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A presente pesquisa, de cunho bibliográfico, examina as obras >A Arte de Amar< e >Análise do Homem< de Erich Fromm, a fim de argumentar a importância da Ética Humanista para a formação do homem. Pensando na aplicação da Ética Humanista em uma educação escolar mais humanizada, consideramos que o sujeito poderá superar a crise existencial através do amor amadurecido. Com isso, no primeiro capítulo investigamos na teoria de Fromm, pontos chaves para a formação ética e moral do homem, enquanto que no segundo capítulo, fazemos uma relação da Ética Humanista frommiana com a educação, apontando caminhos para sua aplicação em uma escola. Finalizamos a pesquisa, considerando que a Ética Humanista defendida por Erich Fromm é de real importância para a formação de sujeitos mais humanos, e que uma escola baseada nessa ética, poderá promover uma educação para a vida.
Despite readily available facts and figures regarding human-caused natural degradation, a large portion of the public still refuses to believe that the environment is suffering because of our actions. This refusal to believe, paired with a lack of environmental motivation, has become so evident that it recently attracted the attention of scientists and psychologists attempting to account for it from various perspectives. The disbelief in, for instance, climate change, is hard to explain without referring to a mechanism best described as >environmental denial<. Analysis shows that people may be prone to deny anthropogenic environmental damage because their personal identity, as well as the quest for meaning in their lives, depends upon a consumerist modus vivendi. Consciously or unconsciously faced with the dilemma of either accepting that this lifestyle endangers the life of the planet (as well as their and their children’s well-being), and thus accepting its consequences and the responsibility for change, or refusing to believe that the environmental degradation is occurring in the first place, they choose the latter option. This choice is also motivated by the lack of sound alternatives around which new, >greener< identities could be built. Thus any attempt at changing public opinion regarding anthropogenic environmental degradation, as well as any strategy that advocates putting an abrupt end to our environmentally damaging practices, is not likely to be successful if it neglects to provide new footing for identity building.
Конструирование человека – параноидальное устремление нашего времени. Человека, оказывается, можно моделировать. Почти как в известной песне, >я тебя слепила из того, что было<. Однако постмодернисты вовсе не снимают с повестки дня проблему целостности человека. Основной тезис иной: если не >разъять< человека, то собранный образ человека обнаружит свою хорошо знакомую трафаретность, стереотипность. А это не годится. Фрагменты человека должны обрести необходимую пластичность, готовность к неожиданным комбинациям. Персонаж, которого на протяжении многих веков описывали в качестве индивидуальности, уступает место «дивиду», автономному фрагментарному образованию. В данной статье автор продолжает критический разбор типологии людей, представленных Э. Шпрангером, как выражение той или иной человеческой ценности. Немецкий учёный полагал, что изменение образования раскроет эти возможности. Однако более обстоятельной оказалась ценностная ориентация, которая рождает данный характер. Автор использует методы и принципы философской антропологии. Он опирается на разнообразные попытки создать классификации людских характеров. При этом анализируются и психологические концепции. В частности, характерология Э. Шпрангера сопоставляется с типологией социальных характеров у Э. Фромма. Характерология Шпрангера впервые в отечественной литературе становится предметом критического анализа. Автор указывает на произвольность принципа, из которого исходит немецкий философ, описывает различные духовные установки, которые лежат в основе того или иного образа жизни. В деятельности конкретного человека преобладает, как правило, одна из этих установок. Выделяя основные ценности, на которые ориентируется человек в его поведении и которые в конечном счёте предопределяют его поведение. Однако Шпрангер не учел, что в каждой из этих сфер нередко оказываются люди с прямо противоположными психическими качествами и особенностями. Его принцип в статье характеризуется как достаточно абстрактный. В статье показано, что анализ рыночной ориентации Э. Фроммом даёт более развёрнутое представление об экономическом человеке.
Alienation is described as encompassing individual psychological states and types of social relationships. In the context of this study, individuals experience profound feelings of disconnection and estrangement (Kalekin-Fishman, 1998). The objective of this research was to elucidate the diverse causes of alienation depicted in the novel >The Boy in the Striped Pajamas<. Analyzing the reasons for alienation in this literary work could provide deeper insights into how war and human atrocities impact an individual's mental well-being. It also contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of the theme of alienation in literary research. The research employed a literature study approach with a psychological perspective, drawing on Erich Fromm's concept of alienation. The primary data source for this study was the novel >The Boy in the Striped Pajamas< by John Boyne, focusing on character dialogues and the author's narration within the story units. The novel, published on 5 January 2006, consists of 216 pages. To analyze the data, the researcher collected, reviewed, identified, organized, and drew conclusions from the gathered information. The findings of this research reveal various causes of alienation present in the characters of Bruno and Shmuel in the novel. These causes included alienation arising from interactions with other people, alienation resulting from societal factors, and alienation stemming from internal struggles within themselves. The exploration of these aspects shed light on the complex psychological impacts of alienation amidst the backdrop of war and its atrocities in the narrative of >The Boy in the Striped Pajamas<.
본 연구의 목적은 힘의 변형 관점에서 집단상담 이론을 재이론화하고, 이에 근거하여 청소년의 폭력성이 집단상담 과정을 통해 변형된 사례를 분석하는 것이다. 연구자는 본 연구를 통해 집단상담이 힘의 변형 자원이 있음을 논증하고, 힘의 변형 관점에서 권위주의가 뿌리 깊은 한국의 목회 영역에 유의미한 실천적 적용을 모색하고자 하였다. 힘은 관계의 맥락 안에서 권위적인지, 혹은 상호적인지 정의되어질 수 있다. 본 연구에서의 힘의 변형이란, 대인관계과정에서 권위적인 힘이 상호적인 힘으로 변형되는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구를진행하기 위해 연구자는 문헌연구와 사례연구를 병행하였다. 본 연구는 집단상담의 이론과 과정을 힘의 변형 관점에서 다시 구조화했다는 점에서 그 주요한 성과가 있다. 또한 집단상담의 힘의 변형 자원을 신학적으로 조명하여 오늘날 한국교회의 리더십 유형과 공동체의 관계성 유형을 모색하였다는 점에서도 의의가 있다.
The critical theory of the Frankfurt School reached Egypt in 1955, when the Arabic translation of Erich Fromm’s >The Sane Society< (New York, 1955) was published in Cairo. Later, Herbert Marcuse’s >Soviet Marxism< (1958) was translated into Arabic in Beirut in 1965, and with the rise of student protests in France, Germany, and the United States, much attention was given to Marcuse; almost all his writings were translated into Arabic between 1969 and 1973. This article explores the nature of individual >receptions< of the critical theory of the Frankfurt School at Egyptian universities. To this end, it briefly introduces the early generation of the Frankfurt School, as well as the reasons of interest in its fate in Egyptian universities. Though master’s theses and doctoral dissertations do not represent a university’s orientation to critical theory, and at best represent the perspective of their individual authors, this article shows that key individual theses and dissertations testify to an early rejection of the Frankfurt School and to the late adoption of it as a critical paradigm of the transformations in Egyptian society.
>I shall not hate.< This sentence ends the production at the Staatsschauspiel Dresden about Izzeldin Abuelaish’s biography, who lost three of his daughters in the violent conflict between Israel and Palestine. This particular attitude within a crisis situation becomes the starting point and framework of a teaching unit in which the students deal with the following questions: What is hate? Is it possible not to hate? How can hate be classified in the field of tension between the instinctual nature of human beings and a conscious attitude? How are crises and loss of orientation related to hate? Can a society be sick? How are Izzeldin’s attitude and Fromm’s theory of a productive character orientation connected and how is Izzeldin’s or Fromm’s offer of orientation to be judged against the background of crises and conflicts in the students’ lifeworld? Through a visit to a performance as well as theatre pedagogical forms of work, an access to this complex thematic field will be created.
Is there a Jewish conception of the individual subject? The issue is quite problematic, for several reasons: 1) it is difficult to speak of Judaism in a monolithic manner, because Judaism is a multifaceted reality, varying according to different epochs and places, to the point that we should speak of >Judaisms<, in the plural; 2) if the question of the individual subject is connected to the vision that the Western (meaning, European, essentially Christian) culture has constructed, Judaism can hardly be defined as “Occidental” or “Oriental”. After a short analysis of these two points, we present the conceptions of the individual subject as developed by two major Jewish thinkers of the twentieth century: Martin Buber (1878-1965) and Erich Fromm (1900-1980). Both based their visions on traditional Jewish sources (Bible, Talmud) but attributed them a universal value.
Человек не является подобием машины, которая обладает набором разных свойств и характеристик. В бытии человека обнаруживаются экзистенциальные противоречия. Ведь он рождается в природе, а живет в обществе. Человек имеет инстинкты, но располагает и сознанием. Он животное и неживотное. Потомок Адама – природное создание, но он имеет и божественную природу. Человек, по определению Э. Фромма, едва ли не самое эксцентричное создание универсума.
Мелани Кляйн (1882-1960) – представитель английского психоанализа. После формирования классического психоанализа Фрейда дальнейшее его развитие пошло сразу по нескольким направлениям. Одно из них – неофрейдизм (Г. Олпорт, Э. Фромм, К. Хорни). Сторонники этого направления упрекали Фрейда в том, что он мало внимания уделял социальным аспектам. В статье делается попытка реконструкции детского поведения согласно открытиям Мелани Кляйн.
In this chapter, the author introduces his autobiographical near-death experience of a motorcycle accident as the basis for examining his life and the self-study that forms this book, within a gestalt or whole. Touching on the figure-ground-contact approach of Gestalt Therapy, the author puts this self-study within the context of a lifetime of involvement in the Japanese art of Ki Aikido. In Aikido, one learns to coordinate their mind, body, and life energy (Japanese: ki) to better attune and move in synchronization with the world around them. The ethos of Aikido reflects the broader virtue ethics of traditional Japanese arts – >do<, >michi<, or >way< – and how this approach to education aims for spiritual self-cultivation in daily life, rather than mere acquisition of technical or intellectual knowledge. Through Aikido, Japanese calligraphy or shodo (which the author took up as a comparative/adjunct >way< for his study), and beyond into increased skillful awareness in motorcycling and educational praxis, this chapter draws on Yasuo Yuasa’s theory of ki as ‘teleological intentionality.’ By taking a ‘path’ approach to learning through this >ki awareness< one thus develops and enhances their embodied presence into what Yuasa calls >transpersonal synchronization.<
In the conclusion entitled >A Holistic Relational Paradigm,< the author draws on key themes in the manuscript: attachment, healing, psychosocial development, and an altruistic approach to fostering prosocial behavior. Epstein’s (2014) work relates the early trauma of the Buddha’s loss of his mother after childbirth to his resultant view of ‘suffering.’ Epstein explores how this attachment >wound< is mirrored in the Buddhist view that we suffer as the result of not knowing how to integrate the reality of ‘impermanence.’ The author continues to generalize this universal or psycho-spiritual view (as opposed to one based on our ‘personal’ pathology or ‘narrative’) through the core training principles of Ki Aikido, like the Buddha’s Four Noble Truths, as ways of laying out a more liberatory path in daily life. Drawing on the work of Erich Fromm, he further expands on the notion of love, specifically as an approach that fosters applied skillfulness in relationships as an antidote to narcissism. Expanding further, he draws on Matthieu Ricard’s (2015) work on altruism, based in research on its roots in prosocial behavior rather than as moral idealism or superiority.
Drawing on the author’s lifelong practice in the non-competitive and defensive Japanese art of Aikido, this book examines education as self-cultivation, from a Japanese philosophy (e.g. Buddhist) perspective. Contemplative practices, such as secular mindfulness meditation, are being increasingly integrated into pedagogical settings to enhance social and emotional learning and well-being and to address stress-induced overwhelm due to increased pressures on the education system and its constituents. The chapters in this book explore the various ways, through the lens of this non-violent relational art of Aikido, that pedagogy is always something being practiced (on the level of psychological, somatic and emotional registers) and thus holding potential for transformation into being more relational, ecological-minded, and reflecting more ‘embodied attunement.’ Positioning education as a practice, one of self-discovery, the author argues that one can approach personal development as engaging in a spiritual process of integrating mind and body towards full presence of being and existence.
In this volume Erich Fromm has republished eight essays, all but one of which have appeared in various periodicals during the last ten years. The longest and most important piece, from which the book takes its name, was published first in German in 1930 and has been translated by James Luther Adams. >The Dogma of Christ< is a fascinating study of the rise and modifications of Christianity considered from both an internal dynamic (psychoanalytical) and socioeconomic-political point of view. >I tried to show that we cannot understand people by their ideas and ideologies; that we can understand ideas and ideologies only by understanding the people who created them and believed in them. In doing this we have to transcend individual psychology and enter the field of psychoanalytical-social psychiatry.< This emphasis has been maintained in Fromm's work as a departure from the strict Freudian theoretical approach and has resulted […]
Erich Fromm argues that the only reliable way to solve the environmental crisis is to alter current social formations in a way in which biophilia can flourish, so humankind can solve its existential dichotomy as well as meet survival needs in an ecologically sound way. However, society's preoccupation with the non-alive-elements such as technique, the mechanical, gadgets, and commodities – shows that the modern social character is far from biophilous. Instead, modern societies are inherently ecologically destructive due to systematic processes and attraction to its progress is a less acute form of, what Fromm terms, necrophilia. His insights can help formulate a social theory of environmental degradation that includes structural and ideational variables. Prescriptively, this means appeals for value changes must correspond with fitting appeals for structural changes in social systems.
Since Freud psychoanalytic hypnosis theory has evolved along with advances in psychoanalysis, e.g., psychoanalytic ego psychology. This paper traces the contributions of Freud (1953 & 1955), Ferenczi, (1950), Schilder (1956), Kubie and Margolin (1944), Gill and Brenman (1959), and Fromm (1977) toward a psychoanalytic theory of hypnosis from the early libido theory to the ego-analytic point of view.
Edward Jones is one of the preeminent African-American writers of contemporary literature, whose masterpiece is >The Known World<, for which he wins the National Book Critics Circle Award 2003, Pulitzer Prize 2004, and International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award 2005. >The Known Word< is an account of the survival and tortuous fate of black slave owners and slaves from a perspective that black literature has never touched before, enriching the diversity of character identity in black literature and rewriting the connotation of freedom. This thesis analyzes black identity in >The Known Word< from the perspective of Fromm’s concept of freedom Erich Fromm constructs two unique concepts of negative freedom and positive freedom from the perspectives of sociology and psychology. Fromm proposes that the freedom people usually pursue is the extrinsic negative freedom. In the pursuit of negative freedom, a sense of loneliness and powerlessness often emerges, and in order to get rid of these feelings, people choose to escape from freedom again, by eliminating their own individuality and integrating into the surrounding environment, making themselves further and further away from freedom. Only the intrinsic positive freedom can lead people to the path of authentic freedom, achieving freedom and peace within people. In >The Known Word<, Jones also encapsulates the process of black slave owners and black slaves pursuing freedom and finding themselves in a social environment dominated by white culture and white people. Some people experience the pursuit and escape of negative freedom and lose their identity, while others successfully embark on the path of positive freedom, find their identity, and successfully realize the reconstruction of their identity. This thesis is divided into three parts, the first part is the introductory part, including an introduction to Edward Jones and his work >The Known Word<, an analysis of the current state of domestic and international research on >The Known Word<, and related explanations of Fromm’s concept of freedom and the significance of the chosen topic of this thesis.– The second part is the main part of this thesis, which consists of three chapters. The first chapter illustrates that the black slave owners Henry and Maude and the black slave overseer Moses aspire to realize their own identity by pursuing negative freedom, but as a result, they cannot counteract the loneliness and powerlessness of following the negative freedom and instead have the tendency to escape from freedom, give up freedom and lose their own identity. They all damage their families in a way, undermining the foundation of their identity and exploit their compatriots for more wealth, losing themselves in slavery.– The second chapter explains the causes for the lost identity of Henry, Maude, and Moses by analyzing the mechanism of escape from freedom — the hegemonic position of the whites in society and the lack of confidence in their own black culture make them willing to be ruled by slavery and drift away from freedom.– The final chapter explores the reconstruction of the identity and of black slaves Alice and Minerva, the black slave owner Calvin and so on, who complete the reconstruction of their identity through the realization of positive freedom. The regression of black identity and self-realization is achieved through the awakening of consciousness and the construction of harmonious family and social relationships.– The last part concludes and sublimates the above chapters. The parsing of the entire thesis leads to the conclusion that Fromm’s concept of freedom is fully reflected in the magnificent and vast description of black identity in >The Known World<. The concept furnishes us a better perspective and opportunity for the understanding of Edward Jones’ >The Known Word<. It also gives us the opportunity to better understand the responsibility of Jones’ writing and his deep thoughts about the history and future of black people. Meanwhile, in times of various values collide, the blacks’ pursuit of freedom and identity in the novel is also of great practical significance, guiding people to realize their intrinsic freedom and find the true meaning of life. [English: www.cnki.net, 4/2022]
Martyna Majok is a Polish-American playwright. Her second play >Cost of Living< was published in 2018 and won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in the same year. The main characters in >Cost of Living< are the disabled: Ani and John, and their respective caregiver: Eddie and Jess. They desire to connect with others and the society, while at the same time, gaps of disability, race and class are created between them. However, they do not compromise or give up because of this, but are still actively looking for the salvation of love. This paper interprets the survival dilemma and salvation methods of the characters with the help of Erich Fromm’s human existence theory, revealing the living conditions of the marginalized in the United States who are shackled by disability, race, and class. It calls on the society to give more humanistic care to the marginalized and the disadvantaged. This paper consists of five parts, including the introduction, three main chapters and the conclusion. The introduction summarizes the life experience and main works of Majok, the main content of >Cost of Living<, the current research status of this play at home and abroad, and the theoretical framework. The first chapter combines with Fromm’s thinking on the existence dilemma of the modern people to analyze the survival dilemma of the four characters in the play. The disability brought both mental and physical torture to John and Ani; Eddie had to endure loneliness in the process of individualization; under alienation, Jess became a commodity for exchange of interests, and alienated from others constantly. In the play, both the disabled and the caregivers were caught in an inescapable survival predicament and could not perceive kindness, trust and love between individuals.– The second chapter explores the reason why the characters were in such dilemma with Fromm’s theory of human need. Due to the social exclusion, Ani and John were eager to establish relatedness with the outside. Eddie took the initiative to seek company and rootedness, and Jess was desperate to gain a certain social identity. These unsatisfied spiritual needs made them fall into a desperate situation, and their wrong attempts to meet their needs even got them into deeper dilemma.– The third chapter analyzes different attempts made by the characters to get rid of their predicaments and achieve self-salvation. Infected by love, Ani rekindled her hope and enthusiasm for life. John took the initiative to step out of self-closure. Eddie and Jesse also boldly tried to love others. All the characters made different attempts to build relationships and love with others, but gained different results, which proves that only love based on understanding, respect and trust can lead them out of the predicament of existence and then realize the salvation of love. The play reflects Majok’s ardent care for the fate of the marginalized in the United States. On the basis of Fromm’s existence theory, this paper represents the real living conditions of the characters and the reasons for their deep predicament. Life is full of hardship and pain, and the marginalized represented by the characters in the play who lacked social attention and care are in deeper dilemma. However, predicament does not mean despair, surrender and compromise. Those who live in it should bravely fight against difficulties with an optimistic attitude. Meanwhile, the society should give them more attention and love, so that they can find the meaning of existence in the world full of loneliness and alienation, and realize self-salvation. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
As an eminent Jewish American writer, Philip Roth is well-known as an incisive observer of America’s social scene. His works mainly deal with several themes, including Jewish identity, spiritual crises of humankind, the American Dream, and conflicts between human nature and the ethic or morality of modern society. His masterpiece, the winner of the PEN/Faulkner Award in 2001, >The Human Stain< probes into the plight of self in American society. Up to now, different scholars at home and abroad have analyzed it from a variety of perspectives, like ethnic identity, racial passing, trauma, archetype, and narrative method. Unlike the previous studies, this thesis analyzes it from the perspective of Erich Fromm’s alienation theory. As a ubiquitous social phenomenon in modern society, alienation, a mode of subjective experience, indicates that man regards himself as an alienated one or receives the outside world passively. In this novel, these major characters suffer from alienation respectively, including self-alienation, the estranged relationships with one another as well as alienation in the whole society, which results from some irrational thought prevailing in America, like deep-seated racial and gender disparity, political correctness, the climate of persecution and cruel Vietnam War. Based on textual analysis and reference learning, this thesis concludes that though people go through alienation seriously, they can get rid of it through the salvation of love, the pursuit of identity, and the healing power of nature. Sincerely, this thesis can contribute to an interpretation of >The Human Stain< from a new perspective alienation, and raise attention to modern man’s living predicaments and its salvation or solutions. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
The paper present the method of measurement of the attitudes of >to be< and >to have<. They are interpreted in philosophical (in existentialism and personalism), psychological and sociological literature either as contradistinctive attitudes or as different hierarchies of values. In the paper >o be< and >to have< are taken to mean attitudes. The attitude >o be< is such a relation to the world which is characterized by a total openness. It has been assumed that the attitudes >to be< and >to have< make the extreme ends of one continuum. On the basis of the theoretical definitions of the attitudes >to be< and >to have< the Scale of >to be< and >to have< Attitudes (SPBiM) has been construed. It is a scale of Likert type made up of 29 statements (one buffer statement, four experimental statements). Additionally, for the sake of a deeper psychological characteristics, Semantic Differential, Value Understanding Test and Value Preference Test have been construed. The array of the above methods has been used in research concerning the sample of 262 persons (131 women, 131 men) who live in large cities. On the basis of the findings obtained in SPBiM (with regard to quartile deviation) a group of 50 persons has been distinguished with the highest intensity of the attitude >to be< (group B), persons with >mediate< (group M-B) and a 50-person group >to have< (group M). Thus distinguished groups B and M differ as to their connotative meanings assigned to 6 aspects of the overall reality understood here as the object of the attitudes >to be< and >to have< (the Universe, nature, temporality, suffering, other people, one's own person). The persons which adopted the >to have< attitude perceive reality as being more >negative<, whereas persons oriented towards >to be< see it in a more >positive< manner. The persons with the >to be< and >to have< attitudes differ as to their understanding of values and their preference. >Perfecting oneself< takes a particular place in the preference of values. The attitudes of >to be< and >to have< are psychologically significant and their measurement is plausible. In the light of the above findings it seems that it is necessary to conduct further empirical research of the >to be< and >to have< attitudes, as well as of ties with other psychological variables.
이 논문은 주자학의 근본적 곤혹 하나를 파고든 시도이다. 이제까지의 접근과는 달리 혹시 자연과 인간의 엄밀한 이분법 자체가 역사적 산물이 아닐까 하고 접근한다. 세계는 하나이지만 세계관은 여럿이다. 인간은 자신과 환경을 이해하는 수많은 방식을 갖고 있기에, 누구도 독점적 정당성을 고집할 수 없다. 다룰 논점은 두 가지이다. 하나는 인간과 자연의 상관성이고, 또 다른 하나는 자연과 윤리의 미분화이다. 1) 자연의 의인화와 자연-인간동형론의 연원은 오래되었다. 주자학은 기氣의 풀 속에서 인간과 자연은 물리적으로 교환되고 있다고 말한다. 인식론적으로 사태는 주관을 통해서만 알려지며, 그런 점에서 사실과 가치 사이에 엄밀한 선을 그을 수 없다는 것을 참고하자고 했다. 2) 자연과 도덕의 엄밀한 구분은 인간 본성의 불신에 기반하고 있다. 과연 윤리는 자연성의 억압 혹은 극복에서 자라는가. 도덕을 자연적 본성의 확인과 그 실현이라고 생각한 동서의 현자들이 많다. 그들은 주자가 이理를 사물의 질서이자 도덕적 지향으로 읽는 데 거부감을 갖지 않을 것이다. 보통은 납득하기 어렵다. 자신의 본성에 대해 무지하다는 것을 인정하기 어렵기 때문이다.
Freedom, responsibility and safety are categories which penetrate each other. However, in the specialist literature they are more often examined separately. Freedom and security are fundamental values, which are followed by specific needs and aspirations of individuals and groups. They should be treated as specific desiderata of human existence. Complementarity of the analyzed concepts is indisputable, however, responsibility and safety are >secondary< to freedom. On the threshold of the era of hyper globalization only drawing the line clearly – which I will try to propose – at individual freedom and public safety gives a chance to ensure multidimensional welfare of societies. Fromm is of the opinion that contemporary humans marginalize themselves in relation to nature or in confrontation with their surroundings. Human beings have become reified and their potential has been changed into resources, which should be treated as assets and aimed at gaining the highest profits. International relations are brought to the role of alienated beings, and each one of them reaches the feeling of safety only by integrating with the community. As I have proven, maintaining social ties guarantees the sense of safety and, thereby gives the possibility to use one’s potential freely.
弗洛姆(Erich Fromm)愛的理論中認為,愛包括一些元素:照顧、責任、尊重及瞭解,其中母親與小孩的關係最密切,她代表著溫暖和安全的狀態,兒童從胚胎起便與母親相互依戀著,縱使日後脫離母體向世界探索,也是相當緊密的。值得注意的是,父親之愛與母愛最大的差別在於,母親是無條件的,而父愛是有條件的。《三國演義》對於劉禪親情的書寫,從三十四回出生到四十一回趙子龍單騎救主、四十二回摔阿斗、六十一回截江奪阿斗、甚至到後來八十五回的託孤事件、及後主登基之後劉禪與諸葛亮的關係等,在在都是於親情的軌跡上書寫。是故,本文欲從現代西方心裡學家弗洛姆(Erich Fromm)《愛的藝術 The Art of Loving》中對於親情剖析的觀點析論《三國演義》中劉禪為中心的敘述,期以重新理解作者在情節段落中的安排和更貼近真實人心的心理狀態,重要的是期盼能梳理出後主人格缺陷部分始是造成蜀國敗亡的真正原因,再從弗洛姆的父親之愛、母親之愛再推而影響人類成年後的父性良知和母性良知,以釐清日後造就出後主如此懦弱無能的主因,竟和童年的親情脈絡有著密不可分的關係。
Toni Morrison(1931 – 2019), a renowned and influential African-American literary giant who enjoys univer¬sal acclaim, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993, making her the first black woman who ever receives this distinction ever since the award started. Throughout her literary career, her novel achievement has undoubtedly become a monument in the history of African-American literature. Morrison’s novels are deeply concerned about the destiny of African-Americans and the survival of their cultural identity in the white mainstream society. >God Help the Child< is Morrison’s 11th novel which officially came out to public in 2015. Contrary to her previous works that are based on the American histories, >God Help the Child< is her first novel that is set in contemporary American life in the 1990s. Main characters of the novel are Bride, Sweetness and Booker. The novel mainly reveals the various injuries and crises encountered by different characters in society, and reveals the complex relationship between family, couples, and friends. The society is developing rapidly nowadays, whereas, people can’t feel the existence of love and the value of self-existence, only to find themselves deeply shrouded in the cage of loneliness. As a result, people are eager to find a way to re-establish connections with others and to rediscover the meaning of life. Social theorist and psychoanalyst Fromm once lamented the fact of people’s spiritual crises and the collapse of traditional values. In response to this phenomenon, by making love the core of his study, Fromm puts forward his love theory to help human beings get rid of the plight of loneliness. In Fromm’s eyes, love is the only answer to solve human beings’ existential problems. Combined with Fromm’s theory of love, this thesis intends to analyze Bride’s predicament of loneliness in >God Help the Child<, and how she successfully escapes from loneliness by connecting love with other people.– This thesis consists of five parts. The first part is the introduction to Toni Morrison, >God Help the Child<, Fromm and his theory of love. In the second part, combined with Fromm’s theory of motherly love, erotic Love and brotherly love, this thesis points out Bride’s dilemma of loneliness by analyzing Bride’s relationship with her mother, her ex-boyfriends, and her friends. The third and the fourth parts deeply analyze the reasons that have engendered Bride’s plight of loneliness by thoroughly demonstrating the social as well as Bride’s personal causes. The fifth part demonstrates how Bride succeeds in getting rid of the shackles of loneliness and successfully regaining the value of her self-existence and the meaning of life by nurturing love to other people. The last part is the conclusion part, which points out that in the contemporary society where spiritual crises are widespread, only by proactively looking for effective solutions and establishing healthy love connections with other people, can human beings eliminate loneliness and regain the meaning of life. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
As one of the most famous contemporary female writers in America, Donna Tartt is a newly rising star in American literary circles. It is Tartt’s merit to describe the loss and confusion of teenagers and her work is characterized by its graceful language, compact plot and great readability. As a masterpiece that has taken Tartt’s nearly eleven years to get completed, >The Goldfinch< tells a story of a miserable boy and a famous painting which has escaped a disaster. Since its publication in 2013, >The Goldfinch< has been interpreted by scholars at home and abroad from different perspectives, whose research results are mainly concentrated on its theme and narrative skills. However, there have been no scholars so far who have interpreted the alienation phenomenon of the protagonist in the work from the perspective of alienation. Therefore, the author attempts to give a brand-new analysis and interpretation of Theodore’s alienation phenomenon in the novel with the guidance of famous psychologist Fromm’s theory of alienation, which aims to provide readers with more abundant angle to understand this masterpiece. This thesis consists of three parts: introduction, main body and conclusion. In the part of introduction, Donna Tartt and her masterpiece >The Goldfinch< are briefly arranged. Besides, this part summarizes the current research status of this topic at home and abroad and gives a brief introduction of the alienation theory of Fromm. The research significance of this paper is also clarified in this part. The body part is the main body of this thesis, which consists of three chapters. The first chapter explores the manifestations of Theodore’s alienation, which is embodied in his alienation from society, from others and from himself. Alienation is an extremely adverse phenomenon that will do harm to one’s mental health. However, it is unavoidable for Theodore to suffer from alienation due to his miserable sufferings and living environment. The second chapter analyzes the roots of Theodore’s alienation, which is carefully clarified from the perspective of society, family and Theodore’s psychology.– The first section discusses the social roots of Theodore’s alienation: the unstable social environment and the general absence of family ethics have caused individuals’ general estrangement and alienation.– The second section shows the family roots of Theodore’s alienation: the early death of his mother and the absence of his family affection lead to the cultivation of his closed and timid character.– The third section explores the psychological roots of Theodore’s alienation: his inner emptiness and loneliness are the fundamental reasons for his alienation. The third chapter analyzes the process of how Theodore constructively eliminates his alienation and finally obtains a sound psychology. The acquisition of fatherly affection and the nourishment of friendship make him feel be loved and help him gain a sense of security and the courage to move forward. Besides, the re-establishment of relationships with the outside world gives him a sense of accomplishment and helps him realize his own value. Moreover, the painting >The Goldfinch< provides him with a broad artistic space, in which he can find some comfort and courage. All of these factors have contributed to the elimination of Theodore’s alienation.– The conclusion part is the summary of the above analysis. By analyzing the manifestations and roots of Theodore’s alienation, and his efforts to eliminate alienation under the guidance of Fromm’s alienation theory, the author constructively gives the advice of solving the spiritual crisis and eliminating the alienation phenomenon of modern people. Besides, the significance and shortcomings of this thesis are also clarified in this part. With the rapid progress of society, people’s material life has been greatly improved. However, people’s spiritual world has not kept pace with their increasing material wealth. The relationships among people become aloof and isolated, which is harmful to one’s healthy development and the progress of society. Therefore, this paper aims to provide some constructive suggestions for modern people to properly handle their anxiety and eliminate their alienation phenomenon through the detailed analysis of Theodore’s alienation. It also aims to achieve the healthy development of individuals and help them establish a harmonious relationship full of love. [www.cnki.net, 11/2022]
As one of the most prominent and prolific writers in contemporary Canada, Margaret Atwood has won the Booker Prize twice. >Oryx and Crake< is Margaret Atwood’s eleventh novel, which mainly describes the clear recollections of sole human survivor Jimmy-Snowman before the crack of doom. His best friend Crake has destroyed humanity by creating a deadly virus that quickly spreads to the whole world and causes the destruction of human beings. By depicting the alienation phenomenon in the novel, Atwood reveals the predicament of modern people in a modern society and shows her humanistic concern. Based on Fromm's alienation theory, this thesis analyses the phenomenon of alienation from three aspects: the self-alienation, the relationship alienation and the social alienation. Firstly, the self-alienation means that man loses his creativity and subjectivity. Through creative activities and self-love, man can achieve his spiritual development and subjectivity. Secondly, this thesis also explores the relationship alienation. In modern society, people tend to make use of each other to safeguard their interests, which leads to the love that between family members and lovers is not pure. Through mature motherly love and erotic love, children will establish a more harmonious relationship with their parents and lovers will have a deeper understanding of each other. Thirdly, it comes to the social alienation. Technology alienation and consumption alienation are embodied in the social alienation. The misuse of technology and the possession of material things cause the alienation between man and society. In order to establish a humane society, humans can establish a harmonious relationship with society by having a humanistic planning and humanized consumption. By discussing the alienation phenomenon and the methods to eliminate alienation, this thesis attempts to provide a salutary lesson. In order to eliminate alienation, people should establish a harmonious relationship with themselves, others and society with the creativity, love and humanistic spirit. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Fromm’s Critique of the Having-oriented Culture and Its Contemporary Value [弗洛姆对“重占有”文化的批判及其时代价值]
(2023)
Fromm points out in his theory of living mode that the having-oriented culture is caused by the market-oriented social character and it manifests itself as the abstraction of social culture, the unhindered desire and the utilitarianism of education. Fromm’s Critique of the having-oriented culture has offered us great inspiration with respect to the construction of socialist culture in China in the new era that we must uphold the guiding position of Marxism in the ideological field, build cultural confidence and strength, and promote the development of socialist spiritual civilization. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 8/2023]
Alienation is a social phenomenon that runs through the process of human social development. Alienation refers to the change of nature, society and the relationship between people and human nature. With the development of science and technology and productivity, people’s quality of life is getting better and better. However, people are controlled by technology and material desire more and more deeply, alienation as a kind of pathological existence of human is more and more serious. >Modern< means the era of modern life, each generation has its own life, so every era has its >modernity<. Today, we refer to >modern< mainly refers to a certain period in the process of human history evolution, which marks the transformation of social form, mainly refers to the social form since the Renaissance and enlightenment, and indicates that human society has entered capitalist society from feudal society modernity is the alienation of capitalist society. The modernity criticized by Fromm is instrumental rationality in the enlightenment modernity. In terms of his thought itself, it is not only a criticism of modernity, but also a side of modernity prism. Fromm combines the social criticism theory of Frankfurt school and becomes a pole of modern aesthetics. This paper focuses on the analysis of Fromm’s alienation of human nature and his criticism of modernity. First, this paper combs the concrete connotation of Fromm’s alienation of human nature: Fromm absorbs the essence of Freud and Marx’s thought. On the one hand, he points out the close relationship between alienation and empathy from the perspective of psychopathology, and reveals the alienation of individual psychological mechanism, from the alienation of needs, alienation of emotion. The alienation of will shows the psychological symptoms of individuals. On the other hand, Fromm draws on Marx’s thought of humanism and studies on labor alienation in the dynamic level of social communication, and introduces it into the social psychological level. Through the analysis of the alienation of hope and religion in the consumer society, the morbid of his time is revealed. In Fromm’s view, in modern society, personality alienation, self-loss, escape freedom and authority worship, and survive under illusion, we must reveal and criticize the sick condition of individual and society, get rid of illusion and establish a sound personality and a sound society. Secondly, this paper studies the scheme of the way to perfection put forward by Fromm, and discusses the contemporary Enlightenment of the criticism of modernity in Fromm’s alienation of human nature. Fromm’s alienation of human nature reveals the disadvantages of capitalist society, criticizes the alienation brought by modernity, which makes human nature changed and the mentality of pursuing his subjective will deviates. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 11/2022]
[Chinese abstract not available.] With the gradual enrichment of material resources, the phenomenon of consumption alienation in western developed capitalist countries has also appeared in contemporary China. Consumption alienation has brought many specific problems and harms to contemporary China, and college students’ Campus loan is one of them. Some college students’ consumption psychology is affected by the phenomenon of consumption alienation and have a fanatical pursuit of goods and commodities. Because they have no economic income and limited economic ability, they choose to borrow and consume in the way of >campus loan< to meet their material desire, which leads to a series of >campus loan< problems. Fromm’s consumption alienation theory has a very important reference significance to solve the problem of College Students’ >campus loan<, so this paper systematically combs the main contents of Fromm’s consumption alienation theory. Firstly, it explains the core concept of Fromm’s consumption alienation theory and consumption alienation; Secondly, it points out that the performance and harm of consumption alienation are mainly reflected in three aspects: consumption alienation makes people lose their subjectivity and creativity, makes people have a false sense of happiness and psychological emptiness, and brings about the survival crisis of modern people; Thirdly, it analyzes the causes of consumption alienation, which has human and social roots; Finally, Fromm pointed out that in order to get rid of consumption alienation, we must establish a productive personality and humane consumption mode and realize the comprehensive reform of the transformation from a sick society to a sound society. Based on Fromm’s consumption alienation theory, this paper analyzes the current situation, harm and solution of College Students’ Campus loan by using the methods of literature research and integrating theory with practice. Firstly, this paper combs the current situation and classification of College students’ >campus loan<, mainly including consumer loan products, routine loan products and campus network loan. At present, consumer loan products and routine loan products are more in contact with college students, and campus network loan seriously endangers the physical and mental health of College students. At present, due to national supervision, it has stopped operation one after another; Secondly, it deeply analyzes the harm of College students’ campus loan to college students themselves, their families and all aspects of the school; Finally, from the perspective of Fromm’s consumption alienation theory, the paper puts forward that to solve the problem of College Students’ >campus loan<, we should cultivate college students’ sound personality and advocate correct consumption patterns, and puts forward specific solutions from these two aspects. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 9/2022]
Erich Fromm is an American psychologist and psychoanalyst. In his system of doctrine, the existence concept occupies an important position. In Fromm’s view, existence mode not only reflects the individual’s living conditions, but also reflects the status and level of social development. Existence mode is not only an issue of values, but also an issue of ethics and psychology. Fromm’s concept is deeply influenced by Marx and Freud. Marx’s alienated labor theory and Freud’s psychoanalytic theory constitute important theoretical sources of his existence concept. Fromm divides existence mode into two types: the mode of having and the mode of being. Fromm profoundly reveals the social psychology and character characteristics of having, as well as the negative effects of having on all levels of society. On this basis, Fromm believes that it is necessary to shape a proactive mode of existence with >freedom<, >creativity< and >love< as the core demands, and to promote the construction of a new society through reforms at the political, economic and cultural levels, and to cultivate the new person with ideas of existence mode. By doing so, it is effective to eliminate the negative effects caused by alienation, reification and fetishism, and to transcend the existence mode of having. Fromm’s denial and criticism of the existence mode of having and the advocacy and assumption of the existence mode of being have positive enlightenment significance for the spiritual civilization construction of our society and the all-round development of human beings. However, Fromm’s existence thought also has obvious limitations. He lacks historical materialism. Although he recognizes that the generalization of the existence mode of having is the result of the development of private ownership, he ignores and downplays the decisive role of the economic foundation in social change. The social reform plan he proposes is out of touch with reality and has a strong utopian color, making it difficult to become a reality. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2022]
This paper takes Erich Fromm’s exposition on faith crisis as the research object, and places the background of worldwide faith crisis as the entry point, trying to discuss the negative effect of faith crisis. As a psychologist and psychoanalyst, Fromm studied the formation and development of the belief crisis theory from the perspective of >human<, fully explained the theoretical core of Fromm’s faith crisis theory, and conducted a dialectical analysis and discussion of Fromm’s faith crisis theory.– First of all, the article analyzes the formation background of Fromm’s faith crisis theory and introduces the historical background and current status of development from a historical macro perspective and a micro personal perspective, by analyzing the changes in Fromm’s personal faith patterns, we can have a holistic overview of his faith crisis theory. Fromm’s faith crisis theory inherited and developed Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis and Karl Heinrich Marx’s theory, especially inherited Freud’s character theory, and then it created social character theory, and provided research for the crisis of faith. The connection between Fromm’s faith crisis theory, Marx’s alienation theory, and historical materialism theory lay a solid basis of this paper.– The second is to sort out the content of Fromm’s faith crisis theory and analyze the concepts related to faith, including the definition of faith, religion, and faith crisis. By analyzing the subject of faith crisis, Fromm carefully sorted out Fromm’s exposition of >the birth of man<, reflecting Fromm’s principle of paying attention to the subject status of man. By analyzing the social character structure and spiritual structure in Fromm’s faith crisis theory, it is found that the theory of human spiritual structure and character structure is not only a standard for dividing faith types, but also an important basis for solving the crisis of human faith.– Thirdly, it makes a dialectical evaluation of Fromm’s faith crisis theory. On the one hand, it explains the rationality of inheriting and applying Marxist theory in Fromm’s faith crisis theory, On the other hand, it explains the limitations of the theory.– Finally, it discusses the practical enlightenment of Fromm’s faith crisis theory, and mainly explains how to play the role of social personality theory in the process of cultivation and shaping of creative personality as well as rational faith. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
The subject of this work is the state of human nature as a result of the impact of technology. Technology is significant for human nature, human freedom and human liberation. Based on an examination of the state of man's nature as a result of the impact of technology, this paper argues that in the process of technology development, on the one hand, reason and wisdom develop man's nature, and on the other hand, this nature is hindered, even destroyed; technology and man's nature are restricted from within. Technology development is not the final goal, but human development is the goal of technology development. In this work, we have dealt with modern technology philosophy and technology-critical ideas in the Western countries and technology alienation according to Marx on the level of human nature, taking human nature as the basis. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 6/2023]