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Attachment and separation individuation two ways of looking at the mother infant relationship
(2015)
The early development of two sisters was observed in a naturalistic setting as part of the research contributing to an understanding of the separation–individuation process. Forty years later, the women were administered the Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI). The results of the AAI, which were unexpected and surprising, are used in this paper to add to the understanding of the earlier observations, and to demonstrate how both theories together can be used to enrich our understanding of the earliest relationship.
The aim of this paper is to give the reader an overview of several theoretical, empirical, and clinical features of survivor guilt, and to integrate recent contributions of psychodynamic theory and, in particular, of control-mastery theory into the understanding of the concept alongside the latest findings in social psychology about it. After introducing the concept of survivor guilt and its origins in clinical observations on the consequences of having survived severe traumas (e.g., internment in concentration camps), we will discuss the findings in social psychology on the concept of survivor guilt in everyday social interactions, which is based on a conception that does not connect it strictly to severe traumas. We will then focus our attention on clinical observations and empirical research studies about survivor guilt, discussing the hypotheses developed by several control-mastery theorists about its role in psychopathology. Finally, we will illustrate some manifestations of survivor guilt with a brief clinical vignette.
This study presents an overview of the development of the main psychoanalytic conceptions regarding safety, an aspect that has received increasing attention within the psychoanalytic literature. After describing the hypotheses of Sigmund Freud, Joseph Sandler, John Bowlby, and Harry Stack Sullivan, the study focuses on the ideas proposed by Joseph Weiss and on control-mastery theory (CMT), a cognitive-dynamic relational theory of mental functioning, psychopathology, and psychotherapy. Unlike other models, CMT stresses that human beings need to feel that both themselves and the people they love are safe; each person, however, may need something different to feel safe. Two clinical vignettes are used to illustrate how the therapist can understand, from the outset of the therapeutic process, how to help the patient feel safe, stressing the case-specific nature of the conditions of safety.
The short story entitled >Mu'tamar Al-Hub< by Taufiq Al-Hakim is a short story that contains the theme of love. The short story is interesting because it contains different views on the understanding of love. This study examines the psychology of the character in the short story which focuses on the characteristics of each character's love. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with the psychoanalytic theory of Erich Fromm. In this study, researchers found two divisions of the psychology of love in the short story character >Mu'tamar Al-Hub<. That is, found four forms of essential elements of love and five forms of objects of love. First, the researcher found the psychology of journalist characters who showed an attitude of concern, and responsibility and included in the type of erotic love. Second, the psychology of the musician character shows responsibility and the type of love in the form of motherly love. Third, the psychology of the poet’s character shows the respect and love included in the category of brotherly love and erotic love. Fourth, the psychology of the female character shows that there are aspects of her knowledge and love character in the form of self-love.
This chapter introduces a psychosocial strand of thinking that offers a way to conceive of creative relations between the psyche and the world. Whereas much current psychosocial theory stresses how anxieties are managed by defending the self against the world or fuel subjection to oppressive social norms, the theories we engage with here point to ways in which anxieties can be employed in the urge to bridge inner longings and external realities. These ideas took form in the early Frankfurt School, which despite their comprehensive integration of psychoanalytic and social theory until recently has been comparatively marginalized in Anglophone Psychosocial Theory.– The chapter presents and discusses three notions: Erich Fromm’s Freedom, Hans Loewald’s Resonance, and Alfred Lorenzer’s Interaction. Even though different in emphasis and outlook, these notions contribute to a shared intellectual project, namely, to point to potentially productive and non-antagonist interactions between the psyche and society. They do so not by virtue of some resistant part of unspoiled nature residing in the body or in the mind, but by virtue of being able to point to the more or less life-enhancing and life-impeding forms this interaction of psychic energies and societal needs may take.– We argue that these theorists and their notions of freedom, resonance and interaction, contribute to further developing the materialist conception of the psychosocial in ways that appear specifically urgent today. They enable us to theorize tensions within current society, between dynamics that drive instrumentalization and reification on the one hand, and more life-enhancing and mutually enriching interactions between human beings, social structures, and natural environments on the other.
[...] On this basis, we determined that 231 human genes under study are subject to natural selection against under expression (significance p < 0.0005), which equally supports the human tendencies in domination and subordination such as the norm of a reaction (plasticity) of the human social hierarchy. These findings explain vertical transmission of domination and subordination traits previously observed in rodent models. Thus, the results of this study equally support both sides of the century-old unsettled scientific debate on whether both aggressiveness and the social hierarchy among humans are inherited (as suggested by Freud and Lorenz) or are due to non-genetic social education, when the children are influenced by older individuals across generations (as proposed by Berkowitz and Fromm).
Erziehungserfahrung, politische Einstellung und Autoritarismus – Ergebnisse der >Mitte<-Studien<
(2012)
Am Anfang standen die Studien zu Autorität und Familie des Frankfurter Instituts für Sozialforschung. In diesen wurde zum ersten Mal auf empirischer Grundlage der Zusammenhang von Sozialisation und antidemokratischer Einstellung untersucht. Der Befund wurde begriffsprägend und gab sowohl der noch in Deutschland durchgeführten wie auch der im Exil in Angriff genommenen Studie den Namen >The Authoritarian Personality< (vgl. Adorno et al. 1950), welche wiederum auf den weniger bekannten, aber richtungsweisenden Studien >Autorität und Familie< aufbaute (vgl. Horkheimer, Fromm & Marcuse 1936). Die Autoren kamen in ihren Studien zu dem Ergebnis, dass die antidemokratische Einstellung in Deutschland weit verbreitet und in allen politischen Lagern anzutreffen war. Dieser Befund wurde mit einer Erklärung verbunden, die bis heute diskutiert wird: dem Konzept des autoritären Charakters. Dazu die beiden Exponenten der Kritischen Theorie, Theodor W. Adorno und Max Horkheimer, nach ihrer Rückkehr aus dem Exil: >Diese Autoritätsgebundenheit bedeutet ... die bedingungslose Anerkennung dessen, was ist und Macht hat, und den irrationalen Nachdruck auf konventionelle Werte ... und entsprechend auf konventionelles, unkritisches Verhalten. ... man verhält sich unterwürfig zu den idealisierten moralischen Autoritäten der Gruppe ..., steht aber zugleich auf dem Sprung, den, der nicht dazugehört, ... zu verdammen.< Der autoritäre Charakter zeichne sich durch >Anerkennung jeglicher gegebener Ordnung<, verbunden >mit einer Schwäche des Ichs< aus. Er beurteile die Welt nach >zweigeteilten Klischees und ist geneigt, die unveränderliche Natur oder gar okkulte Mächte für alles Übel verantwortlich zu machen.< (Horkheimer/Adorno 1952, S. 368) Adorno und Horkheimer konstatieren den >unbewußten Wunsch nach Zerstörung<, den sich der autoritäre Charakter selbst nicht eingestehe, aber >in andere hineinsieht< und ihn dann als Verfolgung des Fremden, Abweichenden ausleben kann. >Immerzu phantasiert er von verbotenen und schlimmen Dingen, die in der Welt vorgehen, besonders auch von sexuellen Ausschweifungen<. Diese >projektive Identifizierung< sei die Kehrseite der >auffälligen Beziehungslosigkeit, der Flachheit ihres Empfindens, auch den ihnen angeblich nächsten Menschen gegenüber< (ebd., S. 369).
Following Fromm's (1976) and Rand's (1993) theory, a scale of 51 items on attitudes towards the Being, Doing and Having >Modes of Existence< has been constructed (Reichenberg 1996). Our objectives are two-fold: first, an examination, in parallel, of the validity of the scale with two methods: Factor Analysis and Facet Theory. And second, a shortening of the scale from 51 questions to a more compact one. The present article is based on empirical data gathered from 386 female teachers, students and counselors in college education departments in Israel in 1995 and 1997.
Love as a core value in veterinary and medical practice: Towards a humanimal clinical ethics?
(2018)
This article represents the outcome of a dialogue between a vet and a healthcare ethicist on the theme of >love< in professional life. We focus on four types or varieties of love (eros, agape, philia and storge) in relation to the professional care of humans and animals. We discuss the relevance of Fromm’s core elements of love (care, responsibility, respect and knowledge) and consider the implications of these for human and animal health care practice. We present and respond to five arguments that might be waged against embracing love as a professional value in veterinary and medical practice. We argue that a moderated love can and should be reclaimed as a contemporary professional value. It is most helpfully contextualised within virtue ethics or care ethics. We suggest that love is a rich starting point from which to launch an exploration of an interprofessional humanimal clinical ethics.
Film adalah karya seni yang memiliki peran mendidik, selain juga memberikan hiburan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaknai film komedi keluarga yang ditayangkan melalui Netflix, Pourris Gâtés (2021) karya Nicolas Cuche melalui paradigma berpikir pedagogi kritis Henry Giroux dan psikologi sosial Erich Fromm. Sebagai penelitian kualitatif, teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah interpretatif reflektif. Data visual dan lisan dalam bentuk gambar, percakapan, dan tulisan dalam film Pourris Gâtés (Cuche, 2021) yang produksi oleh Borsalino Productions&partners secara tematik diidentifikasi dan diklasifikasikan untuk mendapatkan pesan dan kebermaknannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa harapan terhadap generasi-z ditampilkan melalui konflik dalam keluarga Francis Bartek, seorang ayah tunggal yang kaya raya, salah satu pengusaha terbaik di bidang konstruksi di Monako yang mencoba mendidik anak-anaknya, yaitu Philippe Bartek, Stella Bartek, dan Alexandre Bartek untuk bertanggung jawab terhadap hidup mereka sendiri dengan bekerja. Harapan Francis Bartek agar anak-anaknya memahami konsep perencanaan, seperti menabung, penganggaran, investasi, dan mengelola keuangan, termasuk mengambil keputusan yang tepat dalam hidup mereka. Konsep dan keterampilan literasi keuangan disajikan melalui adegan dan dialog yang lucu dan akrab saat Stella, Philippe, dan Alexandre Bartek berjuang untuk bertahan hidup dengan bekerja atau berbisnis mulai dari nol. Harapan yang disertai tindakan aktif Francis Bartek terhadap anak-anaknya memunculkan keyakinan, ketabahan, dan kebangkitan dalam memaknai kehidupan mereka sendiri. Dengan berharap seseorang menjadi gigih, mampu kerja keras, bertanggung jawab dengan penuh kesadaran. Jadi, naratif pedagogi Pourris Gâtés (Cuche, 2021) menunjukkan bahwa harapan merupakan aspek psikis manusia untuk terus tumbuh dan mengada.
Marginality is an important concept in the history of science, though it is often used in a manner that presumes marginality to be a static designation. We contend that the dynamics of marginality are crucial to the history of psychoanalysis, a discipline that has moved between dominant and marginal positions. We address psychoanalytic marginality via three specific >cases<: the marginalization among Freud and his followers when psychoanalysis was an emergent discipline; the marginality trope in Erich Fromm's popular psychoanalytic writing when psychoanalysis was orthodoxy in American academic psychiatry; and the rhetorical marginality of psychoanalysis in Sweden as psychoanalysis entered a decline within psychiatry. Our aim is to show that marginalization and self-marginalization serve interpersonal, social, and professional strategies. (© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
The title of this research is >The Polyamorous Behaviour in 'Detruire, dit-Elle' Novel by Marguerite Duras<. This research analyze about the polyamorous behaviour by the characters. The aim of this research are to describe and explain the polyamorous relationship between Alissa, Max Thor and Stein in >Detruire, dit-elle< novel. Alissa is the wife of Max Thor has the romantic relationship with Stein. However, Max Thor is not questioning that relationship and accept it. The research uses the characterization theory and love theory Fromm. In this research, the writer explains about the important characters in the novel. Then, the writer sorts the events which are considered as the polyamorous behaviour by the characters. The last, the writer analyzes the data and features the erotic love affair by which is done by third character. The result of this research shows that Alissa, Max Thor and Stein are done the polyamorous relationship based on the love concept that is classified as a care attitude (attention) intimacy and physical closeness factors.
Aim: Through a review of philosophical and theoretical constructs, this paper offers insight and guidance as to ways in which nurse leaders may operationalize advocacy and an adherence to nursing's core ethical values. Background: The US health care system works in opposition to core nursing values. Nurse leaders are obliged to advocate for the preservation of ethical care delivery. Evaluation: This paper draws upon the philosophies of Fromm, Foucault, and Deleuze and Guattari to critically review the functions of nurse leaders within a capitalist paradigm. Key issue: Key emergent issues in the paper include health care and capitalism and the nurse leader's obligations towards advocacy. Conclusion: The nurse leader acts as parrhèsia in viewing truth telling as a duty critical to improving the lives of patients. Ramifications of the decisions by those in power have even greater impact in institutions that serve those with little to no political agency. Implications for Nursing Management: The nurse leader has a freedom and platform that their patients do not and must take the courageous risk of choosing to speak. This paper serves as a call to action for nurse leaders to urgently address the current state of US health outcomes.
How to educate yourself to cultivate a sense of affection in children is the topic of this paper. This is because many studies in the modern era have shown a decrease in affection for children. Bullying and violence against children are on the rise because of the actions of adults or parents. While this is troubling and worrying, it will also be a psychological burden for children now and in the future. As a result, concerns about how truly loved children feel, think, and act are on the rise in this paper. The philosophy of science approach is used to conduct research, which includes ontological, epistemological, and axiological investigations. What and why the love crisis in children is examined in ontological studies. Epistemological studies then discuss love in a philosophical perspective, reasons why children are neglected, and self- education to love children. Meanwhile, axiological investigation focuses on the benefits of training oneself to love children. This research study uses qualitative methods. Research findings show that compassion is an innate human trait that should be upheld by everyone. Unconditional love for anyone, especially children, is love that must >grow and develop<. By teaching yourself to truly love and compassion for children and not prioritize violence and disturbing children, compassion must be built through self-culture.
This study reports the results of the content analysis on Balada Cinta Majenun Novel by Geidurrahman El-Mishry about the love of the main character using the psychology of literature approach. The purpose of this study was to reveal the meaning of the main character's love based on Erich Fromm's love theory. The data used was the text in the novel. Reading and taking note were used to collect data. The data was classified based on the object of erotic love and divine love. Then, they were analyzed using the psychology of literature and interpreted using contextual meaning. The result showed that there was a love shift from erotic love to God love. It was influenced by the rejection of love and the concept of love that the main character owned as a result of following tharikat that later shaped his way of life into religion-oriented. His religious path, from love to the creatures that led to the path of God, gave rise to the desire to be united with God.
Статья посвящена анализу альтернативных моделей правовой социализации человека в современном российском обществе. Автор исходит из того, что в процессе формирования законопослушного поведения ведущим фактором выступает характер социально-правовых отношений (авторитарный или гуманистический) между личностью, обществом и государством. Основной чертой гуманистической персоноцентрической модели является признание доминирования внутренних духовных сил и качеств человека в процессе его становления полноценным субъектом общественно-правых отношений. Ее альтернативой выступает авторитарная социоцентрическая модель, в качестве основных детерминант здесь признаются внешние общественные условия и факторы, определяющие вектор социально-правового развития индивида. В процессе исследования перспективной теоретической модели правовой социализации личности в российском социуме были использованы идеи персонализма Н. А. Бердяева, Э. Мунье и С. Л. Франка, концепции социального действия М. Вебера, Т. Парсонса и Ю. Хабермаса, социально-психологические идеи Э. Фромма. В работе сделан вывод о том, что традиционной, исторически обусловленной национальной моделью правовой социализации в российском социуме выступает авторитарная модель. Однако общественный прогресс требует развития гуманистической персоноцентрической модели правовой социализации, способствующей формированию субъект-субъектных отношений в правовой жизни. Приоритетом модели выступают естественные права и свободы человека, составляющие одну из экзистенциальных основ персональной идентичности.
The article examines features of stability and transformation of the personality type emerging as a normative and value image of the modern Russian society. Based on approaches of Erich Fromm, David Riesman, Yuri Levada, two trends can be revealed: one of them aims to preserve those archetypal characteristics so typical of >Soviet human<, another one deals with formation of new properties that would meet goals of market oriented society and define features of individual success. Russian society is characteristic of global processes of values modernization, reasoned by R. Inglehart and C. Welzel, and reflecting individual’s pursuance of greater personal freedom and self-expression. The new value system of the Russians is still nascent; giving up on old social and cultural reality is of phantom nature. Previous research analysis allows concluding that the personality type is balancing between two poles, caused by socio-economic conditions fluctuation, poor establishment of institutional factors for system implementation of the new model, missing of a clear vision of the future, which could serve as a reference. Russian society appears to be split according to the typological dominance factor into two groups – active and passive. The problem arises on how lack of uniform symbolic and semantic field effects the modern personality type formation as it leads to social relations mobility, ongoing risk and complex processes in semio-phychological space. However, the personality type instability may be also caused by socio-cultural specifics, traditions, lack of public communication space development, preservation of former institutional structures and a particular lifestyle.
The life and works of Georg Groddeck are reviewed and placed in historical context as a physician and a pioneer of psychoanalysis, psychosomatic medicine, and an epistolary style of writing. His >Das Es< concept stimulated Freud to construct his tripartite model of the mind. Groddeck, however, used Das Es to facilitate receptivity to unconscious communication with his patients. His >maternal turn< transformed his treatment approach from an authoritarian position to a dialectical process. Groddeck was a generative influence on the development of Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Erich Fromm, and Karen Horney. He was also the mid-wife of the late-life burst of creativity of his friend and patient Sándor Ferenczi. Together, Groddeck and Ferenczi provided the impetus for a paradigm shift in psychoanalysis that emphasized the maternal transference, child-like creativity, and a dialogue of the unconscious that foreshadowed contemporary interest in intersubjectivity and field theory. They were progenitors of the relational turn and tradition in psychoanalysis. Growing interest in interpsychic communication and field theory is bringing about a convergence of theorizing among pluralistic psychoanalytic schools that date back to 1923 when Freud appropriated Groddeck’s >Das Es< and radically altered its meaning and use.
Entering the 21st century, new cultural trends have been formed after changes in social perception and the environment. Social psychologist Erich Seligmann Fromm proposed that ‘the ability to predict the future and express subjects and acts in diverse ideas’ is an attribute that makes humans different from animals. There are very diverse ways and views to predict trends and experts from individual fields can predict trends by studying related laws. These trends can be viewed as a phenomenon that expresses the emotions and personality that exist in people’s consciousness. In modern society, people want to create trendy and unique styles, using diverse elements and design factors by escaping from a conventional concept of beauty. Humans design and develop new tools that are both esthetic and functional through harmony between art and science. In fashion, art and cosmetology, trendy collections are suggested annually by predicting trends in advance. New and diverse trends that differ from past trends are always pursued. With the development of mass media, furthermore, trends have become a large issue around the globe. Hairstyling is closely related to trend so that there should be continued studies on new trends. Therefore, this study investigated hairstyle trends in the Wella Collection from 2014 to 2018. It analyzed these hairstyles by shape, texture and color, and the results are available as basic data for analyzing hair collections. It is hoped that they would be useful in predicting future trends.
The focus of this study is the authoritarianism and positive freedom on the main character in the novel >Sans Famille<. The theory in this study used humanistic psychology of Erich Fromm. The aim of this study is to find out and to describe the existence of the main character in the novel. Data of this study is the novel >Sans Famille< by Hector Malot. The method of the study is the qualitative descriptive method. Data analysis in this study in three pieces: The authoritarianism on the main character; the positive freedom on the main character, relation between of the authoritarianism and positive freedom on the main character.
On Fromm's Virtue Ethics
(2023)
Fromm’s ethics can be viewed as a form of virtue ethics, which emphasizes the importance of developing one’s true self and reducing one's false self. By doing so, one can change their psychological state in terms of character and psychological tendencies, leading to an improved moral life and higher moral standards. While some criticisms have been raised about virtue theory, including its perceived inability to guide one on how to act properly, Fromm's virtue ethics is unique in that it does not focus on establishing universal rules for specific actions. Instead, it seeks to establish universal laws for human behavioural tendencies or trends. Through his unique social psychology, Fromm provides an in-depth analysis of the inner world of man, which can serve as a valuable guide to the general direction of human development and freedom. In addition, Fromm’s virtue ethics also highlights the importance of social relationships and the impact they have on our moral development. He argues that our relationships with others can have a profound effect on our psychological state and our ability to live virtuously. Overall, Fromm’s virtue ethics provides a unique perspective on human development and morality. By focusing on the development of one’s true self and the importance of social relationships, his approach offers a valuable guide to living a fulfilling and virtuous life.
The present paper uses the conceptual framework first introduced by Erich Fromm in Escape from Freedom (1941) to draw parallels between how Germans came to embrace authoritarianism and totalitarianism in the 20th Century and how Americans have come to entertain authoritarian remedies in the 21st Century. Erich Fromm’s (1941) seminal conceptualization of negative and positive freedom are relevant today to understand the expansion of the internet and calls for privacy protections and privacy rights. A vicious cycle of negative freedom chasing has emerged in post-Great Recession and post-war America. Alternatively, valuing positive freedom can offer a real and long term solution to external threats to both individual freedom and social order (Fromm, 1941). A global social movement revolving around “privacy rights” has emerged in the 21st Century. It is rapidly becoming a lightning rod for past social movements in the 20th Century.
Some people diagnosed with schizophrenia show an alteration of the sense of self. From a psychodynamic perspective, it has been hypothesized they have disorders of the integration of self/other identification/differentiation processes. From a neuroscientific view some with this diagnosis present dysfunctions in neural correlates of representation of self from other (the implicit sensorimotor-based bodily self), and self united with other. In >Sense of self and psychosis, part 1< we discussed scientific literature offering empirical evidence for the psychodynamic clinical observations that patients with diagnoses of psychoses didn’t receive adequate early infancy parental care and sufficient affective-sensorial/tactile interactions. Introducing parental care/cutaneous interactions seemed relevant in the analytic treatment of psychoses, as the pioneers of the psychoanalytic approach to psychosis suggested. From this theoretical basis we developed amniotic therapy, which reproduces the affective-tactile interactions of early infancy, insufficient in cases of psychosis, and aims at integrating the processes of differentiation and identification. We present a single case study of an experimental intervention plan including amniotic therapy. Results showed increases in interoception and global functioning, with significant decreases in positive symptoms suggesting that amniotic therapy contributes to increasing the protective strength of self-boundaries and integration of identification/differentiation processes.
We will describe in two articles (>Sense of self and psychosis<, 1 and 2) the theoretical basis and the methodology of a new therapeutic group approach called amniotic therapy, which aims to improve the sense of self of psychotic patients. In this first article we explore the role of the surface of the body and its early sensorimotor interactions in the processes of self/other identification and differentiation. We propose that these processes have common origins, the body surface and its interactions, but different destinies, depending on where the body’s surface is projected. When it is projected intrapsychically we have differentiation, and when it is projected externally onto the body’s surface of the other, we have identification. Identification is a reciprocal process, in which the self’s and the other’s surfaces mutually contain each other and co-create a shared field. The neural correlates of identification and differentiation are discussed. The second article, which follows, describes amniotic therapy and explores a single case study.
Przedmowa [Preface]
(2012)
Rather than being absolute, human freedom is relative because human situation and condition limits it. Also relative is press freedom. History of press in Indonesia recorded that press freedom is experienced once more by Indonesian people after the 1998 reform. At implementation level, there are numerous debates on the definition of freedom. This research attempts to analyze autonomous and dynamics press freedom in Indonesia as observed from Erich Fromm’s perspective. This research is a qualitative research on philosophical problem analyzed by means of historical-factual approach. Research result indicates that autonomous and dynamic press can be achieved through two actions. First, opposing the parties who prevent press from becoming themselves. Second, developing the >culture< of rationality, i.e. accustoming the press to develop their common sense to reach each of their realistic point.
A partir de las tesis elaboradas por el psicólogo social Erich Fromm (1977) respecto a los marcos de orientación y devoción que guían parte del comportamiento humano en sociedad, se cons- truye un sistema teórico-metodológico cuyo objeto de estudio, categorías, subcategorías y ejes temáticos derivan en un instrumento denominado: >Cuestionario sobre marcos de orientación ética de estudiantes de la UNED<, el cual se utiliza en el proyecto de investigación de la Cátedra de Teología titulado: >En qué creen los jóvenes? Marcos de orientación ética de estudiantes de la UNED<. Interesa que este instrumento sea una herramienta válida para sondear la orientación ética de la población con que se trabaja en ese proyecto y constituya, además, un aporte novedoso en el área de la investigación social en torno a temáticas similares. Palabras clave: Orientaciones éticas, Erich Fromm, investigación social, estudiantes universitarios.
The present study aimed to delineate the psychological structure of materialism and intrinsic and extrinsic value pursuit. Moreover, we compared models based on self-determination theory (SDT), Fromm's marketing character, and Inglehart's theory of social change to account for racial prejudice. In a sample of undergraduate students (n=131) and adults (n=176) it was revealed that the extrinsic value pursuit Financial Success/Materialism could be distinguished from the extrinsic value scales Physical Appeal and Social Recognition, and Community Concern could be distinguished from the intrinsic value pursuit scales Self-acceptance and Affiliation. Moreover, Financial Success/Materialism and Community Concern were consistently and significantly related to prejudice, whereas the other SDT facet scales yielded weaker relationships with prejudice. Structural models based on SDT and Inglehart were not corroborated, but instead the present data supported a mediation model based on Fromm's work in which the effect of Community Concern was mediated by Financial Success/Materialism. Broader implications for SDT are critically assessed.
In this paper we express concerns that the marketisation of British higher education that has accompanied its expansion has resulted in some sections becoming pedagogically limited. We draw from Fromm's humanist philosophy based on >having< to argue that the current higher education (HE) market discourse promotes a mode of existence, where students seek to >have a degree< rather than >be learners<. This connects pedagogic theory to a critique of consumer culture. We argue that a ‘market-led’ university responds to consumer calls by focusing on the content students want at a market rate. It may decrease intellectual complexity if this is not in demand, and increase connections with the workplace if this is desired. Once, under the guidance of the academic, the undergraduate had the potential to be transformed into a scholar, someone who thinks critically, but in our consumer society such ‘transformation’ is denied and ‘confirmation’ of the student as consumer is favoured. We further argue that there is a danger that the new HE's link to business through the expansion of vocational courses in business, marketing and related offerings, inevitably embeds expanded HE in a culture of having. This erodes other possible roles for education because a consumer society is unlikely to support a widened HE sector that may work to undermine its core ideology.
As perspectivas de pensamentos da Logoterapia e Análise Existencial de Frankl e a Psicanálise de Freud, apesar de visões diferentes de ser humano e mundo, há muito em comum, principalmente quando as influências do humanismo e existencialismo afetam os pensamentos de psicanalistas. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar os pressupostos teóricos sobre o amor e humanidade de Viktor Emil Frankl e Erich Fromm considerados dois humanistas. O artigo busca indicar, apesar das divergências entre as duas abordagens psicológicas, posições em comum principalmente semelhanças de pensamentos, ou seja, concordâncias de ideias em benefício de um bem comum da saúde mental do indivíduo na terapia. Foram utilizadas pesquisas bibliográficas em livros e artigos em bases de dados, por meio dos fundamentos teóricos dos pensamentos de Viktor Emil Frankl e de Erich Fromm. Averiguou-se que, mesmo de escolas divergentes em relação aos conceitos de ser humano e mundo, as duas abordagens apresentam, de acordo com os pensadores, perspectivas que convergem em relação aos construtos de amor e humanidade.
The aim of the study was to illuminate, from video recorded sequences, interactions between individuals with dementia and aggressive behaviour and caregivers who reported problems dealing with such behaviour and caregivers who did not. Nine caregivers and two residents participated. The video recordings were later transcribed into text and analysed by using a phenomenological hermeneutic approach, inspired by Ricoeur's philosophy. The main themes that emerged from the analysis were >Being involved and developing a positive interaction< and >Being confined to routines and remaining in negative interaction<. The findings indicated the interactions either to be in a positive or negative spiral. Caregivers who had reported problems dealing with behavioural and psychiatric symptoms in dementia focused on accomplishing the task, where the main focus was on >the goal itself<. In other sequences with caregivers who had been satisfied with their capability the focus was placed on >how< the caregivers could reach their goal. Power was central in the material, in different ways, either as a possible way to handle the situation or as a possible way of defending oneself. Parts of Kitwood's framework and Fromm's theory about power >over< and power >to<, has been used in the comprehensive understanding. Our conclusion is that caregivers should use power 'to' when they have to help persons with dementia and aggressive behaviour, as a part of behavioural and psychiatric symptoms of dementia, for being able to give help in the best possible way. They should also act in a sensitive and reflective manner, with the individual in focus.
Comparison of conventional and newer methods of immunosuppression in Baboon renal allotransplants
(1969)
[Chinese abstract not available] The flourish development of scientific psychology in America was often understood as the necessary subsequence of the evolution of intellectual history in psychology, in which psychology separated itself from philosophy and gradually found its own scientific methods during the past centuries. However, as one of categories of culture, the history of psychology could not be understood without the considering of societies and people who live in it. According to Fromm’s social psychological studies, social change may form the social character of a given society, and the social character will initiate new thoughts or ideas which constitutes new culture and ideology. This new kind of culture and ideology will be easy to be accepted by the society, and solidify its social character in turn. So it will be interesting if we explore the process in which psychology in America committed to scientism from the perspective of social change and social character after World War II. There were a lot of changes after World War II in America society in terms of politics, economics, industrial structure, population, education, and belief. On the material level, America reached the so-called advanced industrial society and consumer society. On the mental level, the worship of knowledge gradually replaced the worship of god in America society. These changes formed the social character of America after World War II through pragmatism and individualism that were parts of American culture. The key trait of this kind of social character are one-dimensionality, pursuing of instrumental rationality, and individual priority. What this kind of social character looking forward in terms of psychology as a part of culture and ideology is the disenchantment of inner world, or we can say the secularization of mind, which will offer some kind of certainty for the working of American society.– World War II promoted the development of psychology on general, and also left abundant of problems for America society, such as psychic trauma of veteran, the need for mental health, how to avoid the reviving of totalitarianism, how the collective affect the behavior of individual, and how to train more scientists, professors, and engineers for America and finally win the competition with Soviet Union. All these needs from society led to the boom of clinical psychology, social psychology, developmental and educational psychology, and psychometrics in America. Not only the numbers of APA members and journals, but also the number of PHD in American psychology surged during three decades after World War II. The schools of psychology in America also changed during that time. New behaviorism declined after Hull and Skinner’s time due to its neglect of psyche. Psychoanalysis used to affect American psychology and evolved to ego psychology which could be seen as the product of Americanization. However, psychoanalysis was finally marginalized by scientific psychology in America because of the rise of evidence based medicine. The Third Force Psychology once made a noise in America, but it finally faded due to its attempt to connect psychology and philosophy again, and its complicated methods. It was cognitive psychology that became most popular and the main paradigm of American psychology. In a nutshell, the history of American psychology expressed its social character after World War II which called for the secularization of mind. The scientific psychology in America also plays its ideological role in maintaining the efficient work of American society in turn. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2023]
Few sociologists have investigated, systematically and empirically, the concept of freedom, as such. In this paper, freedom is explored as it is viewed and experienced by people rather than as a philosophical construct. Three dimensions of freedom are identified: ego, discipline, and conditional. These types of freedom are examined in six types of groups and in relation to feelings of loss of freedom. Finally, we approach a theory of freedom, its dimensions, and the manner in which it is experienced by actors.