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- 2019 (299) (remove)
We use to think that creativity is an attribute that any individual, to a greater or lesser extent, has. In this essay I will try to show that, besides the obvious differences among individuals, every man choose, more or less consciously, to narcotize part of his creative attitude because in some cases it is advantageous for himself and for the species. In order to do that, I will give a working definition of the concept of creativity (§ 1); then, echoing the words of Erich Fromm, I will outline an individual phenomenology of the creative attitude that might allow the reader to recognize a creative behavior when he sees it (§ 2);(§ 3) lastly, I will try to show, through the use of empirical data on man and on non-human primates, what are the advantages for the species and for the single individual of not acting creatively.
본 연구의 목적은 사랑에 관한 기존 척도들의 한계를 보완하여 Fromm의 사랑의 개념을 이론적 바탕으로 기혼 남녀를 대상으로 하는 사랑의 척도를 개발하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 먼저, 국내외 선행연구들을 고찰한 후 기존의 척도들의 한계점을 분석하고 이에 대한 대안으로 Fromm의 사랑의 개념을 제안하였다. Fromm의 사랑에 대한 구성 개념으로 6개 하위영역(자기애, 모성애, 부성애, 형제애, 이성애, 신의 사랑)을 축출하였다. 6개 하위척도에 적합한 기초 100문항을 개발한 후, 전문가들과의 논의를 거쳐 1차 예비문항에서 60문항이 선정되었다. 30~50대 기혼 남녀 324명을 대상으로 예비검사를 실시하여 문항분석, 탐색적 요인분석 및 신뢰도 분석을 거쳐 22문항이 제거되고, 868명을 대상으로 본 검사를 실시하여 문항분석, 확인적 요인분석 및 신뢰도 분석을 거쳐 1문항이 제거되어 최종 38문항이 선정되었다. 개발된 사랑척도의 신뢰도 계수는 .72~.86 사이로 양호한 것으로 확인되었으며, 이러한 본 연구의 결과는 기존의 사랑의 척도의 한계점을 보완하고 심리발달 단계와 다양한 인간관계의 특성을 반영함으로써 국내외에서 처음으로 인간의 성장과 발달을 포함한 새로운 차원의 통합적 사랑의 개념을 제시하고 있다는 측면에서 그 의의가 있다.
Jung Chan's >Wild Swans<: Love as a Political Concept [application of Fromm's theories to art]
(2019)
This article explores the different forms of love which appear in a work which is part family memoir, part autobiography, and part literary fiction: Jung Chang’s >Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China< (1991). This exploration is underpinned by theories of love articulated first by Karl Marx and Alexandra Kollontai and later by Erich Fromm and Michael Hardt. In different ways these thinkers all point to the idea that love is not merely a private matter between two individuals but rather a social and political phenomenon. Fromm’s insistence that love changes according to historical and cultural circumstances is shown to be relevant throughout as Chang portrays love adapting to the vast political changes taking place in China from approximately 1924 (when her grandmother became a concubine) until 1976 (the death of Mao). Corresponding to a large extent to the life histories of the >three daughters of China< ─ Chang’s grandmother, Chang’s mother, and Chang herself ─ the article traces a distinctive movement through property love and family love to >winged Eros<-based love, >red love< and finally love as a decision.
En este artículo de reflexión se indaga por las formas en que el enfoque psicosocial, en su aplicación por parte de Erich Fromm, configura un diálogo entre la psicología y la sociología. A partir de su obra El miedo a la libertad y de las condiciones que el contexto del nacionalsocialismo alemán introduce en su época, se propone una lectura de esta fundamentación del enfoque psicosocial a partir de las categorías de libertad, individuo y sociedad, sus articulaciones y operatividad teórica. Esta investigación básica, de carácter cualitativo, privilegió la revisión e interpretación teórica, para lo cual se retoma un autor y una propuesta seminales para la actualidad del enfoque. Fromm, desde las especificidades propias de su época y las formas de organización social de las que fue testigo, reflexiona en torno a lo psicosocial como un marco abierto de referencia, consecuente con la complejidad propia del siglo xx y sus contradicciones sociohistóricas.
Erich Fromm points to a tendency whereby the numerous freedoms gained by the citizens of modern democracies have been accompanied by widespread feelings of loneliness and disconnection. The loosening of traditional social structures leads some individuals to seek out restrictions, for example in order to counteract the feelings of being alone. This essay uses Fromm’s thesis as a lens through which to examine two of Franz Kafka’s novels in which the protagonists exemplify the >fear of freedom< proposed by Fromm. Society in these novels is perceived as a prison cell in which one must comply with social regulations, but also a fortress to which one can retreat from the chaos of the outside world, albeit at the cost of one’s psychological health.
There are different ways of assessing the quality of a good translation. This study tried to approach this task using House's (2015) translation quality assessment (TQA) model and Baker's (2018) marked thematic structure model, each introducing new ideas and novel ways to assess the quality of a translated work. Having reviewed the alternative TQA models, this study aims at a detailed investigation of House’s Model and its potential power to predict the errors in the Persian translation of chosen psychological work for this study. As a kind of complementary assessment for the source text (ST) and its two target texts (TTs), Baker's model was used to compare ST marked thematic structures with their TTs equivalents. Persian translations of Eric Fromm’s >To Have or To Be< on the basis of two chosen models were carried out. First, the errors (overt and covert errors), as well as thematic structures (marked vs. unmarked), were identified and classified, and then the frequency of their occurrences was computed to see whether there is any statistically significant difference. The results indicated that out of 100 selected items of the source text, TT1 and TT2 had 22 and 77 overtly erroneous items, respectively. The most frequent errors especially in TT2 by Mr. Tabrizi were mistranslation, breach of TL system, omission, and addition. The only covert error was a tenor mismatch between the writer of the source text and the translator of the target text. Since in two particular pieces of translation especially TT2, there were a lot of overt errors and according to House’s Model, a good translation has to be translated overtly and any deviation of it will be considered as an error, this translation can be considered as a covert rather than an overt translation. Considering the marked thematic structures, with the percentage of 94.5 and 79 in TT1 and TT2 by Mr. Sabouri and Mr. Tabarizi, it can be claimed that there was a high degree of correspondence between ST and its two TTs for marked structures. The product of this study could be beneficial for translators of psychological works to get familiar with problems in translation of these books as well as strategies used to cope with such problems.
Fenomen chciwości może być ujmowany z różnych stron. W zależności od kontekstu może przejawiać się niemal we wszystkich dziedzinach życia społeczno-ekonomiczno-kulturowego. W dobie zachodzących zmian cywilizacyjnych problematyczne staje się nie tylko zdefiniowanie samej chciwości, ale także wyartykułowanie najważniejszych jej znamion. Dzieje się tak z powodu podejmowanych prób redefinicji chciwości w obrębie nauk ekonomicznych (gdzie rozumiana jest jako istotny czynnik napędzający gospodarkę) i społecznych (gdzie traktowana jest jako naturalny przejaw konsumpcjonizmu). Celem artykułu jest ukazanie chciwości w kontekście podmiotowości człowieka i wywoływanych w nim przeróżnych pęknięć przy jej udziale. Okazuje się, że zarówno warstwa duchowa, wolicjonalna, emocjonalna, jak i intelektualna ulegają destabilizacji pod wpły wem zainicjowanej przez podmiot chciwości, rugując tym samym istotną rolę kształtowania siebie od wewnątrz (zwłaszcza w znaczeniu moralnym). Poprzez analizy Ericha Fromma, Tomáša Sedláčka, Michaela Sandela oraz Benjamina Barbera ukazano wymiar chciwo ści w jej ekonomiczno-etyczno-antropologicznym aspekcie jako prowadzącej do szeroko rozumianego zniewolenia jednostki. Przy tym odsłoniła się również antypersonalistyczna perspektywa międzyludzkich relacji, eliminująca możliwość działania z innymi na zasadach sprawiedliwości, uczciwej wymiany oraz solidarności.
Ibnu Qayyim al-Jauziyyah dan Erich Fromm merupakan tokoh yang membahas tentang cinta secara mendetail sesuai dengan latar belakangnya masing-masing, psikologi dan tasawuf. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsep cinta menurut Ibnu Qayyim al-Jauziyyah, konsep cinta menurut Erich Fromm, serta mengetahui persamaan dan perbedaan kedua tokoh mengenai konsep cinta. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah study literature yang bersifat komparatif kualitatif. Langkah yang ditempuh dalam pengolahan data adalah hermeneutik, content analys, dan komparatif. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa cinta adalah menghapus segala sesuatu di dalam hati kecuali yang dicintai. Cinta adalah kekuatan aktif yang bersemayam dalam diri yang sanggup merobohkan dinding pembatas antara manusia dengan sesamanya, serta merupakan kesatuan dengan sesamanya tanpa meleburkan integritas dan keunikan setiap individu. Ibnu Qayyim membagi cinta menjadi empat, yaitu cinta kepada Allah, mencintai yang dicintai Allah, cinta untuk Allah dan karena Allah, serta cinta terhadap hal lain selain Allah. Sedangkan Erich Fromm membaginya ke dalam lima objek, yaitu cinta sesama, cinta ibu, cinta erotis, cinta diri, dan cinta kepada Allah. Persamaan yang diperoleh adalah kedua tokoh tersebut membahas cinta dengan lebih manusiawi serta berpendapat bahwa cinta adalah unsur utama di alam semesta yang paling penting untuk kehidupan manusia, karena tanpa cinta manusia akan mengarungi kehidupan yang gelap dan penuh derita. Adapun perbedaan yang diperoleh yaitu terdapat dalam faktor penyebab cinta. Ibnu Qayyim berpendapat bahwa faktor penyebab timbulnya cinta adalah berasal dari hal-hal yang bersifat positif. Sedangkan Fromm berpendapat bahwa faktor timbulnya cinta berasal dari manusia yang mengalami alienasi serta isolasi di kehidupannya.
Capitalism and Mental Health
(2019)
The psychoanalytical framework developed by Marxist Erich Fromm strongly challenges the dominant biological and individualistic explanations of the mental-health crisis that is now sweeping the globe. Fromm emphasized that all humans have certain needs that must be fulfilled in order to ensure optimal mental health. It follows that capitalism is crucial to determining the experience and prevalence of mental well-being, as its operations are incompatible with true human need.
This study reports the results of the content analysis on Balada Cinta Majenun Novel by Geidurrahman El-Mishry about the love of the main character using the psychology of literature approach. The purpose of this study was to reveal the meaning of the main character's love based on Erich Fromm's love theory. The data used was the text in the novel. Reading and taking note were used to collect data. The data was classified based on the object of erotic love and divine love. Then, they were analyzed using the psychology of literature and interpreted using contextual meaning. The result showed that there was a love shift from erotic love to God love. It was influenced by the rejection of love and the concept of love that the main character owned as a result of following tharikat that later shaped his way of life into religion-oriented. His religious path, from love to the creatures that led to the path of God, gave rise to the desire to be united with God.
This thesis is an intellectual history of dialecticism and its use in the works of the Frankfurt School members, Erich Fromm and Herbert Marcuse. Famously, these two men had a ferocious and polemical debate in the pages of Dissent Magazine in 1955-56. The Fromm-Marcuse Debate has since become almost the sole lens in which the intellectual differences and similarities between these men are analyzed. Through a comparative and historical analysis of their individual work, largely removed from the Dissent Debate, I offer a new interpretation of their conflict, their personal relationship, and a new perspective on critical theory and its relationship to political action. I argue that Erich Fromm and Herbert Marcuse's intellectual ideas are better juxtaposed through their interpretation of dialectics, rather than psychoanalysis, and that through this, they present us with starkly different prescriptions for individual and collective political engagement. Thus, both Fromm and Marcuse are outliers within the field of critical theory, and certainly within the Frankfurt School, even as their ideas remain in firm conflict with one another.
Este capítulo explora os primeiros trabalhos de Erich Fromm nos anos 1920-1930, em particular, sua >afinidade eletiva< com o messianismo judaico, examinando as ligações entre o pensamento de Fromm, a tradição do marxismo messiânico e também os trabalhos de Freud, a partir do quais ele constrói as bases de desenvolvimento de uma criminologia crítica. Prossegue mostrando como o autor desenvolve uma profunda ligação entre justica punitiva (sistema penal) e sociedade de classes, transformando sua religiosidade numa dimensão utópica, que lhe permite conceber um outro modelo de sociedade oposta à sociedade capitalista.
[Chinese abstract not available] In Fromm's thought, the most important one is humanism. The socialization problem in modern human society is not only the problem of social system, but also the problem of human personality and psychology. Therefore, in order to reduce the occurrence of social destructive phenomena, it is necessary to reduce human destructive behavior. Through psychological analysis and theoretical study, we can improve people's psychological potential and optimize their sociality, so as to create and maintain good social forms. [Author's English]
Propaganda is a centuries-old term, and yet scholars and practitioners are still having a hard time defining it and pinpointing what makes propaganda unique. Many existing definitions fail to distinguish between propaganda and marketing, public relations, advertising, or even mass communications, in general. This essay proposes to define propaganda through psychoanalytical research pioneered by Erich Fromm on symbiotic relations. Symbiotic relations, when transferred from biology to psychology and sociology, describe a process of allowing a person to merge with something big and important, therefore creating meaning beyond an individual’s life. As a result, following its religious roots, propaganda acts similar to religion – asking for a sacrifice of individualism in the name of something bigger – god, country, society, or political party. In the end, people willingly engage in propaganda because, although sacrificing something, they receive unity with the bigger powers of other people, organizations, political parties, countries, and so on. As a result, such persons are not alone against the world; they are now a part of a bigger and stronger union.
Purpose: The main purpose of the study was to examine if life orientations of young adults (>being< or >having<) differentiate respondents with respect to the degree of life satisfaction. Material and methods: A total of 187 persons (143 woman and 44 man) aged 18 to 29 years were included in the study. The following methods were used in the study: sociodemographic questionnaire, Satisfaction with Life Scale by E. Diener, R.A. Emmons, R.J. Larson, S. Griffin and the Being and Having Orientations Scale of B. Grulkowski. Results: A life orientation is a kind of behaviour regulator, that set the direction of human activity. There is a distinction between a >being< orientation (which refers to spiritual values) and a >having< orientation (which refers to possessing material things) that are manifested in a variety of experiences, and is related to human thinking, feeling, and acting. Therefore, a life orientation may play a really important role in the satisfaction with life. Most of the respondents were characterised by a mixed orientation (>being-having<) and an average level of satisfaction with life. There is no significant difference in the level of satisfaction with life according to gender and the subject of studies. It was shown that people with the >being< orientation have greater satisfaction with life than people with the >having< orientation. The obtained results, which show no differences in satisfaction with life according to gender, are consistent with the earlier studies. And so is the result that people with the dominant of the >being< orientation have greater satisfaction with life, than those with the >having< orientation. Conclusions: Only few papers about >being< and >having< orientations have been published so far since the method used in the study occurs only in the Polish language and there is no data about its adaptations in different countries. Results of conducted research set the direction of educational impact and give the scientific basis for a well-known saying: money can’t buy happiness.
İnsanlığın başlangıcından bu yana, ataerkil toplum düzeninin etkisiyle kadının geçirdiği değişim süreçleri, çağlar boyunca ona birçok olumsuz özellik atfederken, değişmeyen tek ve en kutsal özelliği annelik olmuştur. Anneliğin kutsiyeti vesaflığı, hemen her dönemde kadına ayrıcalıklı ve saygın bir konum bahşetmiştir. Anne olgusunun insan hayatında ve ruhsal alanda yarattığı etkileri, on dokuzuncu yüzyıl sonlarında Sigmund Freud’un kuruculuğunu yaptığı psikanaliz, yirminci yüzyıl başlarında ise Carl Gustav Jung’un temelini attığı analitik psikoloji derinlemesine inceler ve birbirinden farklı kuram ve bulgular ortaya koyar. Freud’un, ortaya koyduğu Oedipus ve iğdiş kompleksi kuramlarıyla anneliğe yaklaşımı o dönemde dünya çapında sansasyonel etkiler yaratır. Freud sonrası bir psikanalist olan Jacques Lacan ise, insanlaştırıcı kastrasyon (iğdiş) kuramıyla bu yaklaşımı biraz daha kabul edilebilir bir şekle sokar. Öte yandan Erich Fromm, diğer bir psikanalist, Freud’un Oedipus kompleksi kuramını, erkekteki doğurganlık kıskançlığına dair kuramıyla çürütmeye çalışır. Jung’un yaklaşımı, hepsinden farklı bir şekilde, annenin ruhsal alanda hâkim olan gizil güçleriyle ilgilidir; anne arketipinin ve anne kompleksinin insan psikolojisini ve hayatını başından sonuna nasıl derinden etkilediğini ve değiştirdiğini inceler. Çalışmamızın en önemli bulgusu ise hemen hepsinin tek bir ortak noktada buluştuğudur: anneyle kurulan sağlıklı ya da sağlıksız bir etkileşim, insanın yaşamındaki kritik süreçlerin, kişilikteki güçlü ya da zayıf yönlerin ve daha da önemlisi ruhsal alanda silinmez izler bırakan deneyimlerin temelini hazırlar.
본 연구는 다음과 같은 필요성에 의해 시도되었다: 첫째로, 우리의 미래세대가 4차 산업의 혁명과 함께 도래하는 >초기술사회<에서 자신의 진짜 삶을 잃어버리지 않고 가정과 학교, 교회 공동체와 사회에서 자발적이고 창의적인 삶을 살아가도록 길인도하기 위한 교육이 필요하다. 둘째로, 그러한 교육은 인간을 >욕망의 주체<로 이해함과 동시에 >사랑의 소통<을 통해 자발적이고 창의적인 삶을 살아가는 >사랑의 존재<로서 이해하는 것이어야 한다. 셋째로, 이러한 인간이해를 바탕으로 한 전인교육적인 사랑의 교육의 방향 및 과제가 구체적으로 제시되어 우리의 미래세대가 진정한 사랑을 욕망하는 주체로서 진짜 삶을 살아가도록 도울 필요가 있다. 우리의 미래세대가 진정한 사랑을 욕망하는 >주체>이자<사랑의 존재>로서 살아가도록 길인도 하기 위해 정신분석학적 >욕망의 주체< 이해에 기초한 사랑의 교육을 연구한 본고의 특징은 다음과 같다: 첫째로, 기독교 신앙을 무의식적 욕망과 관련하여 재해석한 돌토의 정신분석학적 관점을 학문적 논의의 자원으로 활용하였다. 둘째로, 소쉬르로 대표되는 구조주의 언어학에서 주장하는 >기의의 우위성<을 전복하고 >기표의 우위성<을 제기한 라캉과 돌토의 정신분석학적 업적을 토대로, >주체의 인간화<로 인도하는 >기표<인 >사랑의 말<의 중요성을 제시하였다. 셋째로, 진정한 사랑을 욕망하는 인간, Homo Desiderans를 제시함으로써 인간이해의 지평을 융복합적으로 확장하였다. 즉 무의식의 >욕망의 주체<로서 사랑을 >욕망하는 삶<을 살아가는 인간존재이자 예수 그리스도 안에서 진정한 >사랑의 능력<을 키워나가는 인간존재인 정신분석학적 · 기독교적 Homo Desiderans를 제시하였다. 넷째로, 우리의 미래세대를 위한 사랑의 교육은 주체가 타자를 향한 사랑의 욕망을 따라 다른 사람들과 더불어 사랑을 나누며 살아갈 수 있도록 길인도 하는 전인격적 교육이어야 한다. 사랑의 교육의 전인격적인 가치를 탐구하기 위해 본 연구에서는 프롬의 사회심리학적 통찰과 돌토의 정신분석학적 통찰을 활용하였다. 다섯째로, 이러한 탐구에 기초한 사랑의 교육의 방향 및 과제를 세 가지로 제시하였다. >주체의 인간화<를 위한 사랑의 교육, >아가페적 사랑을 욕망하는< 사랑의 교육, 그리고 >치유(용서)와 모험(신앙)<을 위한 사랑의 교육이 신앙공동체 안에서 먼저 실천될 때 우리의 미래세대는 아가페적 사랑의 불꽃을 삶의 모든 영역에서 밝히는 첫걸음을 옮기게 될 것이다.
Alienation is one of the important concepts of social science which has been most studied in Marxism idealogy. The main purpose of the present paper is to review the opinion of Marxist sociologists on alienation. This paper has been compiled to answer the following question: What is self-alienation and what is the Marxists’ view about this complex concept? Regarding this matter, while reviewing the history of Alienation and its conceptual dimensions, theories of Karl Marx, George Lukács, Antonio Gramsci, Erich Fromm, and Juergen Habermas is examined. The research method used in this research is a descriptive and data collection method is librarian. The findings chart is plotted at the end of the paper.