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Begrüßung und Einführung
(2018)
约翰•马克斯韦尔•库切是当代南非作家中最为杰出且最具影响力的领军人物。他于2003获得诺贝尔文学奖,在全球范围内享有盛誉。其代表作《耻》描写了后隔离时期发生在黑人和白人之间的故事。本文结合弗洛姆的异化理论阐述南非穷苦白人的异化主题,主要从社会的异化、人际关系的异化、还有自我异化这三个方面来重新审视后殖民历史,和探讨南非白人在当时的生存困境。论文首先分析了小说中社会的异化,它反映了社会本身的黑暗。关注南非的病态性,和社会空间的分化,从这两方面来说明当时外部环境对南非白人的影响;然后是人际关系的异化现象,这主要体现在四个方面:一是家庭关系的异化,二是男女关系的异化,三是黑人和白人的异化,最后是人与朋友同事的异化,以此说明南非白人的归属感的缺乏,以及与疏离感的产生;最后一章是有关自我异化,通过对戴维和露西为代表的白人后裔的自我异化的分析揭示悲剧性结局以及穷苦白人的无奈和绝望。书中人物,露西可以被看作历史的替罪羊,她的命运表现出一种无奈的妥协,而戴维最后只能以>耻<为生,小说最后留下的只是一种彻底的失望和一声无奈的叹息。
卡森•麦卡勒斯是二十世纪美国最有名的作家之一,二十三岁即享誉纽约文坛。凭着婉转的风格和细腻入微的人物心理描写,她被誉为>南方文艺复兴第二代作家的杰出代表之一<。其作品中流露出真切悲怆之情,在美国文坛上也别具风格。她擅长描写孤独、孤立和疏离等主题,被众多评论家称为>孤独的猎手<。《伤心咖啡馆之歌》不仅是她的名作之一,也是美国南方文学发展过程中一部具有划时代意义的作品。该部小说以一个传统的南方小镇为背景,围绕一段畸形的三角恋情和冲突而展开,讲述一个凄美诡异的爱情故事。小说勾勒诸多生动鲜明,惟妙惟肖的人物形象,在主人公艾米莉亚的形象刻画和内心描写方面独树一帜。该书一经出版,受到众多国外学者和评论家的密切关注,研究主要从精神结构、叙事策略和性别越界等视角展开。相对于国外,国内对卡森•麦卡勒斯和她的作品研究起步较晚,按时间顺序分为引入阶段、翻译阶段、先期解读阶段和深入研究阶段。但迄今为止,主人公艾米莉亚形象的异化尚未得到系统和深入研究。本文运用文本细读与社会历史研究相结合的方法,尝试借助埃里希•弗洛姆的人本主义异化观,解读艾米莉亚形象异化的表现,然后探求其形象异化的外在和内在原因,最后指出其悲剧的根源在于其性格的缺陷,这一内在因素起决定性作用。全文由五章构成。引言概述了卡森•麦卡勒斯的生平和主要作品,回顾国内外对《伤心咖啡馆之歌》的研究状况,并提出本论文的研究视角与意义。第二章从词源上介绍异化的定义和发展,回顾埃里希•弗洛姆的理论成就,并重点阐述其人本主义异化观的主要内容。弗洛姆认识到现代人的生存危机和异化现象,提出不同类型的人格、生存方式和话语,并指出异化会导致大众和社会情感的消失,呼吁人类通过增强自我认同感,奉献自我成熟的爱,积极参与创造性活动,来改变生存处境。其人本主义异化观点具体涵盖了人的自我异化、与他人的异化和与自然的异化。第三章结合弗洛姆人本主义异化观,集中探讨艾米莉亚形象异化的表现。首先是自我异化。在人格方面,她从创造型指向转化为接受型指向,从开朗走向封闭;在生存方式方面,她从存在型转移到占有型,从安然自得演变为万念俱灭;在言语方面,她进入了无名权威的运行机制,从侃侃而谈蜕变为沉默不语。接着解读她与社会的异化:作为一个异化家庭的局外人,她与表哥保持着疏远、强势对待仆人且精于算计邻居。论文进一步分析她与自然的异化:在自然突变对生存造成严重威胁时,她将个人的利益凌驾于自然之上,对自然进行恶性破坏,引发众人盲从,使自己不仅成为荒芜小镇的孤独幸存者,还沦落为凋零咖啡馆的被遗弃者。第四章剖析艾米利亚形象异化的原因。畸形文明社会下的物欲横流、人际关系的冷漠、传统道德的沦丧是促使其走向异化的外在原因;而她的冷漠、崇尚暴力和懦弱的性格缺陷加剧了她自身的情感异化,是其必然走向失败和孤独的内在原因。第五章结论表明:通过运用弗洛姆人本主义异化观来解读《伤心咖啡馆之歌》,不仅揭示出卡森•麦卡勒斯对普通个人命运的思考和精神世界的关注,更彰显了对人与自然和谐相生关系的无比向往。虽然弗洛姆认为异化是资本主义社会发展过程中不可避免的,但是艾米莉亚与他人疏离,自我个性的丧失,在一定程度上加剧了其形象异化的进程。人们需要在增加自我认同感、构建良好人际关系、实现人与自然和谐共存的基础之上,来远离异化,摆脱现代文明对人性的压抑和束缚,回归自然的本真,追寻生命应有的意义。
In 1929, Wilhelm Reich lectured on >Psychoanalysis as a natural science< before the Communist Academy in Moscow; he was the only Freudian-trained Central European psychoanalyst to do so. That same year, his article >Dialectical materialism and psychoanalysis< was published in the Academy's journal, Under the Banner of Marxism, in both Moscow and Berlin. By this time, Reich's involvement with political activism aligned with the Austrian Communist Party was increasing, while simultaneously psychoanalysis in the Soviet Union was in decline. Our paper places these events in their proper historical context and includes a discussion of the various attempts to determine the compatibility of psychoanalysis and Marxism. We offer analyses of both the article, >Dialectical materialism and psychoanalysis,< and the lecture, >Psychoanalysis as a natural science,< and the reactions to both by Reich's Russian critics. We show the ways in which responses to his lecture foreshadow what becomes the standard Soviet assessment of psychoanalysis. As an appendix to this paper, we provide the first English translation of the Russian account of his lecture, as published in the Herald of the Communist Academy.
In this article, I claim that humor can be a form of social pathology. In opposition to the general humor-affirmative atmosphere, I develop the critical tradition of humor research, and suggest that there is a darker side to fun and laughter. Using insights from Henri Bergson’s theory about laughter and Erich Fromm’s critical social thinking, I formulate a novel theoretical combination which opens up fruitful perspectives on contemporary humor and its social nature. This empirically motivated conceptual position helps us to understand the role and function of humor and laughter. My conclusion is that parts of the contemporary humor catalogue reflect collective destructive and even death-orientated tendencies. The main argument is that if humor is not in line with humanistic values and is not based on a life-orientated worldview, it is in danger of becoming pathological.
Begruessung
(2018)
This article addresses both the rewards and the daunting complexities of teaching psychoanalysis to undergraduates in the USA, where the idea of a university as a site for the cultivation of the life of the mind is under siege. The essay recommends a close critical reading of key Freudian texts, the establishment of a classroom atmosphere of trust, genuine respect for expectable student skepticism, and the capacity to wait as dystonic ideas gradually take hold and reveal their worth. Speed, a ubiquitous feature and a questionable desideratum of twenty-first century US culture, as well as facile cleverness, a desideratum within academia, tell against the psychoanalytic process, which is long, slow, halting, laborious, and painful, but a process that can, at best, open what has heretofore been sealed.
与马尔库塞和阿格尔等人分别基于人道视角、生态视角批判自由消费的异化本质不同,鲍德里亚以物(商品)的功能的零度化为理论切入口,通过对消费内涵的重新定义,以及对符号拜物教的理论指认,提出必须引入符号学才能彻底揭露现代资本主义社会的消费异化本质及其统治策略的隐蔽机制,由此建构了基于符号视角的独特批判向度。但鲍德里亚将其理论语境和关注视野仅仅锁定在符号消费和文化意识层面,过度夸大了消费对社会发展的深层作用以及符号逻辑批判的积极效应,遮蔽了资本这一现代性问题域的轴心地位和根本意义,从而导致其批判理论只是停留在分析异化现实的直接性和表象性层面上,阻断了深入社会现实本质的可能,并最终陷入符号决定论的虚无主义理论局限。
This article describes a psychoanalyst's personal experience in an international and interdisciplinary social trauma research network. Crises and conflicts are understood as an integral feature of such a collaboration. Using the self-reflective capacity of the psychoanalyst may help to turn them into a new perspective. Crossing disciplinary borders, reconnecting to the field of academic research, might prove to be a rather rewarding step.
Contemplating spiritual experience: Winnicott's potential space, Tibetan bardo, and liminality
(2018)
In this paper, ways of contemplating and accommodating the unfamiliar, especially the >other< of spiritual experience, are considered. Some concepts from psychoanalysis, such as Winnicott's >potential space< and his notion of >holding,< are helpful in comprehending spiritual experiences that can easily be misunderstood, or >flattened out< to use Bion's phrase. Interesting and rather remarkable confluences in these concepts from psychoanalysis and from Tibetan Buddhism (bardo) and cultural anthropology (liminality) are considered in their functions of both enabling and comprehending these extraordinary and often life-enhancing experiences.
Identity theft
(2018)
Psychoanalysis has almost disappeared from the curricula of most American universities, which I illustrate by the case of the department of psychology at my own university, Harvard. Courses on psychoanalysis are very rare there and it is mostly seen as a part of history of psychology and not as a set of ideas that can be useful nowadays. Personality models developed by Freud or Melanie Klein, as well as many more contemporary psychoanalysts, are, however, still very relevant for the humanities. This is particularly the case for Shakespeare studies and I am trying to show that despite the fact that psychoanalysis can enrich this field, less and less students show interest in it or are willing to admit that they themselves may have unconscious reactions. I focus on the usefullness of the concept of projective identification and propose the thesis that is another name for the activities of theater, and indeed for theater itself.
Die Bedeutung der Liebe im Werk von Erich Fromm. Daniela Schmid im Interview mit Dr. Rainer Funk
(2018)
Vorwort des Herausgebers
(2018)
If psychoanalysis is to avoid total marginalization, something has to be changed in the way future generations are prepared for working with patients and doing research. Reformation of psychoanalytic education may easily be the crucial issue when it comes to the survival of psychoanalysis. Its current organizational scheme has been criticized for various reasons, and various models of its structure have been proposed. I advocate a model that would combine the best features of the university education (training in clinical skills together with philosophy of science and research methodology) with personal analysis as part of psychoanalytic institutes. Although universities can remedy some of the problems of psychoanalytic institutions, they cannot contain the subjective experience of being analyzed.
I describe my collaboration with Giovanni over the span of almost 15 years during which time we developed a multimotivational model that built on attachment theory and explored some of its clinical implications. I mention the many ways Giovanni influenced my thinking, and provide a few personal stories about Giovanni that give a sense of his generous, warm and creative nature. Throughout the article I describe how I developed some of the ideas we worked on together to provide a broad evolutionary and developmental outlook on human nature. We had planned to write a book together on this ambitious project, but personal circumstances got in the way.
With their book Psychoanalytic perspectives on migration and exile (1989), L. Grinberg and R. Grinberg (1984) opened up a new clinical field, which had been neglected for a long time in the psychoanalytic community, although Freud’s multilinguistic competence had greatly contributed to the creation of psychoanalysis. With their book The Babel of the unconscious, Jacqueline Amati Mehler, Simona Argentieri, and Jorge Canestri were able to confirm the hypothesis that it is possible to help multilingual patients to integrate the different aspects of their self which are bound to their mother tongue and to their foreign tongue(s), and thus to allow them to develop a new identity. The author, who has been a psychoanalyst in Munich since 1999, works every day with his Italian patients in this new clinical field, that is in their common mother tongue and at the two levels of their old Italian and their new German identity. Through the detailed presentation of a clinical case, he furthermore shows how, on the one hand, the migration creates a new space in which therapy actually becomes possible, and on the other hand, not only therapy, but also the kind of relationship developed by the patients to their >new country< plays a decisive role in the whole process. Such a frame proved to be particularly good for the emergence, revisitation, and reelaboration of the transgenerational trauma around which the case of Penelope is centered. The author further assumes that the theme of >migration and identity< is becoming more and more important in our globalized world, with clinical consequences whose elaboration requires a specific cultural and technical preparation.
This paper posits that an infusion of psychoanalytic concepts into the teaching of sociology in undergraduate liberal arts curricula offers a route to expanding students’ understanding of how self and society are entwined in a condition of mutual crisis in contemporary society. We argue that the liberatory project at the core of the liberal arts is served well by linking the critical perspectives found in these two disciplines. We provide as specific examples from our own teaching: (1) a demonstration of how Freud’s concept of neurosis has an affinity with Marx’s concept of alienation; and (2) a discussion of how the torture sequence in Orwell’s 1984 presents an inversion of a psychoanalytic treatment through which the power of propaganda is illuminated. We conclude that teaching the two disciplines in tandem helps students grasp how the self is a socially constructed entity and how the orthodoxies of neurosis and social control are available for critique and change.
从人类社会产生至今,消费一直伴随我们左右。消费是一种同生产过程联系十分密切的经济行为,是社会生产活动中的终极环节,它主要表现在人们购买商品来满足自身的需求。但是随着生产力的提高,尤其是科技水平的提升和物质文明的发展,使得异化现象在消费领域显现,而且这些消费异化的现象对我们的生活带来了从未有过的改变。消费异化,从根源上说,是一种不正常的消费状态,具有很大的危害性,其具体表现在使无需求的消费者为了满足无休止的欲望而在广告等虚假宣传的鼓动下进行消费。时代在发展,社会在进步,理论研究永无止境,现如今,很多专家学者正在对消费异化的问题进行探讨和研究。在这些专家学者的学说中,法兰克福学派的先驱之一埃里希•弗洛姆的消费异化论独树一帜。弗洛姆吸取了马克思异化理论的精髓,并将其和弗洛伊德的精神分析学说相结合。他强调消费异化不只有人的本质的因素,也存在社会条件。随后,他针对每况愈下的消费主义社会,提出了扬弃的措施。当前我国贸易逐步自由化,不合理的消费异化现象在我国初步呈现并日趋增加。因此,弗洛姆对于消费异化的探究和分析,和如何消除消费异化现象,以及针对此问题展开的文化和心理领域的探索,对我国提倡文明理性的消费观、树立以人为本的消费理念、扭转不良的消费现象有着的指导价值。
This paper applies the theoretical framework of Fromm’s humanistic psychology to examine the reported content of North Korean defectors’ dreams during sleep and considers what the psychological data suggests about the defectors’ past social experience in authoritarian North Korea and their present social situation as adults learning to adjust to a new life in neo-liberal South Korea.
This text is intended as a contribution to the study of the profound mutual relations between architecture and psychoanalysis. Architecture creates representations that conceal unconscious forms of thought; psychoanalysis helps to explain the meanings of these representations – forms of construction and forms of the psyche. The multifaceted work of psychoanalyst Christopher Bollas – his thoughts on the relationships between psychoanalysis and architecture, on the vitality of objects, on the creative implications of the Oedipal relationship – serves as a critical and decisive instrument for the authors’ inquiry. The issue of the >vitality of objects< as described by Bollas also concerns – but only in part – the architectural >object.< One modern form of architecture with an inordinate capacity empathy has to be Louis Kahn’s. Kahn’s youngest son , Nathaniel, lost his father when he was still a child and hardly had a chance to get to know him. After becoming an adult and an established film-maker, he managed to recover his father in two ways: by discovering him in his works, with their powerful affective impact; and by drawing from those very works of his father to enhance his own creative process in his filmic art. As it turns out, it is this very process that has allowed for an emblematically positive resolution of the Oedipal relationship.
教育是一项需要关爱的事业,师爱常常被视为教师从教的首要条件。但在现实教育场景中,教师辛苦付出的许多关爱行为却得不到学生的认可和回应,甚至遭遇反抗。只有对实践中的师爱样貌进行考察,分析当前师爱实践中存在的问题与改进的可能性,才有望让学生得到更好的关爱,并让学生在师爱的沃土中成长为有能力关心人、爱人也值得爱的人。本研究对S市A中学的10名教师和8名学生进行了半结构式访谈,并借助开放式问卷向30名学生收集了和主题相关的案例和资料,以此来考察实践中师爱样貌的复杂性,特别是存在的问题及改进的可能。本研究认为师爱是教师在教育实践过程中体现出来的真诚地关心爱护学生,为学生的成长和发展付出努力的专业精神和职业情感。本文参照弗洛姆和诺丁斯等学者对关爱的定义和理解,以及其他相关文献中对师爱内涵的讨论,并结合本研究实证资料中所显露的问题,建构了本研究的研究框架:(1)师爱之目的在于激发学生的潜能;(2)尊重学生是师爱之过程的必然要求;(3)面向全体学生,教师需要公平地分配关爱资源。依据收集到的观察与访谈资料,本研究发现师爱实践中存在以下的问题:(1)>为了学生好<的师爱滑向了弗洛姆批判的>占有式关爱<,表现出占有倾向,造成了对学生发展潜能的阻碍;(2)教师将关爱理解为单方面严格管控学生,缺少对学生的信任与尊重。这使得教师的关爱行为常常演变为控制行为,忽视了学生的自主和独立,表现出霸道倾向;(3)面向学生群体,教师忽视师爱作为职业爱的公平性要求,呈现出偏狭的师爱样貌。为改进上述问题,应从专业伦理的立场理解师爱的内涵,做到:(1)重视学生当下的感受和真实的需求,以激发学生的发展动力与潜能,让师爱变得更具生产性;(2)在规范学生和适度尊重学生自由之间保持一定的张力,让尊重成为师爱的根基;(3)克服人际偏见,认可每一个学生的长处,不断提升专业知识与技能,努力让每位学生都感受到被关爱.
The postmodern university is experiencing a legitimation crisis because of a deepening and corrosive mistrust of all forms of authority; even those that are intended to benefit students by enabling them to >think critically<, or to deepen and improve their knowledge and skills. Some of the problem is rooted in prevailing cultural and economic trends, but others inhere in the nature of postmodernism itself; especially the postmodern claim that truth itself is non-existent or simply unattainable or unavailable, even at the best of times. Unlike earlier generations of critical theorists, who believed that >the truth shall make you free<, postmodern theorists, following Nietzsche, claim that the very idea of truth is moot, if not entirely obsolete. But absent a commitment to a search for truth, the entire structure of the university itself begins to crumble.
This paper explores how Sullivan's interpersonal theory can be applied clinically and illustrates this with a clinical case. It considers the emotional impact, on the clinician, of a Sullivanian point of view. Each theoretical orientation equips the analyst differently. Sullivanian technique impacts the analyst's focus, feelings of competence, and hopefulness. Although each theory emphasizes different aspects of the clinical material, this paper suggests that there is a set of clinical values that inspire the work of all analysts, regardless of orientation.
Here we introduce the dissertation program PSAID (Postgraduate Studies for the Advancement of Individual Dissertations), conducted at the International Psychoanalytic University in Berlin, Germany. We tell stories about our experience: about a wish to sum up in a dissertation after long years of clinical practice what has been learnt in diving deeply into human experience; about the fear of losing one’s identity when something new is to be learned, either planning a research study or conducting an interview that has not clinical but research-driven orientations; about the >biography of theory< – what motivates therapists to make a choice between psychoanalysis or cognitive-behavioral therapy; about how the experience of listening changes when you do not hear a voice but read a transcript and understand how many details allude to a relationship and influence your perception and thinking; about the experience of seeing a voice visualized on an audiogram; about summing up certain characteristics of >situations< in the consulting room. We propose not only to distinguish >online/offline< research, but to include >situationism< as a third concept.
This paper follows up Bion’s development, focusing its attention on Cogitations in particular and suggesting that it can be read as a sort of new >Clinical Diary< à la Ferenczi. The authors, showing us both the link between the writings of the London Bion and those of the American one, stress the dramatic change that took place in his theoretical and technical position around about 1967, when he crossed the Atlantic for working and teaching in North and Latin America, and gradually arrived to formulate a kind of listening more authentically centered on his own thoughts and emotions and those of the patient during the analytic encounter.
Psychoanalysis and academia: Psychoanalysis at the crossroads between exact and human sciences
(2018)
It is proposed that the mental health crisis in >developed< societies is largely due to the fact that psychology is heavily based upon an exact science model academically, and upon a medical model clinically. Indeed, these models favor an apperception of mental pathologies as essential entities with a biological etiology, and this reification facilitates a process of nonimplication of the sufferer as concerns his condition. The progress in brain sciences holds the promise of acknowledging psychology as an autonomous discipline, properly describing mental logics, which are constrained, but not determined, by brain characteristics; moreover, mental logical operations mandatorily need content from the contingent history of the subject's life to become instantiated. Psychology, then, is at the interface between an exact science and a human science epistemology. Consequently, we need psychologists and clinicians in the field of mental health who can apply a particularized approach to mental distress, who can deal with the personal feeling of nonmastery, who can base their clinical thinking on the patient's story, and who thereby systematically stay away from any essentializing temptation, while simultaneously being aware that the theoretical framework they operate from is embedded in a continuous scientific dialogue. Psychoanalysis is at that crossroads.
弗洛姆是法兰克福学派的重要代表人物之一。他融合了当代西方哲学、社会学、人类学、史学和宗教等多种学科的思想成果。其中,他的“健全的社会”这一命题是围绕异化概念进行的。因此,只有承认存在并不如意的社会问题的前提下,这一命题才有意义。同时,本文涉及到的“健全的社会”是一种把人当作中心,肯定人的能力,鼓励人们自觉发挥主观能动性,提倡整个社会成员团结友爱和互帮互助,推动每个社会成员在本职工作中发挥出创造性和积极性的良性社会形态。本文主要分为五个部分,主要从政治、经济、文化、社会和环境等方面详细剖析了不如意的社会现状和问题,进一步分析不如意的社会问题的成因,逐步探索新时代健全社会的建构对策,从而促进社会的进步和人的自由而全面的发展。新时代健全社会建构应该从政治、经济、文化、社会和环境等各个方面进行转型。从理论角度来看,异化现象无处不在,人与人的关系、人与物的关系等都可能存在异化现象。因此,新时代健全社会的建构应该激发人们的生产和生活积极性,挖掘人们的潜力与智慧,实现人的自由而全面的发展。从实践角度来看,要完善经济制度,不断满足人民日益增长的对美好生活的需要。从历史维度来看,要站在全人类的角度,思考整个社会和人类的可持续性发展,思考健全社会的建构对策。从世界维度看,要大力发展新型技术产业,推动信息化和工业化,不断探索特色道路和发展模式,为新时代全世界健全社会的建构提供各国智慧和方案。
The psychoanalytic movement is experiencing a serious crisis: its scientific consensus, social standing, and impact on practice in mental health have all been steadily declining over the last decades. This unfortunate process has been variously explained in terms of prevailing hedonistic social values, the political influence of drug companies, and cuts in health-related expenditures. Following a suggestion by Garza Guerrero, we rather believe that the sources of the contemporary crisis in psychoanalysis are to be searched for within its own development and current social and cultural life. Specifically, we think psychoanalysis has failed to bring the revolutionary contribution of interpersonal and intersubjective paradigms to its fuller consequences. Here, we review five core dimensions in which such failure is particularly apparent: (1) an unwitting reliance on the medical model of mental illness; (2) an ontological, concrete understanding of unconscious processes; (3) a manifest failure to fully appreciate the role of extratransference relationships in the patient’s life; (4) a naive and idealized view of the psychoanalyst’s person and role; and (5) a marginal awareness of the impact of group-level unconscious phenomena on the social life of psychoanalytic institutions.
God’s Love [神之爱]
(2018)
The paper attempts to explore the patient–analyst contribution to the analytic process – focusing mainly on the contribution of the analysand – and how their mutual influence might affect the outcome, sometimes beyond the analyst’s capabilities. This is approached through exploration of the co-creation of an intersubjective analytic field by the analytic dyad, in which the analytic phenomena occur, somehow in both participants, but in an asymmetrical way. Their co-creation of the analytic third in this space includes conflictual as well as healthy elements of themselves. The analyst’s professional self and the analysand’s healthy ego parts form an unconscious alliance directed towards a common cause, the progress of analysis, which unavoidably affects both. Clinical material and vignettes from three cases are presented. In these, becomes apparent that the patient can temporarily take over the analytic situation, permitting continuation of the analytic progress. It is argued that, through the above process, a patient can often help and support the analytic process, surpassing the weaknesses and defects that their analyst might have. Influences on patients’ developing mentalization.
Treatment for drug-induced depression usually consists of cessation or reduction of the causative agent and psychopharmacologic management. In addition, psychotherapy can be useful as an adjunctive treatment. The author presents case material related to a young woman with an inborn physical illness, who became depressed during the course of interferon treatment for a medical complication, hepatitis virus infection. In addition to the cessation of interferon and pharmacologic management, supportive psychotherapy of a psychodynamic orientation was started in order to address the patient’s low self-esteem and anxiety about her future. During the course of psychotherapy, it was understood that the premature cessation of interferon was, to her, a narcissistic injury. It was also important to explore the meanings of her inborn illness and her guilty feelings. After reviewing various formulations of depression, the author discusses the case material from an integrative perspective, which describes vicious cycles of depression.
Kim j est człowiek
(2018)
O źródłach agresji
(2018)
Aktualność Pism Proroków
(2018)