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保罗•奥斯特(Paul Auster,1947-)是美国当代最勇于创新的小说家之一。奥斯特在作品中对后现代社会生存危机的揭露以及对其出路的思考和探求,赋予了他当代美国小说家所罕有的哲学深度,被称为>美国当代最能给人们以智性启迪的小说家<。本论文选择奥斯特的成名作《纽约三部曲》(《玻璃城》、《幽灵》和《锁闭的房间》)作为研究对象,探讨《三部曲》如何以一系列孤独的守望者形象深刻地描摹二十世纪中后期以纽约为代表的城市虚无精神和现代都市人孤独、迷失、绝望的异化生活状态。本论文运用美国当代著名精神分析学家、西方马克思主义法兰克福学派的重要代表人埃里希•弗洛姆的相关异化理论探讨奥斯特在《三部曲》中反映的人与社会和人与人的异化。文章主要分为四个部分:第一部分介绍奥斯特本人及其文学成就,简述《三部曲》的主要内容及其国内外文学评论,本论文的理论基础和结构。第二部分分别从社会空间、生产与消费三个领域揭露无孔不入的社会异化现象。一为社会空间,主要从三部曲中的外部空间走向内部空间,如,城市、房间、门、窗等,透视现代人的隔离与孤独;再以弗洛姆的人类生存的关联性理论为衔接点,从隔离转到作为人类基本需求之一关联性的施虐与被虐的异化;二为生产领域中弗洛姆称之为人类生命力的生产力异化,如政府机构职能的扭曲、侦探能力和作家创作力的退化与丧失;三为人们的消费异化。消费异化包括补偿性消费和被动性消费。《玻璃城》中奎恩通过疯狂的补偿性消费写作来证实自我及存在,但这种企图留下的只是空虚和自我迷失;而当人们在休闲活动时感受不到快乐或感受到的只是消极的快乐时便是被动性消费。奎恩在他最喜欢的休闲活动散步中,他的身体机械化,唯一感受就是自我的迷失;此外,在《锁闭的房间》里无名叙述者的奢侈、腐化的生活使其陷入迷失和无望的极度痛苦之中。第三部分分别从家庭成员、侦探和朋友三方面揭露人与人的异化。《玻璃城》中家庭成员异化主要体现在老斯蒂尔曼对儿子彼得的父权统治和成人后的彼得受到妻子的无形掌控;侦探的异化体现在他们对工作的无能为力和无规则两方面,如《玻璃城》和《幽灵》中主人公奎恩和布鲁对其侦探工作的无力和发现现实与理想不符时的焦虑。朋友的异化体现在《锁闭的房间》里叙述者对范肖的友情从崇拜到憎恨扭曲的整个过程。总之,在纽约城这个资本主义社会的缩影里,人与人的关系变成了相互利用的关系,变成了物与物的关系,人与人之间失去了正常爱的情感,唯有疏远和冷漠。第四部分为结语。奥斯特对当今社会异化现象的真实揭露深刻而又全面,有助于人们对社会发展进行反思,有助于人们踏上追求自我的正确道路,从而不乏一定的现实意义。
作为一名用德语写作的犹太作家,茨威格给我们留下了许多优秀的作品,他在小说、戏剧和人物传记方面都取得了不俗的成就,尤其是他的小说创作,在世界范围内拥有广泛的读者群。本文以茨威格的小说文本为基础,运用弗罗姆的人本主义精神分析学的相关理论,探究其中的异化主题。本文共由四章组成:第一章首先简单介绍了茨威格的生平,他在世界文学史上的地位及其小说的主要特点,并提出了本文所要讨论的论题。接着概括了国内外茨威格研究的现状,指出本文的研究方法并简要介绍了弗洛姆的人本主义理论,主要是异化理论、逃避自由理论以及爱的理论。第二章运用弗洛姆的异化理论分析了茨威格小说中的异化主题,主要体现在劳动中人的异化和战争中人的异化这两方面。并且借助于逃避自由理论分析了异化形成的心理机制。第三章运用弗洛姆爱的理论分析茨威格在小说文本中提出的拯救异化的途径,概括出在异化和拯救异化的过程中的激情以及激情的双重性。第四章由小说中的异化延伸到作家其他作品和作家生命中的异化,结合作家的生活经历,如他童年时和母亲的关系,社会历史背景和种族身份等,分析作为异化主要呈现形式的激情的本质特征,及其在对抗异化的过程中所起的作用。最后是论文的结论部分,总结了茨威格小说和人生中对抗异化失败的原因,并强调了运用弗洛姆的人本主义理论对茨威格的小说进行解读的重要性和意义
《所罗门之歌》是第一位非裔美国黑人女性诺贝尔文学奖得主莫瑞森的代表作。该部作品的发表受到高度的关注和广泛的欢迎并奠定了莫瑞森作为当代最重要的作家的地位。笔者认为该作品的魅力主要在于莫里森对非裔美国黑人乃至人类生存方式的探索。在这方面,目前国内外鲜有人涉足研究。笔者认为对此展开研究是有吸引力和值得的。因此,笔者在这篇论文中意在探讨《所罗门之歌》中的生存方式。在《占有还是生存》中,弗洛姆指出人们生存于重占有和重生存这两种方式之间。在重占有的生存方式中,人们注重物质拥有、获取、权力和掠夺,而这种生存方式导致人类的诸多恶行,如贪婪、嫉妒、暴力等。在重生存的生存方式中,因其是基于爱之上的,人们注重分享、注重参与有意义、有创造性的活动。弗洛姆认为重占有的生存方式将把人类引向心理和生态混乱的边缘,因而他呼吁人们选择重生存的生存方式。本文结合弗洛姆的生存理论和小说文本,旨在探讨莫里森的生存观。本文主要分为三章。第一章探讨了小说中重占有的生存方式。第二章分析了小说中重生存的生存方式。第三章论述了小说主人公对这两种生存方式的抉择。总之,对该部作品生存方式的研究无法穷尽小说的魅力,但是通过研究,非裔美国黑人的生存状态和方式得以较为全面的揭示。此外,本文揭示了莫里森对非裔美国黑人种族前途和命运的思索,也即本文的主旨:重占有的生存方式导致黑人灵魂和生活的扭曲;黑人最好的出路在于拥抱重生存的生存方式和黑人文化传统和价值观念;唯有如此,黑人才能在美国社会中能更好的生活,才能寻找到真正的生活幸福和意义。
当今,世界范围内,随着科技的不断发展,人与自然、人与社会、人与自身的矛盾日益尖锐,这些问题对人的生存与发展构成威胁,因此,人学逐渐引起国内外学者的广泛关注。弗洛姆作为法兰克福学派的主要代表人物之一,是一位在西方享有盛誉的心理学家,也是一位具有丰富人学思想的学者,论文对弗洛姆的人学思想进行全面系统的梳理,共由三个章节构成。第一章阐述弗洛姆人学思想的理论渊源。在这个章节当中主要阐述了弗洛姆人学思想提出的时代背景、弗洛姆人学思想的理论渊源。第二章讲述了弗洛姆人学思想的主要内容。首先,通过人性的涵义、人的境遇、人的需要来诊释人性;其次,阐释了弗洛姆的异化观,现代社会中异化的各个方面以及异化下形成的社会性格,弗洛姆从中指出资本主义异化的实质是人性的异化;再次,论述了人们逃避自由的根源和方式;最后,弗洛姆为了实现人类的真正自由以及对人的真正自我的恢复,他提出了以心理革命为主的社会变革方案。第三章是对佛洛姆人学思想的评价。在这个章节画龙点睛,阐释了弗洛姆人学思想的超越性及它的正面价值;弗洛姆一直致力于解决人性异化的问题,他的一些观点是值得我们认同和支持的,而且他的思想具有现实性和可行性,但是他把异化简单的看作是一种主观的心理体验,他没能找到产生异化的真正根源是资本主义的私有制,因此他的解决方案具有乌托邦色彩;同时弗洛姆的人学思想也有可取和借鉴的地方.对处于转型时期的我国来说,在如何关注人的问题、如何实现人的自由、如何推进和谐社会的建构等方面具有重要的启发作用。
弗洛姆是20世纪西方著名的心理学家、社会学家、哲学家,人本主义精神分析学的创始人。在心理学领域,他是精神分析学派文化的代表和集大成者;在哲学领域,他是弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义者,法兰克福学派早期著名代表人物之一,新弗洛伊德主义创始人。他一生研究的问题都是有关在现代工业化商品经济社会里人的生存困境与出路,人的生存问题一直贯穿其思想的始终。作为法兰克福学派的重要代表人物,弗洛姆秉承其学派特点,在吸收马克思和弗洛伊德相关理论的同时力图把二者的学说加以综合,以创立其新的人道主义伦理学说。弗洛姆关注人,关注现代人的生存困境,终其一生,其学术宗旨始终在为现代人探索一条既能摆脱个人孤独又能获得个性独立的道路,以使现代人努力认清自我,形成真正独立的人格,解除痛苦的束缚而获得真正的幸福。本文的主旨在于对弗洛姆的人格理论的研究,分析这一理论的基本内容并作出评价。文章首先介绍了国内外对于人格问题的研究情况,以及对于这一问题的研究在我国有何意义。其次,介绍了弗洛姆人格理论形成的背景,包括其特殊的成长经历、生活的时代背景及精神分析的实践,重点分析了弗洛姆人格理论形成的理论基础,以期为弗洛姆人格理论的研究提供历史和理论背景。第三,重点介绍了弗洛姆人格理论的基本内容。最后,分析了弗洛姆人格理论的得失及其理论中的合理成分对我国建设发展的启示。当前,我国正处于构建和谐社会的关键时期,对弗洛姆人格理论的研究可以推动我国对人的全面发展的研究,为我们正确处理人的发展与经济社会发展的关系,实现人与人、人与自然、人与社会的和谐发展,促进转型时期的人格塑造和精神文明建设都具有重要意义。
In all health sciences and education mainly in humanistic thought in psychoanalysis to reflect more deeply to know the potential of human beings to overcome the problems themselves and psychological trauma. Psychoanalysis shows the treatment monitoring of practical ability, creativity, decision-making power to be able to tackle certain types of personal and existential problems. Perhaps most psychoanalysts believe this human potential to solve problems and tackle complex situations and very difficult. Many do not have the financial resources, others do not believe in the analysis, however everyone knows the need that humans have to know themselves in their performances unconscious. Today more than ever appear increasingly to overcome challenges, some difficult to solve, as in the case of chronic or destructive. This type of experiences is not merely an illusion at all times accompany tragedies and sufferings of all kinds. But at the same time recognize that many people have succeeded by his willpower and determination to solve their problems or cure of a disease that was being disillusioned by medicine.
The addition, psychoanalysis offers a theory, the treatment of these neuroses and psychosomatic illnesses. Many of these patients adolescents, adults, families, managed to prove their ability to overcome their limits affective and existential. Some managed to prepare and resolve many traumas that were preventing the experiences of his psychic potential. And somehow still in a process of personal evolution, the solution of these traumas, released creative energy able to cast him in many goals higher than the average of people in general. This same trauma could cause this patient developed an ability to utilize its potential to achieve noble goals in their personal and family life. This potential energy is unconscious able to turn a dream into reality. Because of this potential trauma unleashed creativity and determination, it is as if this suffering, this pain, this loss, reversing into a resource available to accomplish their goals.
The big question of humanist psychoanalysis is: Where does this power that turns into a force capable of solving personal and social problems? I realize that this "potential" is a process of overcoming lying in novels, in movies, in the Bible, in short all focus this power to turn dreams into reality. Overcoming the trauma is not only a dream, a myth, a fantasy, an utopia, but a capability that has the power to motivate, and to modify our interpretation of certain traumas and problems we face in our lives. If we admit the existence of this "potential" processing in humans, then we should know the ways to use this energy efficiently, to respond to the challenges that life puts in our everyday life. Many hypotheses can be proposed to solve the problems of the "human" in man. But no one can deny the importance of this study in psychoanalysis to make the analysis more practical and efficient. The traumas are accompanied by fears, for it is a study of fundamental emotions, I believe that all these demands of the existence within its limitations and possibilities, may help put into practice the ethics of life, consistency comes in the form of being, acting and think.
We are facing a new understanding of the unconscious mind, the new scientific discoveries that are happening in anthropology, philosophy and neuroscience are influencing epistemological demarcation of psychoanalytic theory, while medicine supported by neuroscience says that there is a neurobiological basis for human attitudes and for mental illnesses. We are very skeptical about this avalanche of marketing neuroscience and other theories that seek its basis in physiological organicism, even psychopharmacology and psychiatrists are in hand to substantiate this genetic condition and biological human mind. I believe these theories help us understand the biological functioning of the brain and neurological, but are far from understanding your unconscious functioning. We are still far from knowing what we are witnessing in the context of scientific discoveries, neuroscientists are trying to explain the neurological functioning through a unification that can enable scientific truths, but we realize that there are many contradictions in relation to psychoanalysis, philosophy, anthropology, this is a novelty of positivist and experimental scientists seeking to explain how the brain works.
Writing about the human mind is a difficult and complex task, because the concepts are confused about the brain, first because there are different types of memories. Memories are files containing cultural information that can help a person find their answers, as well as psychoanalysis has long been a doctrine for the uninitiated a closed sect, who held where the truth about the unconscious was a select group that had the power and truth of psychoanalytic theory. Through this reflection on the "unconscious mind" I want to offer people lay in the subject an opportunity to understand the complex workings of the unconscious mind. I hope this awakening interest in the player, because the brain is unconscious energy with a capacity to leave us perplexed and fascinated with a capacity far beyond computers or the cosmos.
All scientific discoveries in many areas of science are changing our way of being and living, and it seems that this transformation is inevitable, we are no longer the same, we go out of the condition of primates and become "cyber man," and yet we must be prepared for other changes and their impact on quality of life, all of this is unpredictable, we can not cower and flee what awaits us in the future, and without thinking or wanting to decrease anxiety, the future is happening right now. The theoretical and conceptual changes should monitor developments and scientific discoveries as we study the human brain met with organismic paradigms that are still with the defects of the neurons concerned to know which groups of neurons that are blamed for the malfunction Brain Machine. While in this mechanistic paradigm and physiological demand for all forms neurological location with their pathological functions, we are far from understanding human and existential. The unconscious part of the neurological functions and needs and understanding of the functioning of neurotransmitters, but can not be explained on this materialist and positivist paradigm. Psychoanalysis feels comfortable and quite safe to say that this paradigm "humanistic existential" may give many explanations about the complex web of human experience. The aim of this book is to discuss the theoretical paradigms and question the concepts and theories of neuroscience, as we understand these concepts in a conventional science that closed the issue on the demarcation of evidence and measurements, prevent psychoanalysts to dialogue with narcissism and prejudices of a science that prefers to take forward at any cost their personal truths.
Many people would like to know more about themselves, their qualities, abilities and potential to become more efficient as a human being. This need to understand the subjectivity of interest rises to reveal and discover the secrets that the symbols and dreams hide in essence. On the collective families, schools, businesses, realize the superficiality, lack of initiative, apathy, fears, anxiety, depression, stress, psychic this instance is the basis of productivity, to become efficient requires courage, boldness, creativity, willpower, curiosity, desire to learn, humility and sincerity, qualities and values indispensable for those who want to be efficient and achieve your dreams. Dreams have always been despised by the natural and exact sciences, and could not be otherwise, because people deal with numbers, statistics, measurement, verification, those working with dreams seek to find meaning and significance in the world of emotions and instincts.
Psychoanalysis argues for the importance of the study of dreams as a language that can help awaken the potential, the condition is essential to know to live with health and vitality. Those who realize their personal analysis are in this state of discovery, looking for a way to live with joy and happiness. Dreams reveal the dialogue between emotions and existence, unconscious energy communicates through images and symbols, to explore the content and meaning can discover the hidden message that can be interpreted to the patient. Today is consensus that dreams contain important information about mental health, organic, financial and emotional.
Erich Fromm wrote about myths, legends, tales, this symbolic universe is interested in balancing and integrating the driving forces of the human being. The dreams also revealed that the matrix develops disharmony and unproductive state of distress, anxiety, are also able to show the latent potential of each person. The dreams always bring creative solutions to solve the neuroses and personal difficulties. This is organismic, inspired by the forces of nature to develop courage, boldness, originality and creativity, this potential is the result of productivity that is interested in health and happiness.
In this book I explain the theory of interpretation of dreams, and I believe this is a healthy way for those who want to know more deeply. By paying attention to dreams in symbols images can find the meaning of life, how to live happy and healthy, making the existence of the potential to learn to develop awareness. One of my patients reported the following dream: "A friend asked while walking if he was glad to be retired. Shortly thereafter, I was climbing a wall with a ladder and reached the top, and then went down to get to the floor, I realized I had leaned the ladder against the wrong wall." This dream portrays a life experience and shows that we are not always sure about our goals in life. This situation arises when some beliefs no longer satisfy the desires, is a kind of crisis that needs to be addressed because there is a huge energy wear. Not always the material conditions fail to account for all the emotional demands, this time we must prioritize the loving relationship with emotions. Dreams can be the bridge to integrate and balance all the drives, to become aware of the emotions can get the value and use this potential energy to your advantage.