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This article takes the position that our contemporary overheated media environment lends itself to comfortable passivity, resulting in mental breakdown in the guise of the dark emotions: anxiety, melancholia and boredom. This is especially the case with the inevitable synergy of the upcoming technological transformations from genetic modification, virtual reality simulacra and artificial intelligence/robotics. After discussing the data from the World Health Organization regarding the stark increase of people across the globe suffering from depression and anxiety, this article weds the concepts of McLuhan’s hot-cool distinction with Fromm’s delineation of the productive character orientation. Following Fromm, this article argues that joy ensues from reason, productive labour and love–sorrow from ignorance, alienated work and indifference. When we willfully abrogate our responsibilities to self and other via non-participational mediated forms, we cede away our potential for growth and development. This leads to the emotional breakdowns of guilt, boredom, anxiety and melancholia. Viktor Frankl’s logo-therapeutic perspective is discussed as a counterbalance to the social effects wrought by our overheated technological environment. Frankl’s stress on phenomenological meaning as the cornerstone of existence provides a lens to understanding the affects of an over-reliance on technological gadgetry.
본 논문에서는 토니 모리슨의 첫 번째 소설 『가장 푸른 눈』과 최근 소설 『신이여 그 아이를 도우소서』에 등장하는 기독교인들을 에리히 프롬의 『소유냐 존재냐』에서 설명하는 두 가지 실존양식을 바탕으로 분석하여 작가의 신앙관을 추적하였다. 1970년에 발표된 『가장 푸른 눈』에는 세 명의 >소유양식<의 신앙인들인 폴린과 제럴딘 위트콤이 등장한다. 이들은 자신들의 입지를 위해 종교를 이용하고 피콜라의 정신분열 발생에 심각한 부정적 영향을 미친다. 2015년에 발표된 『신이여 그 아이를 도우소서』에서 부커의 고모 퀸은 >존재양식의 신앙인<으로 브라이드가 진정한 정체성을 형성하고 부커와의 사랑을 회복하는데 결정적인 역할을 한다. 기독교 신앙의 주요 속성을 >베푸는 사랑<으로 규정해온 토니 모리슨은 평생 >소유양식의 신앙인<들을 질타하고 >존재양식의 신앙인<이 되도록 촉구하며 독자들의 정신적인 성숙을 이끌어온 >존재양식의 신앙인<이다. 작가는 말년의 작품에서 기독교인들을 긍정적으로 평가하고 태아를 향한 축복 기도를 작품의 제목으로 삼을 만큼 신앙을 향한 긍정적인 태도를 보여주고 있다.
Criminology (as the scientific study of criminal behaviour on the individual and social level) and psychology (as the science, which seeks to understand individuals and groups) pay special attention to motivation – a theoretical construction, used to explain behaviour. In this article the motivation of recipients of bribery is widely investigated. In addition to such well-established motives as greediness, selfishness, prevalence of personal interest, the author analyzes also other criminal behaviour determinants. The works, which are used in this research are of the following authors: John Broadus Watson, Edward Lee Thorndike (Behavioural); Sigmund Freud, Erich Fromm (Psychoanalysis); Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow (Existential-humanistic theories); William Isaac Thomas (Thomas theorem); Florian Witold Znaniecki (sociological theory); Erik Homburger Erikson (theory on psychosocial development of human beings); Jean William Fritz Piaget (theory of cognitive development); Herbert Lefcourt, Ronald Smith (>Locus of Control<) etc. As the result of this research the author has concluded that bribe-takers’ behaviour is determined by such psychological constructs as the desire for power, fear, envy, mental deflections, mania, feeling of exclusion, the need for extreme, oppressed creativity.
This dissertation tries to prove that the so-called philosopher on the throne can be a better ruler not only than dictator but also than contemporary liberal democratic politician. Since the sixth century BC, when the human undertook a systematic and critical contemplation upon surrounding reality, she/he has begun to dream about political rulers to be guided in their doings by the imperative of reason. In principal, the higher level of spiritual culture characterized the rulers, the more likely their subjects were to live to a great age in relative peace. That is why for centuries it has been dreamed of a political system that is something like a kind of a sophocracy. The most complete picture of such a sovereign, which fulfilled dreams about a sage in the crown, was outlined by Plato in his State. In his point of view, as long as the lovers of wisdom will not have royal power in the states, or the rulers will not begin to love wisdom honestly, there is no help for states and for the human race. Nevertheless, over the centuries, authority was enforced mainly by physical strength and not by reason. It was not until the twentieth century that democracy brought freedom and equality of rights, thanks to which political power became more rational. Unfortunately, also contemporary liberal democracy is not free from fundamental contradictions that can bring about its collapse. The main contradiction is the increasingly smaller influence of citizens – who in the theory of democracy are the only legal sovereign – on political decision-making. This is accompanied by the enhancing influence of entities with no democratic legitimacy, e.g. global corporations that do not care about the common (public) good, but only about their own. These entities use the growing intellectual and ethical weakness of democratic politicians whose purpose is their own particular interest and not the happiness (good) of their citizens. This may indicate a slow system disintegration. For this reason liberal democracy needs politicians who are wise enough to realize this threat. Of all the people in the history of the world who led political communities, to the Platonic ideal in the highest degree (among others, like T. G. Masaryk and Á. Göncz) got closer the man who, paradoxically, never wanted to be a ruler. Václav Havel's thought is a critique of both Soviet post-totalitarianism and Western democracy. In his opinion both systems, though to a different degree, alienate a human trying to reduce her/him to the role of a machine's cog. Havel proposes that every citizen take individual and global responsibility for herself/himself and the whole world, because only in this way she/he can consciously exert real influence over political decisions. What is more, this is the only way to build a politics that aims – if possible – the happiness of every person. Havel realizes that in today's world this attitude is extremely impractical and very difficult to apply in everyday life. Nevertheless, he knows no better possibility.
Sosyal Araştırmalar Enstitü’sü, eleştirel perspektifi daima göz önünde bulundurarak çalışmalarını yürüten, tarihsel süreç içerisinde birçok konu, olay ve sorun olarak gördükleri alanlarda çalışmalarda bulunan Almanya merkezli bir okuldur. Enstitü üyelerinin yayımlanan çalışmalarında tarih, sosyoloji, siyaset bilimi gibi başat alanlar göze çarpar niteliktedir. Psikanaliz konusundaki çalışmaları ise diğer alanlara göre oldukça sayılı fakat bir o kadar da incelenmeye değerdir. Bu çalışmada, Enstitü’ye katıldığı ilk dönemde kendisini NeoFreudcu olarak addeden Erich Fromm’dan yola çıkarak Enstitü üyelerinin psikanalizle ilgili çalışmaları incelenmiş ve üyelerin bu bilimsel alana olan olumlu-olumsuz görüşleri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, birçok alanda sosyal bilimler adına çok değerli çalışmalara imza atan bu kuramcıların psikanalize ve Freud’un kuramlarına bakış açılarını yansıtmak ve psikanalizi kendi çalışma larında nasıl kullandıklarını belirlemektir.
>으르렁<은 젊은 세대 대중음악을 대표하는 노래 가운데 하나다. 이 노래는 젊 은 세대에게 크게 인기를 끌었다. 이 노래는 철학적으로 >매우 위험한< 노래다. 으르렁대는 야만적인 무한경쟁의 심리가 드러나 있다. 이 논문은 그 노랫말을 니체와 프롬의 철학으로 되짚어 보고 그 철학적 까닭과 해법을 찾아보았다. 니체의 철학으로 보면, 그 철학적 까닭은 시기, 곧 타자 부정이며, 그 해법은 긍 정, 곧 자기 긍정이다. 자기가 사랑하는 이성을 사랑하는 다른 동성들에게 으르렁대는 까닭은 자기보다 뛰어난 이에 대한 불안이나 두려움 때문이며, 그 바탕에는 열등감과 시기심이 깔려 있다. 무엇보다 먼저 자기를 가치 있는 사람으로 긍정하면, 열등감과 시기심에 빠지지 않고, 자기보다 뛰어난 이에 대해 불안이나 두려움을 가질 필요가 없으므로 다른 이들에게 으르렁대지 않을 거다. 프롬의 철학으로 보면, 그 철학적 까닭은 소유를 지향하는 삶의 마음가짐이며, 그 해법은 존재를 지향하는 삶의 마음가짐이다. 다른 동성들에게 으르렁대는 까닭은 이성을 독차지하려는 소유를 지향하는 삶의 마음가짐 때문이다. 무엇보다 먼저 존재를 지향하는 삶의 마음가짐을 가지면, 사랑의 존재, 곧 사랑의 과정 및 경험 그 자체를 중요하게 여기므로 이성을 독차지하지 못하거나 잃어버릴까봐 불안해할 필요가 없기에 다른 이들에게 으르렁대지 않을 거다. >으르렁<으로 미루어 짐작하건대 우리 젊은 세대는 자긍심보다 열등감이나 시기 심이 강하고, 존재를 지향하는 삶의 마음가짐보다 소유를 지향하는 삶의 마음가짐이 강한 경향이 있다. 우리 나이든 세대의 유산일 게다. 걱정되는 것은 그러한 경향이 더 노골적이고 거칠어졌다는 점이다. 철학자만의 잘못은 아니다. 무한경쟁을 낳는 사회 구조적 원인이 가장 큰 탓이다. 하지만 철학자의 탓이기도 한 만큼 우리 철학자들이 젊은 세대의 자긍심이나 존재를 지향하는 삶의 마음가짐을 북돋우는 데 힘써야 한다.
Filozofia jest bogatym źródłem alternatywnych narracji opisujących, w jaki sposób powinniśmy chronić prawa człowieka; narracji, które rozwinęły się w czasach istnienia XX-wiecznych rządów totalitarnych. Niniejsza książka skupia się na myśli dwóch filozofów tego okresu – Ericha Fromma i Isaiaha Berlina. Analiza ich przemyśleń pozwala na ukazanie nowej filozoficznej koncepcji państwa i prawa opartej na wartościach godności ludzkiej i solidarności, uzasadnianych za pomocą argumentów odmiennych od >tradycyjnie uniwersalistycznych<. W koncepcji tej, zakorzenionej w ludzkim doświadczeniu, prawo musi uwzględniać zmieniające się okoliczności, być nakierowane na utrzymanie chwiejnej równowagi między różnymi i czasami przeciwstawnymi wartościami. Rozważania filozofów są zaskakująco aktualne i ukazują, że zagrożenia, które wystąpiły w XX wieku, czyhają na nas także dziś.
One of major challenges facing contemporary psychiatry is the insufficient grasp of relationship between individual and collective mental pathologies. A long tradition of diagnosing >mental illness< of society – exemplified by Erich Fromm – stands apart from approach of contemporary social psychiatry and is not perceived as relevant for psychiatric discourse. In this Perspective article, I argue that it is possible to uphold the idea of a supra-individual dimension to mental health, while avoiding the obvious pitfalls involved in categorical diagnosing of society as suffering from mental illness. I argue for an extended notion of public mental ill-health, which goes beyond the quantitative understanding of mental health as an aggregate of individual diseased minds captured in statistics, and which can be conceived as a dynamic, emergent property resulting from interactions of individual brains/minds in social space. Such a notion, in turn, presents a challenge of how to account for the interfacing between individual minds/brains and the collective mental phenomena. A suitable theoretical framework is provided by the notion of epidemiology of representations, originally formulated by cognitive anthropologist Dan Sperber. Within this framework, it is possible to highlight the role of public (material) representations in inter-individual transfer of mental representations and mental states. It is a suitable conceptual platform to explain how the troubling experiences with causal or mediating role on mental health, to a significant degree arise through a person’s direct interaction with material representations and participation in collective mental states, again generated by material representations.
Coetzee’s novel >Disgrace< addresses the question of dysfunctional inter-human relationships and explores the themes of domination, subjection, and character distortion in the context of the post-apartheid South Africa. In fact, this paper holds, >Disgrace< fictionalizes Coetzee’s concerns about the social deformation that springs from distorted relationality. According to Erich Fromm’s social thought, the apartheid regime represented an insane society based on sadistic domination and masochistic submission. It systematized sadomasochistic patterns of interpersonal relatedness and excluded horizontal relationships based on love and mutual care. Disgrace shows that how the same dynamics of intersubjective relationships still feature in the >new< South Africa. A parallel is, therefore, drawn between Coetzean ideas about deformed relationality and social deformation and Frommian symbiotic relatedness and sociocultural insanity. The apartheid’s spirit of insanity lingers in the post-apartheid period since its modes of human interactions persist. The transition from the earlier racist system to a genuine democracy, the novel suggests, sounds impossible unless love replaces sadomasochistic relationality.
In this article, I discuss in detail how Erich Fromm’s categories can help de-scribe Trump’s character, or >temperament,< a word used to characterize a major flaw in Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign and his rule as President by the end of the first year. In >The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness< (1973), Fromm engages in a detailed analysis of the authoritarian character as sadistic, excessively narcissistic, malignantly aggressive, vengeably destructive, and necrophiliac, personality traits arguably applicable to Trump. In the following analysis, I will systematically deploy key Frommian socio-psychoanalytic categories to Trump and his followers to show how they can illuminate Trump and authoritarian populism.
Wśród myślicieli zajmujących się tematyką miłości na szczególną uwagę zasługują erich fromm i Hans Urs von Balthasar. obaj, czyniąc miłość jednym z ważniejszych zagadnień swych naukowych rozważań, traktują ją jako rozwiązanie ludzkich trudności i coś, co nadaje życiu sens. Dokonują wnikliwej analizy społeczeństwa, człowieka i czasów, w jakich przyszło im żyć i w ramach tej re fleksji prezentują wielopłaszczyznowe podejście do zagadnienia miłości. ich spojrzenie, a w szczegól ności różnice w ich postrzeganiu miłości, są ciekawe także ze względu na ich zbliżony kontekst historyczny (podobne lata życia) i kulturowy. artykuł, mając na uwadze odmienność stosowanej przez autorów metodologii i inną perspektywę (psychologiczną, filozoficzną czy teologiczną), ukazuje podobieństwa i różnice w ich myśli, a także poka zuje, że Hans Urs von Balthasar idzie o krok dalej niż erich fromm, analizując miłość w nieznanych temu drugiemu przestrzeniach.
Entering the 21st century, new cultural trends have been formed after changes in social perception and the environment. Social psychologist Erich Seligmann Fromm proposed that ‘the ability to predict the future and express subjects and acts in diverse ideas’ is an attribute that makes humans different from animals. There are very diverse ways and views to predict trends and experts from individual fields can predict trends by studying related laws. These trends can be viewed as a phenomenon that expresses the emotions and personality that exist in people’s consciousness. In modern society, people want to create trendy and unique styles, using diverse elements and design factors by escaping from a conventional concept of beauty. Humans design and develop new tools that are both esthetic and functional through harmony between art and science. In fashion, art and cosmetology, trendy collections are suggested annually by predicting trends in advance. New and diverse trends that differ from past trends are always pursued. With the development of mass media, furthermore, trends have become a large issue around the globe. Hairstyling is closely related to trend so that there should be continued studies on new trends. Therefore, this study investigated hairstyle trends in the Wella Collection from 2014 to 2018. It analyzed these hairstyles by shape, texture and color, and the results are available as basic data for analyzing hair collections. It is hoped that they would be useful in predicting future trends.
The story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden is a seminal text within the Christian tradition and is considered to hold innermost truths about human nature. From a psychological perspective, Osman argues that since the narrative of Adam and Eve is the first telling of human experience within the Bible and since similar myths exist in other cultures, this story is likely to point to >significant truths about psychic functioning.< Ellens suggests that whether we take this story at a literal, symbolic, mythical, or metaphorical level, it provides us with a framework for thinking about the human condition. Inherent in this story is a series of themes that are central to psychological theories of development such as loss, separation, dependency, intersubjectivity, vulnerability, shame, and desire. This article focuses on two competing theological interpretations of the Garden of Eden emanating from the work of the church fathers Augustine and Irenaeus and explores how the work of psychoanalysts Erich Fromm and Melanie Klein maps onto these two traditions. The author argues that the work of Klein and Fromm can serve to illuminate these different theological traditions, assist us to reflect upon questions of psychological maturity and moral development, and provide a basis for dialogue between theology and psychology in which both the full goodness and the inherent destructiveness of humanity is fully recognised.
This paper tries to outline two different ways of thinking about the concept of negative liberty. On the one hand, one can think of negative liberty in the external view that is entitled the external negative liberty in this paper. Here, human being is free if no one stops him/her from doing whatever s/he may want to do. On the other hand, one can think of negative liberty in the internal sense that is entitled the internal negative freedom by the researcher. In this view, human being realizes him/ herself as a person who exists separately from others but s/he does not have his or her own identity. For this purpose, after analyzing of two approaches through a two prominent thinkers’ standpoints including Isaiah Berlin and Erich Fromm, this question is going to be answered; what negative liberty is based on the two new perspectives, the external and internal perspectives.
Love as a core value in veterinary and medical practice: Towards a humanimal clinical ethics?
(2018)
This article represents the outcome of a dialogue between a vet and a healthcare ethicist on the theme of >love< in professional life. We focus on four types or varieties of love (eros, agape, philia and storge) in relation to the professional care of humans and animals. We discuss the relevance of Fromm’s core elements of love (care, responsibility, respect and knowledge) and consider the implications of these for human and animal health care practice. We present and respond to five arguments that might be waged against embracing love as a professional value in veterinary and medical practice. We argue that a moderated love can and should be reclaimed as a contemporary professional value. It is most helpfully contextualised within virtue ethics or care ethics. We suggest that love is a rich starting point from which to launch an exploration of an interprofessional humanimal clinical ethics.
Paolo Gerbaudo’s book >The Mask and the Flag: Populism, Citizenism and Global Protest<, whose approach is reflected in his Crosscurrents piece in the issue of >Media, Culture & Society< at hand, is a response to these societal, political and academic challenges. This Cross Currents comment asks, I ask, the following: Why is it that right-wing authoritarian populism in recent times has become much more popular than left-wing movements? How do right-wing authoritarian movements communicate? Why is it that right-wing political communication strategies seem to garner and result in mass support? The critical theory of authoritarianism advanced by the Frankfurt School and related authors on fascism, Nazism, and the authoritarian personality help us to critically analyse the communication of authoritarianism. In this context, particularly the works by Franz Leopold Neumann, Erich Fromm, Theodor W. Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Leo Löwenthal, and Willhelm Reich are relevant.
This paper combines historical and biographical work on the Frankfurt School of critical theorists with a sociological approach to intellectual creativity outlined in Michael Farrell’s provocative book Collaborative Circles: Friendship Dynamics and Creative Work. Revisiting earlier research on the often unheralded role the psychoanalyst Erich Fromm played in the early years of the critical theory tradition, the paper reviews the theory of collaborative circles outlined by Farrell, applies this social science explanation of conflict and creativity to the Frankfurt School network of Horkheimer, Fromm, Adorno, Marcuse, Lowenthal etc. and suggests a new way of thinking about the history of this innovative and controversial group of social theorists and researchers. The paper concludes by suggesting revisions to the Farrell model of collaborative circles and compares and contrasts the strengths of the theory to the “scientific intellectual movements” approach outlined by Frickel and Gross.
This paper presents the text of an imagined oration from a senior faculty member to a newly hired faculty member on the topic of how to stay sane in the academy. It begins by characterizing the basic problem at the heart of the university: students are not learning as much as they should and professors are not teaching them in a way that ensures they do. The problem is one of dysfunction and denial. The university is not able to effectively perform its main function and the involved stakeholders pretend everything is fine. Seen in the light of Fromm’s (1955) criteria of mental health, many aspects of modern university life are quite >insane<. I discuss three specific things to avoid that will protect the faculty member’s sanity: avoid the >unstated compact< between faculty and students, avoid the prospect of a promotion to the administration, and avoid the lure of popularity and politics. I then discuss three affirmative steps to enhance faculty mental health: consider first things, honor the call of truth in the world and your discipline, and regularly recall the deeper purpose of the university. The paper concludes with a candid analysis of why the professoriate’s public prestige has precipitously fallen over the past 40 years. (APA PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Some have attempted to address the popular acceptance of irrational ideas like fascism or capitalism through various combinations of the work of Marx and different forms of psychoanalysis. Some of the better - known attempts in this regard are Erich Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis, Wilhelm Reich’s discussion of the role of repressed sexuality as a control mechanism, and today, the philosopher Slavoj Žižek’s explanation via Marx’s theory of commodity fetishism and Lacan’s psychoanalysis.
본 논문의 목적은 프롬이 제시한 사랑의 의미와 실천 방법을 검토하는 것이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 프롬의 사상적 배경과 함께 그가 제시한 사랑론의 이론적 근거, 사랑론을 구성하는 주요 내용 및 프롬이 규정한 사랑의 대상, 그리고 사랑의 실천 방법을 중심으로 살펴보고자 한다. 현행 고등학교 선택 과목인 『생활과 윤리』 교과에서는 ‘성과 사랑의 윤리’를 학습 주제로 제시하고 있으며, 이에 따라 현행 교육과정을 따르는 교과서들에서는 해당 영역에서 프롬의 사랑에 관한 입장을 학습 요소로 제시하고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서 다루는 프롬의 사랑론에 대한 원전 중심의 종합적인 검토는 교과 내용 및 교수학습 과정에 기여할 것으로 기대한다.
O ensaio discute e afirma a atualidade da Criminologia Crítica a partir da identificação de sua emergência na Escola de Frankfurt e, em consequência, dos vínculos entre a constituição do saber criminológico crítico e a crítica das violências institucionais. Ao apresentar as diferenças entre as teorias tradicional e crítica, aponta as relações entre razão jurídica e razão instrumental e direciona o enfoque aos autores do círculo externo da Escola de Frankfurt que enfrentaram a questão penal (Rusche, Kirchheimer, Neumann e Fromm). Ao final, projeta formas de atuação do saber crítico nos campos da Criminologia e do Direito Penal.
Straipsnyje analizuojama Erich’o Fromm’o suformuota produktyvaus charakterio struktūra, kuri yra ir humanistinės vertybės išreiškimo sąlyga. Ši charakterio struktūra analizuojama kaip tam tikras atskaitos taškas, kuriuo būtų galima vertinti naują technologijų formuojamą realybę. Tokio tipo analizės pasirinkimas susijęs su tuo, kad naujoji technologinė realybė sparčiai kinta kokybiškai. Todėl kyla klausimas, ar įmanoma suformuoti tokį jos kritinio vertinimo atskaitos tašką, kuris, viena vertus, tarnautų humanistiniams tikslams, kita vertus, leistų vertinti įvykusius technologijų kokybinius pokyčius. Taip pat pateikiama E. Fromm’o suformuoto produktyvaus charakterio įpraktinimo kritika ir tolesnės šios temos nagrinėjimo galimos perspektyvos.
Building on bell hooks’ conceptualization of love as a mode of political resistance, this article explores how prisoners’ radio employs love to combat injustice. Through an examination of two prisoners’ radio projects – The Prison Show in Texas and Restorative Radio in Kentucky – I argue that incarcerated people and their loved ones appropriate the radio to perform public and revolutionary acts of love, countering the oppressive forces of mass incarceration in the United States. By unapologetically positioning their love for prisoners front and center, ordinary Americans subvert systems of oppression which mark incarcerated folks as incapable and unworthy of love. Love is an intrinsic marker of humanity, so prisoners’ radio allows the incarcerated and their advocates on the outside to actively challenge the dehumanization that people face behind bars.
O objetivo deste artigo é abordar a noção de sistema de crenças dentro da psicologia da religião através de três elementos que parecem cruciais para tal compreensão. Inicialmente tratar a experiência religiosa como elemento formado a partir de um sistema de crenças constituído no campo psíquico e, depois, propor um levantamento das obras de dois autores (Sigmund Freud e Erich Fromm) da psicanálise que abordaram a experiência religiosa em algumas de suas obras, e em terceiro, compor um perfil significativo da psicologia das crenças em questão. Trata-se de um estudo revisional exploratório. A motivação para esse estudo situa-se no conjunto de estudos que venho propondo nos campos da antropologia, psicologia e sociologia sobre o que concebo por sistema de crenças. A questão é se os autores e obras que venho analisando tocam nesta questão, sem necessariamente se darem conta de que estão tratando de uma estrutura tão elementar para a formação social quanto as demais. A premissa básica é de que autores e obras analisadas dão subsidio para tal localização. Espera-se não só neste artigo, mas no estudo como um todo, chegar a noções conceituais sólidas sobre o sistema de crenças e seu papel cultural, psíquico e social.
In recent years, identity-based movements have increasingly been criticized by outsiders for espousing a >culture of outrage< both in terms of their academic expressions and activist mobilizations. In the present study, I examine this charge from within the struggle by advancing a self-reflexive socio-psychological investigation into certain emotional responses, attitudes, and practices that have, in significant ways, come to define this type of political agitation. Specifically, I focus my analysis on anti-racist feminism given my personal ties and investment in this movement. Following Wendy Brown, I investigate whether anti-racist feminism suffers from the Nietzschean affliction of ressentiment, and if so, what can be done to reorient the movement towards a more affirmative and humanist future. I address this latter objective through the work of Erich Fromm who I argue provides us with insights that are especially pertinent to our current problem, and which, when developed further with the aid of anti-racist interventions, can offer a fruitful means to moving forward.
Penelitian Tipe >Manusia Biofilia dan Nekrofilia dalam Ekofiksi Indonesia: Perspektif Ekopsikologi< ini didasarkan pada fakta bahwa sastra merepresentasikan hubungan manusia dan lingkungan. Penelitian ini berfokus pada empat aspek, yakni (1) tipe manusia biofilia dalam ekofiksi Indonesia; (2) tipe manusia nekrofilia dalam ekofiksi Indonesia; (3) sikap pengarang terhadap manusia biofilia dalam ekofiksi Indonesia; dan (4) sikap pengarang terhadap manusia nekrofilia dalam ekofiksi Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif-deskriptif-interpretatif. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yakni ekopsikologi yang merupakan bagian dari studi psikologi, sedangkan teori yang digunakan, yakni biofilia dan nekrofilia yang ditopang dengan konsep etika lingkungan dan alienasi lingkungan. Instrumen penelitian adalah peneliti yang sekaligus menjadi instrumen kunci. Data yang digunakan berupa kata, frasa, kalimat, dan alinea yang relevan dengan fokus penelitian. Sumber data yang digunakan, yakni 17 ekofiksi Indonesia yang relevan dengan fokus penelitian. Penganalisisan data menggunakan teknik heuristik yang merujuk pada Key & Kerr, swapencarian (selfsearch), swadialog (selfdialogue), dan swatemuan (selfdicovery), sedangkan untuk pengodean data merujuk pada Neuman, yakni (1) pengodean terbuka, (2) pengodean aksial, (3) pengodean selektif, dan (4) tahap pengodean final. Berdasarkan analisis, diperoleh temuan penelitian yang terpapar sebagai berikut. Pertama, tipe manusia biofilia yang terdapat dalam 17 ekofiksi indonesia muncul dalam bentuk (1) tipe manusia biofilia humanistik. Dalam interaksinya dengan lingkungan, manusia biofilia humanistik menunjukkan pikiran/tindakan mencintai laut, memprotes lingkungan tambang, peduli pada lingkungan domestik, peduli pada lingkungan sawah/ladang, dan mencintai binatang; (3) tipe manusia biofilia estetik. Dalam interaksinya dengan lingkungan, manusia biofilia estetik menunjukkan pikiran/tindakan yang berkait dengan keindahan air terjun, keindahan lingkungan sekitar, keindahan laut, kesenian tema lingkungan; (3) tipe manusia biofilia ekospiritualistik. Dalam interaksinya dengan lingkungan, manusia tipe manusia biofilia ekospiritualistik menunjukkan pikiran/tindakannya dalam upacara yang berkait dengan lingkungan dan pencarian jati diri melalui lingkungan; (4) tipe manusia biofilia ekosaintik. Dalam interaksinya dengan lingkungan, manusia biofilia ekosaintik menunjukkan pikiran/tindakan pengetahuan lokal tentang pengobatan, pengetahuan lokal tentang persilatan, pengetahuan lokal tentang pola hidup, cara mengendalikan lingkungan, dan cara membuat perahu. Kedua, tipe manusia nekrofilia yang terdapat dalam 17 ekofiksi indonesia muncul dalam bentuk (1) tipe manusia nekrofilia eksploitatif. Dalam interaksinya dengan lingkungan, manusia nekrofilia eksploitatif menunjukkan pikiran/tindakan yang berkait dengan eksploitasi lingkungan tambang, eksploitasi lingkungan hutan, eksploitasi binatang; (2) tipe manusia nekrofilia destruktif. Dalam interaksinya dengan lingkungan, manusia nekrofilia eksploitatif menunjukkan pikiran/tindakan yang berkait dengan pembakaran hutan, penyiksaan/pembunuhan binatang; dan (3) tipe manusia nekrofilia simbolis. Dalam interaksinya dengan lingkungan, manusia nekrofilia simbolis mengalami trans-spesies menjadi binatang (babi) yang suka mencuri harta orang lain. Ketiga, sikap pengarang Indonesia terhadap tipe manusia biofilia adalah mendukung sepenuhnya. Para pengarang Indonesia menunjukkan keberpihakan pada tipe manusia biofilia. Sikap keberpihakan pengarang tersebut muncul dalam bentuk (1) sikap menumbuhkembangkan spiritualisme lingkungan. Sikap ini direpresentasikan oleh pengarang Herliany dalam Is; (2) sikap mencintai binatang direpresentasikan oleh pengarang Kuntowijoyo dalam MPU, Cipta dalam Ca, Thayf dalam TT, dan Lestari dalam Pt; (3) sikap apresiatif terhadap estetika lingkungan direpresentasikan oleh pengarang Dewi Lestari dalam Ak, Seno Gumira dalam NB2, dan Mangunwijaya dalam IHIH; dan (4) sikap menunjukkan pengetahuan tradisi pengobatan tradisional direpresentasikan oleh pengarang Mangunwijaya dalam IHIH, Senogumira dalam NB2, dan Thayf dalam TT. Dengan demikian, sikap pengarang Indonesia terhadap manusia biofilia terkategorikan orientasi >lunak< belum mengarah pada orientasi >radikal< sebab dalam novel Indonesia manusia biofilia tidak digambarkan melakukan peperangan/pemberontakan terhadap manusia nekrofilia. Keempat, sikap pengarang Indonesia terhadap manusia nekrofilia adalah tidak mendukung. Mereka memprotes dan mengkritisi tipe manusia nekrofilia. Hal tersebut ditunjukkan pengarang Indonesia dalam bentuk (1) sikap menunjukkan ketidakadilan ras dalam lingkungan; (2) sikap mengkritisi eksploitasi lingkungan. Sikap menunjukkan ketidakadilan ras dalam lingkungan direpesentasikan oleh Andrea Hirata dan Thayf. Adapun sikap mengkritisi eksploitasi lingkungan direpresentasikan oleh Andrea Hirata, Thayf, dan Tereliye dan; (3) sikap mengkritisi penyiksaan dan pelecehan terhadap binatang direpresentasikan oleh pengarang Eka Kurniawan dalam O. Berkait dengan keempat simpulan tersebut tampak bahwa sastra Indonesia, khususnya novel masih belum banyak yang memunculkan representasi interaksi manusia dengan lingkungan, baik segi manusia biofilia dan manusia nekrofilia. Dengan demikian, pengarang Indonesia, khususnya novelis, perhatian terhadap masalah interaksi manusia dengan lingkungan belum begitu besar. Lingkungan belum menjadi tema arus utama dalam novel-novel Indonesia. Meskipun demikian, sastrawan Indonesia, misalnya Mangunwijaya, Navis, Kuntowijoyo, Rampan, Lestari, Kurniawan, Thayf, Senogumira, Tereliye, Cipta, dan Herliany, merupakan pengarang yang menaruh konsentrasi terhadap hubungan interaksional antara manusia dan lingkungan. Karena itu, pengarang yang menggambarkan interaksi manusia dan lingkungan adalah pengarang yang menarasikan sastra lingkungan atau yang dikenal dengan sebutan ecoliterature, ecofiction, atau econarratology.
Frankfurt School Critical Theory and the Persistence of Authoritarian
Populism in the United States
(2018)
En el presente escrito buscaremos reconstruir algunas de las diferencias conceptuales que mostraron los autores más representativos de la primera Teoría Crítica de Frankfurt. Estas diferencias remiten tanto al análisis de los procesos socio-históricos, como al del problema del poder y la dominación. Para su adecuada reconstrucción nos serviremos de los aportes realizados por Axel Honneth – actual director del Institut für Sozialforschung – en su artículo >Teoría Crítica<. Su principal tesis es que, a finales de la década del treinta, se produjo una escisión en el seno de la primera Teoría Crítica; escisión que suscitó un círculo >interno<-integrado, entre otros, por Max Horkheimer y Theodor Adorno- y uno >externo< – al que pertenecieron Franz Neumann, Erich Fromm y Walter Benjamin –. Honneth defiende a los autores pertenecientes al círculo >externo<, pero no desarrolla de manera extensiva sus argumentos. Nuestra intención aquí es, precisamente, desglosar esta defensa a partir de la relectura del libro de Erich Fromm >El miedo a la Libertad<. En dicha obra puede encontrarse una exposición >compleja< del proceso socio-histórico y, sobre todo, un modelo de poder / dominación >alternative< respecto del que prevaleció en el círculo >interno< de la Teoría Crítica. Entendemos, por último, que el diálogo que se pueda establecer entre Honneth y Fromm señala caminos prometedores para renovar y dotar de actualidad al pensamiento social crítico.
Modern society is marked with utmost ambivalence. There is the utmost desire to be free, creative, and productive. Yet, our creative and productive desires trap us and now control our own freedom to become. Couple this inconsistency with the rapid sociostructural changes, fragmentation of traditions, and dissolution of communal well-being, what we have is a life of uncertainty. It is a life debased from its very ontological foundation with the transmission of technorationalities of the capitalist industry. In modernity, we could no longer speak of individuality and subjectivity since the very historical thread that serve as its foundation is now wavered towards accumulation and possession of the capital. Moreover, this overleaning towards the capital deadens us unconsciously that we mistake this for reality. The market ideology with all its rationalizations reifies human consciousness to the extent that we consider the technorationalities as the ontological normative structure. As a result, there is a growing dislocation of subjectivity which leads to neurotic social behaviors and inner social contradictions. As a result, we have our own social discontents. It is then the aim of this paper to ponder on the psychosocial effects of the market economy. I argue that there is a need to look at the effects of this economic system that perpetually delineate subjective experiences and plunge humanity into incontrovertible pseudo images. It is at this point that Fromm’s radical psychosocial interpretation of society becomes binding. I argue with Fromm that our social libidinal drives or what he termed as social characterology, which we are all unconscious of, must be thoroughly brought to fore. I claim that this particular characterology result to the obstructions of a normal and healthy society.
Rupert Neudeck - Gefährliche Erinnerungen an ein Leben wie Feuer, Ostfilder (Patmos) 2018, 247 p.
(2018)
Erich Fromm’s >Escape from Freedom< (1941) charts the growth and decline of freedom and selfawareness in the West from the Middle Ages to modern times, when people sought refuge from insecurity and responsibility in totalitarian movements, such as Nazism and Fascism. In contrast to the thesis that >Escape from Freedom< is evidence of >The Americanization of a European Intellectual,< Fromm wrote it because freedom, or the lack of it, was an acute problem in Nazi Germany, not America. His language and concepts were formed and fused during the crucial ideological and intellectual struggles of a specific, wretched moment in German history, the rise and triumph of Nazism; hence, he waged a Kulturkampf against Nazi barbarism to save Western humanist civilization.
弗洛姆认为异化的消费是实现和谐社会的阻碍,在资本主义社会中,消费从受控于人发展为控制着人,消费凌驾于人类之上,剥夺了人的主体性。伴随着经济全球化和本国经济腾飞,西方世界的消费主义思想逐渐在中国滋生并快速传播,异化消费的弊端日益凸显。党的十九大将建设富强、民主、文明、和谐、美丽的社会主义强国写入党章,开启我国发展的新篇章,但异化消费带来的虚假幸福、炫耀心理等,给和谐社会和生态文明建设带来阻碍,影响着>美丽中国<的实现。弗洛姆异化消费理论的现实来源虽是西方资本主义社会,但他将马克思主义理论作为逻辑起点,从人本主义角度思考消费问题,不仅给我们思考消费问题提供思路,更为我们解决消费问题赋予启示意义。本文首先从理论角度系统梳理了弗洛姆异化消费思想的演进路径。从黑格尔第一次系统阐述异化的概念,到马克思的劳动异化理论,再到法兰克福学派学者对消费理论的阐述,异化消费理论的产生沿着严谨的逻辑思路,弗洛姆在吸收已有的异化理论的同时,深入探求社会现实问题,从心理学角度看待消费问题,唤起研究消费理论的新思路。其次,文章阐述了弗洛姆消费异化理论形成的机制和主要内容;弗洛姆消费异化理论的形成建立在社会和心理两大机制上,对于社会性格的分析和论述是弗洛姆消费异化理论的独特之处,也是其人本主义思想的集中体现。但弗洛姆过度的重视人的心理和社会伦理角度对健全社会的构建,没有深入到异化现象的本质,具有一定的局限性。再次,探析现阶段中国出现的异化消费现象及其产生原因。弗洛姆的异化消费理论基于资本主义消费社会,但开放中的中国不断与世界接轨,消费思想的传入不断侵蚀着我国传统的消费观念,许多弗洛姆异化消费理论中出现的消费问题在中国社会时有凸显。最后,借鉴弗洛姆异化消费理论中解决消费问题的路径,依据中国现实问题,树立中国特色的价值观念,引导人们树立绿色消费观念,以期促进>美丽中国<的实现。
消费在人类的生活中扮演着十分重要的角色,消费把人与人、人与物密切地联系起来。在异化的消费中,消费成了目的自身,即人类为了消费而消费。本文以本•阿格尔的异化消费理论为研究对象,本•阿格尔是生态学马克思主义的主要代表人物,他在继承与发展威廉•莱易斯生态学马克思主义的基础上,逐步建立了自己的异化消费理论体系。本•阿格尔的异化消费理论,以马克思的异化劳动思想,马尔库塞的>虚假需求<理论,弗洛姆的异化思想以及莱易斯的生态危机思想为理论渊源。在他看来,异化消费是一种独特的消费现象,是工人为摆脱劳动中缺少自我表达之自由而进行的消费行为。与此同时,他认为马克思所言经济危机已经不符合对于资本主义社会危机的分析,因为资本主义社会并未出现马克思所说的社会革命,反而是消费领域出现的生态危机将代替经济危机成为新的社会危机。异化消费行为既有积极影响也有消极影响,最严重的消极影响莫过于异化消费造成了生态危机。为了克服异化消费、解决生态危机,阿格尔提出两个解决路径,一个是>期望破灭了的辩证法<,另一个是通过实行分散化和非官僚化来改造资本主义工业社会。这两个方法分别从个人以及工业生产的维度直接或间接地解决异化消费问题。本•阿格尔的异化消费理论虽然丰富和发展了生态学马克思主义,但同样存在理论上的不足,这一点需要辩证地看待。就其实践意义而言,它对>美丽中国<建设起到积极的指导作用。这一理论告诉我们,只有树立正确的消费理念、秉持健康的消费方式、形成积极的生态观念,才能实现人自身的和谐发展,以及经济与生态环境的全面协调可持续发展。
伊丽莎白•斯特劳特(Elizabeth Strout,1956—)是美国当代文坛一位很有影响力的作家之一。她的作品体现出其对当今社会问题的关怀和思考。《奥丽芙•基特里奇》获2009年普利策小说奖,它讲述了一个小镇中普通的微不足道的人生,以及人们的精神危机和异化的人际关系,反映了当代美国社会中存在的生存困境。本文以埃里希•弗洛姆的爱的理论为切入点,探究《奥丽芙•基特里奇》中人物的生存困境以及对困境的突围之道。论文主体分为三个部分,前两部分重点论证小说人物生存困境的表现及原因,最后一部分深度挖掘困境突围之道。第一部分探讨个体精神世界的困境,主要通过人物强烈的孤独感和焦虑感两部分体现出来。第二部分探究人际关系中存在的困境,主要表现为家庭关系和邻里关系的异化两个方面。通过分析人物的生存困境的原因,作者指出要从根源上解决问题,才能走出困境。因此,最后一部分探究突围困境之道,作者指出在学会正确的爱的前提之下,通过逃离原生家庭和回归新家庭,试图让身处困境的人物获得心灵的慰藉和安抚。《奥丽芙•基特里奇》看似描写了一个普通人物的平凡生活,实际上折射出了当代社会中人们的生存困境。斯特劳特通过小说揭示人们的生存困境,映射出真实的社会现象,这体现了作者对现代人困境的深刻的反思和对人生意义的哲学思考。
弗洛姆是著名的精神分析学家、哲学家和社会学家,也是法兰克福学派的重要成员。他的毕生研究视角主要是对当代世界各种社会制度和文化体系的思考,尤其是对西方社会和文化生活中人类生存的各种现实问题、矛盾和危机的追问,力求寻找人类实现幸福和精神自由的钥匙。在弗洛姆所汲取的各种思想学说中,最重要的是弗洛伊德的精神分析学和马克思主义理论。他站在西方人本主义和资产阶级民主主义立场上并力图将两者融合,创立了自己的精神分析学说和人性理论,提出了人性异化思想。弗洛姆从关注现代人的生存境遇出发,从生物学和心理学意义上探讨人的本性和人的生存矛盾,并结合弗洛伊德的精神分析学提出了社会性格和社会无意识等心理分析理论;面对现代人的生存境遇,他对异化的人和病态社会进行了较为全面的剖析,并提出了拯救人类和建立健全社会的心理革命理论和社会改革措施。本文通过对上述弗洛姆的人性异化思想进行分析解读的基础上,将其与马克思的异化理论,与弗洛伊德、荣格的精神分析理论进行比较探究,找出其理论的成就与不足,最后并对弗洛姆的人性异化思想作出了辩证的价值评析,寻找对当代中国特色社会主义建设的现实意义。
在弗洛姆笔下,和谐社会具有十大基本特征:它是全人类享有永久和平的社会,是真正富裕的社会,是健全的即符合人类真正需要的社会,是人道主义的社会主义社会,是消除了人的异化的社会,是创发性社会,是自由人的联合体,是人类社会发展的最高阶段;它实现了母权制与家长制的统一,以人的精神健康为重要标志,以爱、自由、民主与平等为核心价值。和谐社会是全人类享有永久和平的社会,是人类社会发展的最高阶段,它意味着全人类享有永久的和平。和谐社会是真正富裕的社会,真正富裕的社会远离战争、剥削、贫困和等级制,每个人获得了真正的自由和自主,实现了真正的自我。人与人、人与自然的新的和谐就是人类发展到真正富裕阶段的必然结果。和谐 ...
威廉•福克纳是美国文学史上最具影响力的作家之一,享誉世界的美国现代小说家。福克纳擅长用运用意识流、多视角、时序交错等艺术手法,并且大量运用宗教典故、象征隐喻、神话模式使文本具有丰富的象征内涵,加上晦涩的语言、冗长的句子和纷乱复杂,扑朔迷离的文体,来表现世界万物和人心的复杂性,反映出道德法则的消亡、传统价值体系的破产。并通过突出描写现代社会中人的异化感和孤独感来深化和加强作品的主题性。福克纳擅长通过文学作品反映现代社会的种种弊病,《我弥留之际》讲述本德伦一家艰难又荒诞的送葬过程,将充斥着背叛、通奸、兄弟反目的>荒原<社会里现代人的异化状态和生存困境揭露得淋漓尽致,曾一度被作家本人视为最好的作品。国内外学者对《我弥留之际》进行大量广泛的研究。然而贯穿在人类社会历史的整个进程中的异化现象在《我弥留之际》研究方面却相对较少。所以本文作者认为在这方面深入挖掘,研究是非常有意义的。本文从弗洛姆异化理论的全新视角出发,揭示福克纳笔下的普通贫穷白人家庭,影射出整个社会的异化。人与上帝的异化、人与自然地异化、人与社会的异化、人与人的异化,将资本主义咆哮发展下人们的冷漠、隔阂、自私自利、缺失信仰的丑恶病态大胆地揭露出来。而福克纳的最终目的则是秉承他一贯的人道主义和乐观主义精神,坚信人是不朽的,他们的种族会延续下去。本篇论文共由三部分构成:导论、正文和结论。导论部分概括作者的生平及其作品,介绍作品国内外研究现状,提出本文的研究观点并简要阐述本文研究的理论意义和现实意义。正文由四章组成。第一章是对埃里希•弗洛姆异化理论概述,介绍异化理论的来源和发展以及弗洛姆人道主义异化理论:弗洛姆分别从政治、经济、哲学、心理学、人类学等层面审视了对自然、世界、社会、上帝以及对人自身的认识,揭示了在现代资本主义发展过程中,人与社会、人与人、人与自我之间的关系如何在各种矛盾的作用下发生的扭曲和严重的异化。《我弥留之际》呈现出的疏离和异化与弗洛姆的理论相契合,本文以弗洛姆异化理论为支撑深入分析文本,更加客观地研究异化现象在《我弥留之际》的深远影响以及作者传达对于处于经济社会转型的特殊历史时期下的现代人特殊的人文关怀。第二章主要阐述了《我弥留之际》异化现象产生的社会原因,分别从第一次世界大战对人们造成的强烈冲击、现代社会及现代主义的飞速畸形发展下的产物以及传统南方的逐渐没落和传统道德的分崩三方面分析《我弥留之际》这部作品中所体现的异化现象产生的原因。本德伦一家人的精神状态反映了该时期南方人的传统崩溃、道德沦丧,个体欲望日益膨胀的状态,人类本已动荡的思想信仰和价值观念受到强烈冲击。人类普遍存在的精神危机在微妙、复杂的意识中闪现,突显了作品的主题—现代人的生存困境和心灵异化。来自内心、信仰以及社会等方面的异化窒息着现代人,承受着的重负的人类为生存而付出了昂贵的代价。第三章结合弗洛姆的人道主义异化理论来分析本德伦一家在送葬之旅中体现的人与外界的异化,即人与上帝的异化、人与自然的异化、人与社会的异化,从而揭示出的这种人与外界异化不是个体现象,而是整个社会的缩影,具有强烈的社会意义。《我弥留之际》中主人公信仰的缺失,与上帝的疏离,在没有精神的支撑情况下呈现出现代人迷茫的状态;人们对自然的无视和毁灭受到了大自然无情惩罚:洪水和大火成为送葬旅途中的主要障碍,也体现出人与自然和谐相处的重要性;传统价值观念解体后,现代社会呈现出一片精神荒原,现代人痛苦地与命运抗争。第四章结合弗洛姆异化理论来分析《我弥留之际》本德伦一家的送葬之旅中体现的人与人之间的异化。分别从夫妻之间的异化、父母与孩子之间的异化、兄弟姐妹之间的异化、人本身的异化四方面出发,揭示出现代社会这种疏远、冷漠、甚至迫害;充斥着背叛、兄弟反目的>荒原<社会的现代人如何挣扎着存活。作家毫无保留地将异化社会中异化的人们的冷漠、愚蠢、自私、荒诞、无知的丑恶的病态写到极致,甚至加以夸大来反映社会现状,引领读者思考在没有尊重和交流的夫妻关系里,在没有理解和关爱的父母与子女关系里,在没有包容和互助的兄弟姐妹关系里,在迷茫和崩溃的个体生活里,现代人如何挣扎着生存。结论部分综述全文,总结本篇论文研究成果,研究局限并提出相应的建议。指出弗洛姆的异化理论为《我弥留之际》异化现象研究提供了另一种可能,突出福克纳通过《我弥留之际》来阐释的异化主题思想及其巨大的警示和启迪作用。异化现象一直备受关注并且贯穿人类社会发展的始终,异化现象不是20世纪某一个体、家庭、地区或国家特有的社会问题,即使在21世纪的今天,人与自然关系的异化、人与社会关系的异化、人性的异化依然不同程度地存在着。而如福克纳预言的人类永续发展一样,现代人应确立信仰,正视异化,从容面对困难,用爱和包容武装自己,实现与异化的异化。
本文将根据海因里希•伯尔短篇小说《优哉游哉》的文本,剖析其中>游客<形象的不自由及其对自身不自由的无意识,并由此展开到当时的社会历史环境,结合弗洛姆对马克思>异化<的思想继承,探讨当时历史背景下人同自身、同胞以及人同决定社会生活的社会力量相异化的情况的真实存在。同时,在对>异化<现象的深入挖掘中,发现其根源在于人类的贪欲,其本身也是本真欲望的一种异化。另一方面,通过认识到自由是人类的<类本质<,即本心所在,而由贪欲所引发的>异化<往往使人们的行动背离本心,继而提出人道主义呼吁对于反>异化<的意义。最终又回归小说文本,通过其反对>异化<的呼吁及对回归本心及自由的追求,论述人道主义文学创作时至今日的价值所在。
罗伯特•勃莱(Robert Bly,1926~)是美国当代重要诗人。他以政治题材诗作《遍体灵光》(The Light Around the body)而成名于美国诗坛,该书出版后第二年就斩获国家图书奖。这在政治诗歌历来遭人讥讽而处境尴尬的美国文学史上可谓破天荒的事。勃莱的政治诗歌以越南战争与伊拉克战争为主要题材,他主张政治诗歌应跃入整个民族的深层内心世界,反映民众的意识形态。本论文主要探究勃莱越战诗歌中的恶性侵犯行为。从三方面展开论述:施虐狂、恋尸症、牙齿母亲,告诉世人战争源于人类的自相残杀,是人类与生俱来的破坏性。该论文主要借助精神分析心理学家埃里希•弗洛姆(Erich Fromm)关于受虐-施虐的理论,探讨勃莱政治诗歌中所描述战争时期士兵的侵犯行为心理。毫无疑问,美国士兵作为施虐者给越南带来了深重灾难。同时,越南士兵作为受虐者,在身体和精神方面也深受其害,战争磨灭了士兵的人性和信念。其次,根据弗洛姆关于恋尸症的观点来分析监刑官们的肛门情结以及地方治安官们的俄狄浦斯情结。勃莱诗中的恋尸症患者想毁灭生命,他们被一切死的、腐烂的、没有生命的和机械的事物所吸引。监刑官们对死亡变态的迷恋以及治安官们喜欢战斗,往往>想成为真正的人,想摧毁一切,就是最好的论证。最后借用现代精神分析学家埃里克•纽曼(Eric Newman)关于伟大母亲>中的>牙齿母亲<的论断来影射美国入侵越南的暴行。>牙齿母亲<象征着麻木、麻痹、精神生命的终结等。在美国到处都是谎言,越南战争使每一个人都看清楚了牙齿母亲的狰狞面孔。勃莱在其诗中借用>坠落的天使<象征着人类的精神危机。越战是>牙齿母亲<最好的写照,它使人们认识到人类的恶性侵犯性以及战争的残酷与黑暗。总而言之,通过对勃莱政治诗歌中的>施虐狂<,>恋尸症<和>牙齿母亲<三种人类恶性侵犯病的分析,本论文旨在告诉人们人类的一切侵犯(包括屠杀与折磨残害)都是与生俱来的侵犯性所产生的后果,是某些原因使他从有益的力量变成毁灭性的的力量。战争给人类造成了极大的创伤,勃莱的诗歌渗入到民族的心灵深处,让世人意识到政治的诡诈和战争的残酷。
托尼•莫里森是美国20世纪最著名的黑人女作家之一,于1993年荣获得诺贝尔文学奖。她的小说中以其丰富的想象力和富有诗意的表达吸引了诸多评论家和读者的关注。从国内外研究现状来看,莫里森的研究硕果累累。然而基于>爱<这一视角的研究尚且不足,针对莫里森15年的新作《天佑孩童》中爱的主题的研究更是屈指可数。纵观莫里森的《秀拉》(1973)、《所罗门之歌》(1987)、《宠儿》(1997)等经典著作,黑人群体在种族歧视、性别歧视以及父权制文化等重重压迫下伤痕累累,陷入各种精神的困境而无法自拔。在莫里森的现代小说《天佑孩童》中,消费文化这一新兴因素的入侵更是加剧了美国黑人的精神困惑及对其生存意义的质疑。美国德裔社会心理学家、精神分析学家和人本主义哲学家埃里希•弗罗姆一直着力于研究人类与社会的冲突以及人类的精神困境。他认为特别是在高度发展的现代社会中,爱是一剂解决人类生存问题的良药。本论文基于弗洛姆爱的理论对莫里森的《天佑孩童》中爱这一主题所进行的多维度的探究。除去引言和结语部分,本论文由三章组成。引言部分包括托尼•莫里森及其作品《天佑孩童》的简介、文献综述、理论框架及研究意义。论文第一章首先对《天佑孩童》这一文本中人物之间扭曲的爱作出微观但全面的探究。论文第二章着重依据弗洛姆爱的理论深入探析在性别歧视和种族歧视尚未消融的大背景下以及在美国现代消费文化的影响下小说中人物的各种扭曲的爱的原因所在。论文第三章主要探究主人公布莱德如何重建爱,弗洛姆将爱主要分为母爱,同胞之爱,异性之爱,自爱以及神爱。基于弗洛姆关于母爱、同胞之爱、及异性之爱的观点,笔者将深入分析布莱德自身如何尝试重建其异性之爱及其处理与母亲和朋友布鲁克林关系中不妥之处,并尝试为主人公构建爱的正确理念提供可行性建议。结语部分论文指出莫里森在写作过程中不断地探求更深邃的人生哲理,而其作品也常关注人物如何努力追寻更好的生活。莫里森的新作《天佑孩童》较为全面地展现了当代美国黑人对于其生存的困惑及其如何试图追寻更好的生活。本论文通过分析文本中三种不同类型的扭曲的爱及其原因,试图追寻布莱德如何尝试改善其与男友布克之间的关系,此外笔者将结合弗洛姆爱的理论尝试探索主人公如何才能重建母女之情、朋友之情以及异性之爱等。因此本文不仅揭示了作家本人对当代美国黑人女性如何处理其情感困境并追寻更好的生活的深刻思考,而且为读者提供欣赏莫里森作品《天佑孩童》的另一视角。
Donald Trump and his followers who never waiver stand at 41.5% of the US population (Fivethirtyeight.com), the embodiment of a lust for power and fame and the minions who crave fulfillment through his arrogant and belligerent antics. Speaking from the mid-Twentieth century, Fromm offers a starting point for our discussion of the present day, centered on the social-psychological intersection where everyday people recreate the systems upon which they both depend, and which may very well destroy them.
卡森•麦卡勒斯是一位著名的美国女作家。她的作品常以怪诞和畸形的特点著称。她所描绘的畸形, 比如假小子, 聋哑人, 侏儒, 跛脚, 雌雄同体以及驼背等都是精神无能的表现。麦卡勒斯通过作品中描写的各种畸形人物揭露了现代社会普遍存在的精神问题—孤独。《心是孤独的猎手》是一部意义深远的小说。麦卡勒斯在小说中描绘的美国南方小镇是现代社会孤独的缩影。米克、杰克、考普兰德医生、比夫以及辛格之间的 >卫星式< 关系是小说情节发展的主线。除了比夫, 其余三人聚集在辛格身边, 把他当作各自唯一的知己, 向他倾诉内心的想法和梦想, 并且渴望从辛格那里获得拯救。然而, 由于辛格自杀, 他们内心所塑造出来的上帝也随之坍塌。作为20世纪最受欢迎的哲学思潮之一, 存在主义对人的存在与本质、内在与情绪以及自由与本真的关注为本篇论文异化与孤独主题的分析提供了思想背景。此外, 这篇论文将运用艾瑞克•弗洛姆的异化理论来分析小说的孤独主题。弗洛姆的异化理论为小说的孤独主题分析提供了两方面的视角:孤独, 一方面属于人的精神机制, 另一方面则是受到资本主义剥削与异化的影响而不断加深。针对孤独的缓解, 麦卡勒斯和弗洛姆两人都把爱当做是缓解异化与孤独的止痛剂。此外, 存在主义者所提倡的对自我本真的追寻也是缓解孤独的有效途径。虽然小说中四个人物渴望通过辛格获得救赎的愿望由于他的自杀而毁灭, 但是麦卡勒斯在小说的结尾通过描写四个人物从幻想中醒悟, 并且继续追寻理想的开放结局表达了她的人文主义情怀。
弗洛姆的技术思想是人文关怀主义研究的哲学理论之一。弗洛姆为了建立以人道主义技术服务人类的理想化社会环境而奋斗终生,他在1968年出版的《希望的革命》这本书中就已经对技术批判理论作了系统的阐述。弗洛姆认为,因为科学技术的影响,现在的科技社会已经制约了人道化社会的发展,是一个病态社会,技术异化会导致人类出现>异化综合症<,只有摆正人和科技之间的关系,重新让人作为技术的控制者,才可以营造出一个健康的社会环境。本文首先叙述了弗洛姆技术思想的主要理论来源和现实来源,以便从根本上对弗洛姆的技术思想进行深入剖析,进而就弗洛姆笔下的>病态社会<存在的几大主要>病症<进行了分析,并剖析引起>病态社会<的经济、政治、思想、价值观等不同方面的根源,以便追根溯源进一步探究弗洛姆对于治愈>病态社会<所提出的>对策<——实现技术社会人道化。对于如何将这种>病态科技社会<变成理想中的技术社会,弗洛姆认为要通过经济、政治、思想以及价值观的变革才能实现。弗洛姆指出,对于改变和重建社会来说,思想文化生活的变革与经济和政治变革同等重要。假如不能同时对政治、经济、思想、价值观四个方面进行改革,所谓的改革和重建社会的愿望也就成为空想。总之,弗洛姆的技术思想体现了人们对于美好生活的憧憬,同时也完成了对传统的伦理道德思想的超越。通过研究弗洛姆的技术思想,有助于我们研究西方的人道主义思想,同时,对于我们解决一系列现实社会问题也有着很重要的指导意义,人们可以认识到,面对现代化科技社会快节奏的生活,如何正确地对待传统的价值观以及树立正确的核心价值观。但是,弗洛姆的技术思想也存在着对社会关系的忽视和否定、空想性以及不彻底性等缺陷。
Die Entstehungs- und Entwicklungsgeschichte der International Federation of Psychoanalytic Societies (IFPS) ist bisher nicht ausführlich und zusammenhängend beschrieben worden. Es handelt sich um eine internationale psychoanalytische Föderation, in der sich psychoana-lytische Ausbildungsinstitute und psychoanalytische Gesellschaften assoziiert haben, die nicht Mitglied in der großen, traditionsreichen International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA) werden konnten oder wollten. Meist hatte dies mit Ansichten und Haltungen zu tun, die von der >orthodoxen< und von der IPA definierten psychoanalytischen Lehrmeinung abwichen. Das Grundprinzip der IFPS war von Beginn an geprägt von Offenheit und Toleranz neuen psychoanalytischen Konzepten und Methoden gegenüber und von Nichteinmischung in die Ausbildungsfragen der einzelnen Mitgliedsinstitute. Die IFPS wird 1962 von international tätigen, aber allesamt deutschsprachigen Psychoanalytikern gegründet. Die erste Satzung der IFPS wird 1974 noch auf Deutsch formuliert. Inzwischen ist die Verständigungssprache zum Englischen gewechselt und es gehören der IFPS insgesamt 28 psychoanalytische Institute und Gesellschaften an, viele davon aus dem englisch- und spanischsprachigen Raum. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Gründungsgeschichte der IFPS und die ersten 20 Jahre ihres Bestehens anhand von Archivmaterial nachvollzogen, das die Archivkommission der IFPS zusammengetragen hat. Zunächst geht es um die Vorgeschichte der Gründung, in der die Grundsätze der neuen internationalen Gemeinschaft bereits diskutiert und formuliert werden und in der erste Konflikte mit anderen psychoanalytischen Vereinigungen auftauchen. Dann werden die Gründer, ihre theoretischen Standpunkte und ihre Schwierigkeiten miteinander vorgestellt. Alle ein bis vier Jahre werden größere oder kleinere Tagungen durch die IFPS abgehalten. Diese Tagungen werden hinsichtlich ihres inhaltlichen und organisatorischen Rahmens dargestellt. Die Vorträge der ersten Tagungen werden in Auswahl in sechs Bänden veröffentlicht. Erst 1992 entsteht die vierteljährliche Zeitschrift der IFPS, das >International Forum of Psychoanalysis<. Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der IFPS zeigt die Struktur, den Charakter und die theoretischen Eigenheiten dieser Föderation. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden die inhaltlichen Unterschiede zwischen der >orthodoxen< psychoanalytischen Lehre und den Lehren der >Dissidenten< der Psychoanalyse herausgearbeitet. Einige der >Dissidenten< waren Gedankengeber für die IFPS, einige waren und sind deren Mitglieder. Die Unterscheidung zwischen >orthodoxen< und >dissidenten< psychoanalytischen Theorien wird problematisiert und in Frage gestellt.
Realist scholars are increasingly turning their attention to Pierre Bourdieu's concept of habitus or dispositions as a way of theorizing thought and behaviour. In this article, the author offers a contribution, based on Erich Fromm's social psychology, to the realist theory of habitus. The author argues that while Bourdieu and Fromm both see the quest for meaning as the source of subjectivity in social life, Fromm goes further than Bourdieu in analysing the psychodynamic consequences of the acquisition of habitus. Fromm provides additional tools to understand the properties of habitus that emerge from its interaction with primary psychological needs. Principally, Fromm's work reveals an undertheorized set of emergent properties of habitus.
其前期作品主要分为航海小说、丛林小说、社会政治小说,在国内外得到广泛关注。后期代表作之一《胜利》在文学评论界却没有得到足够重视,尤其是在中国。已有研究主要从怀疑主义、殖民主义、生态批评等角度进行了探讨。本文尝试研究小说的孤独主题。>孤独<一般指个人的某种主观心理感受。著名学者埃里希•弗洛姆则将其上升到一种形而上的哲学高度,他认为孤独是全人类与生俱来且共有的客观事实,外界环境的变化会使这种孤独状态活跃开来,从而滋生出社会性质的孤独感。弗洛姆认为人类有五种基本需求,病态的资本主义社会无法满足这些需求,静态的孤独状态转化为动态的孤独感受,陷入强烈孤独感的人类往往会寻求不同的心理机制逃避孤独。借助弗洛姆的孤独理论,本文尝试从人类的五项基本需求,逃避孤独的三种机制,积极自由的内涵来挖掘主人公孤独困境的根源,摆脱孤独的方法和克服孤独后的精神升华。主人公海斯特和莉娜是对当时社会不满和失望的典型代表人物,反映了不同性别不同阶级的英国人民的孤独困境及逃离孤独的途径。首先,本文论述了主人公的孤独表现。一方面分析了海斯特病态隐居下的孤僻性格,孤单心理和孤独状态。另一方面论证了莉娜在残酷现实中的麻木顺从以及身份认同感、存在感、归属感的丧失。其次,本文研究了主人公摆脱孤独的尝试。海斯特通过帮助莫里森和拯救莉娜,与其创建互相依赖,互相屈从的施虐——受虐的共生关系以逃避孤独。莉娜通过欺骗里卡多和保护海斯特,在创造性的自发活动中追寻积极自由以摆脱孤独。最后,本文探索了主人公克服孤独后的升华。一方面论证了海斯特在熊熊大火中生活态度和信仰的重生。另一方面论证了莉娜在自我牺牲中独立人格、身份地位的实现以及道德、情感、理智的升华。通过分析海斯特和莉娜不断与孤独做抗争的过程,本文揭示了一战前英国社会和英国人民所处的孤独困境,探究出正确摆脱孤独的方法是寻求积极自由,坚持爱和信任。作者一方面通过小说表达了对人类信仰缺失,感情无处依靠,心灵没有归宿等精神危机的担忧,呼吁人类采取正确的方法走出孤独并超越孤独。另一方面又通过海斯特的自我觉醒和莉娜的自我实现表达了对人类摆脱孤独从而赢得精神上的胜利持有希望。
佐拉•尼尔•赫斯顿(1891.1.7—1960.1.28)是二十世纪非裔美国文学史上最杰出的人物之一。其代表作《他们眼望上苍》通过探讨主人公珍妮在三次婚姻中追求自由的过程揭示现代社会自由问题的复杂性。本论文结合艾里希•弗洛姆的自由理论对文本进行解读,得出结论:珍妮在追寻自由的同时也在逃避自由,换言之,其对自由的追寻实质上是对自由的逃避。在婚前和第一次婚姻中,珍妮对浪漫的爱情产生了期待,并试图去追寻,但以失败告终。她对浪漫爱情的追寻在某种意义上也是对自由的追寻。然而,事实上,珍妮试图通过臣服于婚姻逃避自由,以摆脱个体化带来的孤独感,且在第一次婚姻中逃避作为妻子的责任。珍妮的浪漫至上的性格和对自由的本能渴望,使她在对熟悉的人和事厌倦时开始期待更广阔的世界。乔•斯塔克斯邀请她一起到一个新的城镇开始新生活,珍妮把这作为一个机会,于是和乔一起离开,去追寻更远的地平线,但最后失败。珍妮对更广阔的视界的追寻在很大程度上体现了其对自由的追求,但她也在逃避自由。在意识到婚姻不能产生爱情后,珍妮从心理上摆脱了第一次婚姻的束缚,但同时也感到孤独和无力。为摆脱孤独感和无力感,她臣服于乔,因为在她看来,乔比她更强大。此外,在第二次婚姻中,珍妮逃避作为妻子的责任,也逃避对自己的责任。这些体现了珍妮对自由的逃避,也表明其对更远的地平线的追寻其实是对自由的逃避。在与甜点的第三次婚姻中,珍妮的个性与潜能得到一定程度的发展。至少在珍妮看来,她已经获得了想要的自由,尽管在枪杀甜点后她回到伊顿威尔镇独自生活。通过追寻所谓的个性独立珍妮似乎在追寻自由。然而,珍妮在第三次婚姻中实际上一直在逃避自由。她先是通过臣服于甜点以图消除因摆脱乔的束缚带来的孤独感。在她和甜点准备离开伊顿威尔镇时又卖掉乔的商店,继而臣服于所得的金钱,因为在珍妮眼中,金钱比甜点更强大。而在得知甜点即将死于狂犬病后,珍妮再次感到无力,恐惧和焦虑。为摆脱这些痛苦的感觉,珍妮采用了>破坏<这种逃避自由的机制,即毁灭甜点。本论文探讨了珍妮有无获得真正的、最终的自由的可能,得出结论:由于缺乏创造力与爱的能力,珍妮的自由是没有未来的。珍妮对自由的逃避使她对自由的追寻在自由的消极与积极意义上都是一种失败。珍妮的失败反映出赫斯顿对女性出路的迷茫和困惑,及其对爱的能力的呼唤,体现出其深切的人文关怀。
Prefacio
(2018)
In this chapter, we embark upon a historical journey, examining aspects of the lives and work of three individuals who attempted to incorporate the world outside the clinic into their theorizing about psychology and mental health: Frantz Fanon, Karen Horney, and Erich Fromm. These >worlded< clinicians waged important critiques of the psychological theories and practices of their time, particularly along the lines of race, gender, and political economy. We will pay attention to how elements of their own life travels informed their understanding of the importance of context vis-à-vis psychology. We will close with a concrete example of supportive intercultural travel by exploring the cross-cultural engagement of Zen Buddhism and D.T. Suzuki with Horney and Fromm.
詹姆斯•乔伊斯是后现代主义文学史上极具影响力的领军人物和奠基人之一,他是二十世纪最伟大的作家之一,其作品及>意识流<思想对世界文坛影响巨大。乔伊斯的作品风格并非一开始就具有鲜明独特的现代主义特色,而是逐步从现实主义文学特征转变而来。小说集《都柏林人》是他的所有作品中拥有最多读者的一部,也正是这部小说集使乔伊斯意识到自己有着作为小说家的无穷潜力。由于乔伊斯不愿为了迎合出版商和公众的品味而修改或删除作品中的任何一个字符,因此,他花了大约八年时间才使这本书得以出版。由此可见,《都柏林人》中的每一个字符对乔伊斯来说都意义非凡,同时对于解读这部作品也起着至关重要的作用。《都柏林人》是一部很容易阅读的作品,但是要真正理解这部作品却很困难。虽然至今为止这部小说集已出版100余年,但是文中仍有许多疑问吸引着乔学研究者和普通读者去研究和解答。文中描写的都柏林人面临着各种各样的困境是人们的共识,而埃里希•弗洛姆有关爱的理论指出爱是解决人类生存问题的答案,因此,运用弗洛姆有关爱的理论去解读文中人物所面临的生存困境具有十分重要的意义。生命中爱的缺席导致无论是《都柏林人》中的儿童还是成年人都面临着由此带来的各种问题。正是由于都柏林人丢失了爱这把解决自我存在问题的钥匙,他们的生活才变成了一幕幕悲剧。博爱源于同情心,是一切爱的基础,它是一种对于非血缘关系之人的爱,是共性而非个性。乔伊斯以一种客观的态度描写了《都柏林人》描写了朋友之间、熟识的人之间、陌生人之间爱的缺席现象。亲属之间的爱已经缺席,而这一问题在无血缘关系的朋友,熟人和陌生人之间更为严峻。爱需要付出、关心、尊重、责任以及了解,但是这些都是他们不愿或者没有能力给予对方的。文中的都柏林人对自己的同胞缺乏最基本的同情心。父母之爱是孩子健康成长的保护伞和助推器。母爱给孩子带来安全感,让他们感受到生活的美好;父爱教会孩子勇敢的面对生活中的困难和挫折;父母之爱的陪伴是培养孩子学会爱人能力的不可或缺因素。《都柏林人》描写了父母之爱缺席的三种不同家庭:未提及父母而孩子与其他亲属住一起的家庭、父母离异或者其中一人过世的破碎家庭、完整却无爱的家庭。由于父母的缺席,或者作为父母却未履行其责任和义务,又或者是对于父母之爱的误读,这些家庭中的孩子无法享受到父母之爱,从而也丧失了爱人的能力。两性之间的爱具有排他性,但是正是在这种爱之中,人们学会去爱其他人。文中所谈及的恋人或者夫妻之间没有爱情可言,还有一些人终其一生也没有机会享受到爱情的美好。恋人之间没有爱,夫妻之间的爱随着时间的流逝逐渐淡化直至消失,还有很多单身之人对爱情持有不恰当的观点,或者由于自身和外部环境无法享受到爱情的美好。爱的缺席对于当时的都柏林人和现代社会中的人来说都是一个亟待解决的问题。正如乔伊斯在《都柏林人》中所描写的那样,爱的缺席给当时的都柏林人造成了的极大的危机,这也正是他们陷入生存困境的重要原因。爱是人类生存问题的答案,但是人们却在逐步丧失爱的能力。人们必须在生活中不断学习去爱、培养爱的能力。
政治现代性是现代政治的特质,也是现代政治发展的内在理据与推动力量。自启蒙运动以来,在理性主义的指引下,促进人的主体性与自主性、保障人的权利与自由、实现社会公平与正义成为政治的主要目标,政治也由此日益丰富了其现代性内涵。然而,现代政治的弊病也隐含其中,特别是民主的异化、官僚主义与极权主义等现象,引发了学者们的深入反思并逐渐形成了现代性批判的浪潮,法兰克福学派即为典型代表,尽管政治现代性批判往往隐没于社会批判与文化批判理论中。通过文献梳理可以发现,弗洛姆对政治现代性的反思与批判既与其成长经历有关,又端赖于当时独特的社会历史背景,也得益于他的求学与研究经历。与其他学者相较,>匿名权威<是弗洛姆批判理论中独特的学术概念,也是弗洛姆政治现代性批判的理论依据与主脉络。正是>匿名权威<的存在,才导致了现代政治中民主制度的异化、选举制度的异化、官僚主义与极权主义,弗洛姆对之进行了全面而深入的剖析与批判,并分析了走出>匿名权威<的路径,这些构成了弗洛姆政治现代性批判的基本内容。西方马克思主义具有资本主义批判的学术传统,作为其中的重要代表,弗洛姆对政治现代性的批判独具特色、内涵丰富,对此加以研究,不但可以推动学术界对弗洛姆的研究、拓展现代性研究视域,也对当前我国的社会主义政治现代化建设具有切实的警示、启发意义。
Dialektische Psychologie. Adornos Rezeption der Psychoanalyse, Wiesbaden (Springer) 2018, 764 pp.
(2018)