific literature offering empirical evidence for the psychodynamic clinical observations that patients with diagnoses of psychoses didnโt receive adequate early infancy parental care and sufficient affective-sensorial/tactile interactions. Introducing parental care/cutaneous interactions seemed relevant in the analytic treatment of psychoses, as the pioneers of the psychoanalytic approach to psychosis suggested. From this theoretical basis we developed amniotic therapy, which reproduces the affective-tactile interactions of early infancy, insufficient in cases of psychosis, and aims at integrating the processes of differentiation and identification. We present a single case study of an experimental intervention plan including amniotic therapy. Results showed increases in interoception and global functioning, with significant decreases in positive symptoms suggesting that amniotic therapy contributes to increasing the protective strength of self-boundaries and integration of identification/differentiation processes.
We will describe in two articles (>Sense of self and psychosis<, 1 and 2) the theoretical basis and the methodology of a new therapeutic group approach called amniotic therapy, which aims to improve the sense of self of psychotic patients. In this first article we explore the role of the surface of the body and its early sensorimotor interactions in the processes of self/other identification and differentiation. We propose that these processes have common origins, the body surface and its interactions, but different destinies, depending on where the bodyโs surface is projected. When it is projected intrapsychically we have differentiation, and when it is projected externally onto the bodyโs surface of the other, we have identification. Identification is a reciprocal process, in which the selfโs and the otherโs surfaces mutually contain each other and co-create a shared field. The neural correlates of identification and differentiation are discussed. The second article, which follows, describes amniotic therapy and explores a single case study.
O objetivo deste ensaio รฉ fazer uma breve anรกlise dos aportes de Wilhelm Reich, Erich Fromm e Herbert Marcuse, que de alguma forma contribuรญram para a formulaรงรฃo de uma teoria psicanalรญtica da perversรฃo social. Nesse sentido, percorremos algumas obras dos autores ao analisar conceitos importantes, tais como os de economia sexual, carรกter autoritรกrio, princรญpio de desempenho e dessublimaรงรฃo repressiva, para avaliar atรฉ que ponto eles podem ser utilizados como operadores conceituais na anรกlise de alguns fenรดmenos sociais perversos. O ensaio tambรฉm apresenta crรญticas a determinadas soluรงรตes propostas pelos autores, mostrando como os caminhos seguidos desembocam em dois modelos de utopia sexual e social.
A partir de los testimonios registrados en diversas entrevistas a trabajadores de la Patagonia argentina, exploro cuรกles son las nociones de justicia y los valores morales que incidieron en ellos cuando decidieron rebelarse contra las condiciones de vida que sufrรญan cotidianamente. Se entretejen cuestiones vinculadas al gรฉnero (y a la experiencia obrera sobre la conformaciรณn de una clase generizada), a no acceder a un mรญnimo disfrute de la vida o del tiempo libre, al ยซexcesoยป de explotaciรณn, a la transmisiรณn generacional, entre otros factores. El trabajo retoma aportes tradicionales y los anรกlisis sobre las nociones de justicia y autoridad pensadas, entre otros, por Erich Fromm y Jean Piaget.
Chinese abstract not available] This article aims to interpret dreams in John Keatsโs narrative >The Eve of St. Agnes< from different perspectives: the Beadsmanโs, Porphyroโs, Madelineโs and John Keatsโs, the poet. We will analyze their functions respectively, and then draw a conclusion of Keatsโs purpose in structuring such a way of weaving dreams. After summarizing studies and theories on dream and soul from the perspective of psychoanalysis and scholarsโ views on >The Eve of St. Agnes<, we will continue to illustrate the ways in which John Keats constructs three layers of dreams with the pertinent approaches by Freud, Fromm, Lacan, Rank, ลฝiลพek, etc. so as to reveal John Keatsโs viewpoints on life and death, dream and reality, and pleasure and pain. [Author's English]
Margaret Widdemer's >The Watcher< tells about how the watcher has wonderful love to her beloved. The purpose of this study is to analyze the intrinsic elements of the poem and the kind of love in the poem. The author uses psychological approach to prove that the love in this poem is between mother and her children based on Erich Fromm's theory of love. The author uses library research in her study for collecting the data. The author obtained the data and information related to the object from the books and internet source. The result of this study shows that the poem talks about the love of mother to her children. It can be categorized into motherly love.
El hombre y la libertad
(1968)
Man and Freedom (Japanese)
(1967)
[Chinese abstract not available] >Ragtime<, published in 1975, is the fourth novel written by Jewish-American novelist E. L. Doctorow, for which he was awarded >the 1976 National Book Critics Circle Award<. Doctorow focused on the important figures in three families to explore the fate of different classes in the United States, and he didnโt try to write a grand history of the entire United States to reflect that time. He perfectly presented three very different American family freedom dilemmas in >Ragtime<: One was a wealthy middle-class white family, the other was a Jewish family from European immigrants, and the last was a black family, which genuinely reproduced the microcosm of all classes in that era. At present, some scholars have explored >Ragtime< from different angles such as feminist criticism and new historicism. Because of its unique writing style and ingenious narrative techniques, there are also many scholars studying the narrative strategy of the novel. However, there is a lack of comprehensive comments on the dilemma of freedom of the protagonists, the mechanism to negative freedom and how to realize positive freedom in the novel. From the perspective of Frommโs freedom theory, we can find that the freedom dilemma of an individual in modern society makes people confused. So manipulation and being manipulated, a desire to destroy, automaton conformity, and other mechanisms of negative freedom come into being. As for Fromm, to be a complete human being, to be truly free must be achieved through the spontaneous love and creative labor of the individual. Based on Frommโs view of freedom, the interpretation of >Ragtime< is of guiding significance for individuals in todayโs society to move from freedom dilemma to positive freedom. Ultimately, the liberation and free and all-around development of human beings is the highest value orientation for realizing a community with a shared future for mankind, which promotes the human beings to move towards a better tomorrow.
This article focuses on the role that the notion of temporality can and should play in the tradition of Critical Theory. Following an overview of the critical analyses of time found in the works of Marx, Lukรกcs, Weber, Adorno, Fromm, and Marcuse, the article analyzes Hartmut Rosaโs critique of social acceleration and argues that this critique lacks a firm normative basis. This basis is required, however, for one to claim why certain processes of social acceleration are wrong. It is shown that Rosaโs analyses of acceleration contain two suggestions for such a basis: autonomy understood as a narrative identity, and autonomy as defended by Honnethโs theory of recognition. After an exploration of both suggestions, in which the ideas of MacIntyre and Ricoeur are briefly discussed as well, it is argued that a combination of both may result in a specific, normative understanding of reification, which is defended against Honnethโs definition of this concept. Based on an interpretation of passages in Horkheimer and Adornoโs >Dialectic of Enlightenment< and Adornoโs notion of >working through the past<, the article claims that reification should be understood as a forgetting of the narratives that have shaped the self and the social structures under which this self is formed, and therefore as the inability to recognize the temporal dimensions of the autonomous self.
Nach diesem (eklektisch bleibenden) ideengeschichtlichen รberblick widmet sich das folgende Kapitel der Frage, wie ein humanistischer Produktivitรคtsbegriff aussehen kรถnnte, der das Subjekt und dessen Selbst- und Weltbezug ins Zentrum stellt. Zu diesem Zweck soll in Kapitel drei auf die Theorien Erich Fromms und Hartmut Rosas zurรผckgegriffen werden, bevor in Kapitel vier Kriterien fรผr einen humanistischen Produktivitรคtsbegriff definiert werden. Der Auswahl der Autoren liegt die These zugrunde, dass beide die Frage nach produktiver Selbstwerdung neu stellen und diese an der lebensweltlichen Erfahrung spiegeln.