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Acts of terrorism seem to never run out of Indonesia, from independence to the present day. Including the ideals of the establishment of an >Islamic State< that gave rise to a new wave of terrorism. The JAD group affiliated with ISIS clearly states that the Indonesian republic is thogut, so it is haram to be obedient to it, and they commit an act of terror some time ago. ISIS cleverly uses religious propositions to recruit new members. The verses of the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet became his legitimacy. The concept of Hijra, Necrophilia and millenarism became the main doctrine of the ISIS. ISIS uses this narrative to facilitate and call for action in Indonesia. Suicide bombing, police station attack carried out by sympathizers, either JAD members or lone wolf. ISIS also utilizes social media well, this facilitates the idea of necrophilia, millenarism of ISIS is practiced by its sympathizers. Through qualitative and text analysis and the idea approach, necrophilia from Erich Fromm and millenarism from Norman Cohn, and other narrative this research is intended to make counter narrative of ISIS, so that the emergence is the concept of biophilia and optimism against the times and build a better future.
Статья посвящена феномену экзистенциального оптимизма. Авторы трактуют его как душевную установку, присущую отдельной личности и вклю¬чающую в себя положительную оценку мира, умение радоваться и волю к жизни. Экзистенциальный оптимизм не сливается с социальным оптимиз¬мом, он связан с определением индивидуальной траектории судьбы и способен помогать человеку проходить через трудные социальные обстоятель¬ства, сохраняя позитивный настрой и реализуя свои цели. Его стержнем выступает ощущение и выбор личного жизненного проекта, который существует не только в юности, но может в разных вариантах актуализироваться в любых возрастах. Авторы квалифицируют фигуру экзистенциального оптимиста с помощью понятий >продуктивности< (Э. Фромм) и >самоактуа¬лизации< (А. Маслоу), а также образа >победителя< (Э. Берн). Жизненные препятствия видятся такому человеку не только как нормальная характеристика действительности, но и как поле для игры наших сил, что приносит ему бытийную радость. В становлении подобного мироотношения боль¬шую роль играет воспитание и личный пример старших. Авторы обращаются также к теме смерти и разочарования, с которыми сталкивается любой человек, и подчеркивают, что смерть не находится в центре внимания экзистенциального оптимиста. Последней обсуждаемой в статье темой выступает тема практик >позитивного мышления<. В выводах подчеркивается, что позиция оптимиста не может быть никому навязана, а может быть лишь принята самостоятельно.
It is well known that the occurrence and disclosure of perquisite consumption has concealment, which gives the corresponding profit gainers room to manipulate. In reality, unreasonable perquisite consumption events occurred from time to time. These events have aroused a great deal of public opinion and social concern. In the past, the research on the influencing factors of perquisite consumption mostly focused on the company’s internal governance characteristics and external regulatory characteristics, which belongs to the category of formal system. Formal and informal systems usually have a comprehensive effect on the cognitive level and values of individuals. Combined with the Upper Echelons Theory, the informal system also affect the perquisite consumption behavior of senior executives to a certain extent. In recent years, the research on specific culture and corporate executives’ financial behavior has become a hot topic of corporate governance. Therefore, this article decides to focus on perquisite consumption and collectivism to studies the impact of different farming culture patterns formed in different regions on senior executives’ perquisite consumption. China has been in an agricultural society for a long time in history, and Chinese production and survival are closely related to the land. It is precisely because of the close relationship between land and the Chinese people for thousands of years, the impact of land on the Chinese people can not be ignored. In China, with the Yangtze River as the boundary, there is a planting difference between the south and the north with the main tillage of rice or wheat (or other non-rice crops.– Different crops in different regions have gradually formed different agricultural methods and farming habits in the local area. According to Fromm’s Human Existence Theory, diverse farming life would subtly form different unique regional culture with the passage of time. Once the culture was formed, it would be deeply rooted in the local society and affects the psychology and behavior of people who lived there in a long time. Due to differences in farming irrigation method and the amount of labor, people who live in rice growing areas or live in wheat growing areas have formed different agricultural production methods and habits. People in rice growing areas are used to cooperative labor and pay attention to the commitment and relationship between people, while people in wheat growing areas are relatively used to completing farming work independently. Different agricultural production methods and habits have brought people with very different regional cultural models: collectivism in rice areas and individualism in wheat areas.– Talhelm and his research team referred to the above-mentioned regional farming culture as >Rice Culture<. People in rice growing areas affected by >Rice Culture< tend to think in collectivism and integrity, pay attention to relationship and commitment, and get used to accommodating the environment to change themselves. But people affected by >Wheat Culture< is different than people who living in rice growing areas. In other words, people who living in areas where non-rice crops are grown is different than people who living in rice growing areas. People affected by >wheat culture< tend to be individualistic, analytical thinking and relatively independent of themselves. And they like to change the environment and adapt the environment to themselves. In connection with the existing research on the causes of perquisite consumption and Upper Echelons Theory, it is feasible to study senior executives’ perquisite consumption and collectivism. This article collects the data of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2017. Through data analysis, this article explores whether the farming culture pattern of the senior executive’s birthplace, origin-place and location of the company would affect the degree of perquisite consumption. Empirical results show that senior executives born in the wheat region are more likely to unreasonable perquisite consume than those born in the rice growing region. The senior executives whose origin place is in the wheat region are more likely to unreasonable perquisite consume than those origin place is in the rice growing region. Senior executives of wheat regional companies are more likely to make unreasonable perquisite consumption than those who employed in the rice growing area companies. That’s to say, the >Rice Culture< could inhibit the perquisite consumption of senior executives. Based on the above, this article carries out further research to compare the influence of >Rice Culture< of senior executives’ birthplace, origin place and company location on senior executives’ perquisite consumption. It is found that the >Rice Culture< suppression effect of senior executives’ birthplace is greater than that of the senior executives’ origin place, while the >Rice Culture< suppression effect of the company’s location is greater than senior executives’ origin place. And the >Rice Culture< suppression effect of the company’s location is slighter than the suppression effect of senior executives’ birthplace. It means that the >Rice Culture< in the individual’s living environment has a significant impact on the individual, especially in long-term living areas. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Kazuo Ishiguro(1954 –) is a British-Japanese novelist and playwright. In 2017, Kazuo Ishiguro was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Most of his works focus on the universal value of human beings in contemporary society, and emphasize the trend of integration and coexistence of multiple cultures in the era of globalization. At present, Ishiguro is one of the most famous writers in the English-speaking world today. He has written 7 novels and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize four times. His work >Never Let Me Go< in 2005 was listed on Time magazine’s list of the 100 greatest English language novels since the magazine’s first publication in 1923. >Never Let Me Go< also marks the first time that he attempted to write sci-fi novels.– The novel centers on the eternal literary theme of >destiny< and >freedom< in the context of human genetic technology. Through her memory flashback, the protagonist, Kathy, recalls the story between Ruth and Tommy, who grow up in Hailsham. Adopting a temperate and sentimental tone, Ishiguro traced the cloned group’s growth from childhood to adulthood, revealing their struggle with the >destiny< of organ donation and the end of life. >Never Let Me Go< contains the science-fiction elements that has not been involved in the previous novels of Ishiguro, and touches on the topic of morality and ethics of human cloning, which is a contentious issue in contemporary society. Critics have shown strong interests in this novel. In-depth studies of surrealism, genetic engineering, reflection of science and technology, have introduced many new interpretation methods. For the >non-resistance< of the clones in the novel, many studies are limited to the reasons for its occurrence, and many readers question its rationality.– This thesis attempts to start with an understanding of Ishiguro’s consistent writing style and early life experience. Through analyzing the >constraints< and >freedom< in the novel, the thesis tries to explore the nature of the clones’ >non-resistance< with Fromm’s theory of freedom, thus, uncover Ishiguro’s reflection on human’s living condition. The first chapter explores the >constraints< in the novel. In the process of the clones’ growth, they suffer from various kind of constraints, like spatial isolation, social exclusion. This living state of the clones mirrors the condition of modern people in general. The second chapter mainly studies the >freedom< in the novel. In all kinds of >constraints<, the clones can still obtain a certain level of >freedom<. They create artworks, establish friendship and pursue love. Although they finally accept the doomed fate in the end, their short lives still triumph. The third chapter compares the clones’ choice of facing >death< with human beings’ choices and analyzes the positive meaning of the clones’ >non-resistance< approach. The thesis argues that the >non-resistance< of the clones in the novel is not >escape from freedom<. Their behavior, thoughts and destiny are circumscribed, which makes them the >others< of the society, but they have not resisted in a violent way. Through positive artistic creation and establishing emotional ties, they find a sense of belonging, value of existence, thus gaining >positive freedom<. >Never Let Me Go< is not a typical science fiction novel with the theme of >cloning<. The novel’s concern is the ordinary people’s confrontation with futility and fate. It is in this sense that Ishiguro is a humanist writer with >compassion<. In >Never Let Me Go<, Ishiguro affirmed ordinary people’s value of existence when confronting the deter¬mi¬nistic force, which shows his concern for the living condition of modern people. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Edward Albee(1928 – 2016), one of the most outstanding avant-garde American playwrights, has acquired spectacular achievements in his life. Generally recognized as an eminent spokesman of the American theatre, Albee’s plays provide a key to understanding the capitalistic society. >At Home at the Zoo< combines Albee’s classic work, >The Zoo Story<, with its prequel, home-life, to form a complete story of Peter, Ann, and Jerry. Based on the theory of alienation, this thesis analyzes the alienation in individuals, families and society reflected in the play.– The thesis consists of three parts. The introduction reviews the achievements of Edward Albee and the style of his plays, with a particular focus on his work >At Home at the Zoo<. This part also demonstrates the development of the theory of alienation, with the focus on Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation, laying the solid foundation for the textual analysis. Erich Fromm defines alienation as a mode of experience in which the person experiences himself/herself as an alien. Due to the lack of communication resulting from over production and consumption, rampant inequality and alienation emerges in one’s relationship with another. The main body of this thesis is composed of three chapters. Chapter One analyzes the defective individuals who are alienated inside themselves. In the alienated society, everyone has an increasing sense of alienation. The three main characters in the play are without exception. While both Peter and Jerry feel powerless in their life, Ann feels anxious all the time. Chapter Two examines the dysfunctional families in which the relationships between husbands and wives as well as parents and children are alienated. As a couple, Peter and Ann are isolated from each other. Jerry’s father and mother are completely estranged. In the meantime, the relationships between parents and children are greatly worsened as in Peter’s family and Jerry’s family. Chapter Three delves into the problematic society. The confrontation between Peter and Jerry and the domination of Jerry over >the dog< reflect the alienation of the whole society.– The last part is the conclusion which points out that alienation is pervasive in the modern capitalist society after analyzing alienation reflected in the play. In the capitalistic society, people are no longer active and creative beings. They become cogs in the machine. Family is no longer a shelter for people, which is characterized by indifference and estrangement. This kind of problem can be solved by taking into account of the factors leading to alienation. Therefore, the social significance can be seen in the play based on Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
埃里希?弗洛姆,著名的人本主义哲学家、精神分析学家,其技术人道化思想是人文关怀主义研究的哲学理论之一,他的一生都在为了建立以人的全面发展为中心、技术服务于人类的理想社会环境而奋斗。弗洛姆认为,随着技术的不断发展,现代技术社会中人的发展受到了制约,社会偏离了人道化的发展,是一个异化的、病态的社会,他结合了心理学和社会学两个维度,提出了实现技术社会人道化的具体措施,希望将技术重新置于人的控制之中,营造一个健康的社会环境,最终实现人的全面发展。本文首先从弗洛姆>技术人道化<思想产生的时代背景、形成过程、思想追溯以及理论基础等四个方面入手,力图深入剖析其>技术人道化<思想。其次,对该思想的主要内容进行分析,从人的存在方式的异化现象,得出导致异化现象形成的>病原<,再>对症下药<提出如何摒除>病原<实现技术人道化发展的改革方向。最后,弗洛姆>技术人道化<思想从人性论出发,希望将人们的关注点回归到人自身的发展上,把总体社会变革与道德变革相结合,以期改变社会异化现象。虽然弗洛姆提出的实现技术社会人道化的具体方案不具有可实施性,只是构建了乌托邦式的健全社会,存在唯心主义及对资本主义批判的不彻底性,但也体现了人类对美好生活的憧憬。我国目前处于社会主义初级阶段,对我国目前技术发展的情况而言,弗洛姆技术人道化思想具有重要的借鉴意义,值得深入研究。弗洛姆技术人道化思想可以指引我们面对现代化技术社会快节奏的生活时如何树立合理的消费观念、坚定文化自信等。
Epilogue
(2020)
Recent decades have witnessed a surge of important studies dealing with intellectuals’ confrontation with fascism and Nazism, and the societal roles that they can play, especially during such “dark times.” This is an area that is close to my study, and it is therefore important to mark the difference between some of these studies and mine in terms of content and form and with regard to the meaning and significance intellectuals assigned to their works.
Erich Fromm was a German social psychologist and psychoanalyst who was associated with the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory. He was known for developing the concept that freedom was a fundamental part of human nature and for challenging the theories of Sigmund Freud. In his works he presented the view that understanding of basic human needs is essential to the understanding of society and mankind. In >Escape from Freedom< Fromm explores humanity’s shifting relationship with freedom, with particular regard to the personal consequences of its absence.
>The Mass Psychology of Fascism< (1933) was the first psychological inquiry into Fascism. In this work the psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957) explores how Fascists came into power, and explain their rise as a symptom of sexual repression. It was followed by other psychological interpretations of Nazism by Jewish exiles from the Third Reich, from Erich Fromm’s >Escape from Freedom< (1942), to Siegfried Kracauer’s >From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film< (1947), and Erich Neumann’s >Depth Psychology and a New Ethic< (1949).
Introduction
(2020)
>Jewish Exiles’ Psychological Interpretations of Nazism< examines works of four German-Jewish scholars who, in their places of exile, sought to probe the pathology of the Nazi mind: Wilhelm Reich’s >The Mass Psychology of Fascism< (1933), Erich Fromm’s >Escape from Freedom< (1941), Siegfried Kracauer’s >From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film< (1947), and Erich Neumann’s >Depth Psychology and a New Ethic< (1949). While scholars have examined these authors’ individual legacies, no comparative analysis of their shared concerns has yet been undertaken, nor have the content and form of their psychological inquiry into Nazism been seriously and systematically analyzed. Yet, the sense of urgency in their works calls for attention. They all took up their pens to counter Nazi barbarism, believing, like the English jurist and Judge Sir William Blackstone, that >scribere est agree< (to write is to act).
Examines works of four German-Jewish scholars who, in their exile, sought to probe the pathology of the Nazi mind.– Provides an introduction, a biographical sketch, a historical discussion of the development of each individual’s thought, and an explication of each of the four major works.– Includes discussions of Wilhelm Reich, Erich Fromm, Siegfried Kracauer, and Erich Neumann.
This paper sets out to examine in a comparative framework Pitirim A. Sorokin and Erich Fromm's conceptions of love. The core argument is s in the complementarity between self-love and altruistic love. In conclude, altruistic love and self-love are not contradictory to each other. Those who don't love themselves cannot love others, nevertheless, those who ignore others cannot love themselves. What I try to show in this thesis is to clarify this fact.
This paper sets out to examine in a comparative framework Pitirim A. Sorokin and Erich Fromm's conceptions of love. The core argument is s in the complementarity between self-love and altruistic love. In conclude, altruistic love and self-love are not contradictory to each other. Those who don't love themselves cannot love others, nevertheless, those who ignore others cannot love themselves. What I try to show in this thesis is to clarify this fact.
Mrs. Elizabeth Gaskell is considered to be one of the most influential British female writers in the 19th century, whose works are famous for reflecting the labor conflicts between the bourgeoisie and the working class, such as >Mary Barton<, >North and South<, >Ruth<, and so on. Mrs. Gaskell published her first novel >Mary Barton< in 1848. Taking the British Chartist Movement and the worker's strike as its background, the novel which has high realistic value profoundly describes the real social life and ideological situation of the workers in Manchester under the oppression of capitalists. In the 19th century, in terms of the English literature which reflects the daily life of the working class vividly and carefully, the achievements of this novel are incomparable with any other works. In recent years, with the rise of western feminism and the emergence of some criticisms of literary and cultural which focus on the social historical background, the classic novel >Mary Barton< has aroused people‘s interests and attentions again. Taking Mrs. Gaskell‘s >Mary Barton< as the research object, on the basis of Fromm‘s alienation theory, this thesis explains the theme of alienation in the novel.– The thesis consists of three parts including introduction, main body, and conclusion. The introduction part mainly presents the life of Mrs. Gaskell, the principal content of >Mary Barton<, as well as the literature review and thesis statement. The main body of this thesis is composed of five chapters. The first chapter mainly introduces the origin and development of alienation theory, especially the main contents of Fromm‘s alienation theory, including man‘s self-alienation, the alienation between man and man, and the alienation between man and nature. The second chapter analyzes the self-alienation of the characters in the novel, mostly including Mary‘s absurd view of love, John‘s twisted character, and Old Carson‘s vulgar view of interest, etc, which reveal the far-reaching impact of self-alienation on the characters, and ultimately lead to the tragic endings of these characters. The third chapter discusses the alienation between man and man from the aspects of family and work relations in the novel. The fourth chapter expounds the alienation between man and nature, that is, the opposite relationships between man and nature in the novel. On the one hand, the two metropolises of Manchester and London are gradually declining due to human activities. On the other hand, the disease outbreaks and the depletion of natural resources also have an indelible impact on people‘s lives. The fifth chapter explains the main reasons of the alienation in >Mary Barton<, which are the influence of the Chartist Movement, the rule of class consciousness and rights consciousness, the prevalence of egoism and the spread of Anthropocentrism. The conclusion part makes the summary of this thesis and briefly introduces the significance. Based on the analysis of the specific alienated images of characters in the novel, this thesis discusses the essence of alienation of human nature and estrangement of interpersonal relationship in capitalist society described by Mrs. Gaskell, and sparks thoughts about the nature of human, the relationships between man and nature and the relationships between people in contemporary society, which will further strengthen the confidence in building a healthy and harmonious society. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
[Chinese abstract not available] What is the unique feature of China’s model of development? Upon reviewing the >dialectics of development< that draws on both Amartya Sen and Erich Fromm, this paper argues that the China Model may have a particular strength in reconstructing its Confucian tradition towards social solidarity. In China, like other countries with a rapid development, swift social transformation has brought to fore as many positive as negative consequences, on the basis of which a mixed record of development in modern society can be pathologically diagnosed. Following the Durkheimer's premise that these social ills may be cured by a shift from mechanical solidarity (characteristic of a traditional society) to its organic counterpart, this paper, drawing on both Fisk and Confucius, proposes the idea of >civitas homini<as the core concept to anchor such transition. It defines the linking of individuals to each other in particular and to society in general via voluntary associations that are based on multiple cohesive factors, whether it be modern or traditional. It emphasises the respecting of individual rights to choice and liberties based on informed reasoning faculties. Different forms of >civitas homini<, when combined together, shall reach a stage of >res publica latium< (commonwealth) that ensures both individual liberties and social solidarity, with different communities entering into terms of intersubjective recognition, tolerance, and peaceful coexistence. Through this >civitas homini<, we can rewrite the paradigm of development as one that aims at solidarity rather than purely individualistic freedom. [Author's English]
In the 1960s, with the rise of the >thawing< trend of Soviet literature, a group of works of Soviet writers that had been banned for a long time returned to the public, among which Mikhail Bulgakov’s works were the most representative. Bulgakov’s work is closely connected with social reality, he reveals the dark side of the society with sharp strokes, and gives an insight into the distorted humanity with keen eyes. His fantastic art form arouses people’s thinking on morality and shows himself the profound humanistic thought. Erich Fromm, humanistic ethicist in the West in the 20th century, he analyzes thoroughly various morbidities in modern society and the alienation of humanity, putting forward a complete method of saving human spiritual dilemma and building a sound society. Fromm’s research on human provides us with a more scientific and objective perspective to deeply understand the humanistic thought in literary works.– This article attempts to analyze the humanistic ideas contained in Bulgakov’s novels by adopting Fromm’s humanistic theory. The paper consists of four chapters: Chapter One analyzes the morbidity and crisis in the society represented in the novel, mainly including the shortage of survival materials, the prevalence of authoritarianism, and the abuse of science and technology. Chapter Two explores the morbid personality of the individual under the social discipline and oppression, which is manifested as a crazy possessiveness, a mentality of escaping freedom, and a numbness and indifference of rationality. Chapter Three summarizes the way of construc¬ting the ideal moral spiritual world that the author reposes in the novel, combined with Fromm’s views on good, evil, love, faith and truth, etc., further confirming the profoundness of Bulgakov’s novel humanistic thinking and deep humanistic care. Chapter Four evaluates the humanistic thoughts in Bulgakov’s novels. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of humanistic thoughts, it also discusses the limitations and significance in contemporary society. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Można przyjąć, że dwa biblijne mity – o wyjściu Adama i Ewy z ogrodu Eden oraz o budowniczych wieży Babel – są interesującymi ekspresjami wyobraźni utopijnej, ponieważ opowiadają o dwóch miejscach, w których na dwa odmienne sposoby realizowano projekty wystarczająco doskonałego porządku społecznego. Współcześnie jednym z takich miejsc, które możemy rozumieć jako niejednoznaczny efekt realizacji utopii epoki rewolucji przemysłowej, jest szkoła – przestrzeń edukacji zaplanowana jako ważna część projektu wystarczająco doskonałego porządku społecznego. Dwa oryginalne odczytania – autorstwa Ericha Fromma i George’a Steinera – przywołanych biblijnych mitów posłużą wzbogaceniu o nowe wątki i podejścia dyskusji o kondycji współczesnej szkoły oraz dyskursów pedagogiki krytycznej czy pedagogiki oporu i pedagogiki hermeneutycznej.
Sesambungan antarane sastra lan psikologi, ana maneka faktor kang wigati. Kapisan, sawijine sastra kudu nggambarake kakuwatan lan kapinteran pangriptane. Kaloro, karya sastra kudu nduweni kautaman sing babagan gagrag lan basa minangka piranti kanggo nyuntak pikiran lan rasane pangripta. Katelu, prakara gaya, struktur lan tema karya sastra kudu ana sesambungane karo elemen-elemen kang nggambarake pikiran lan rasane pawongan tartamtu. Panliten kanthi objek cerita sambung >Lodan Saka Segara Kidul< anggitane Kukuh S. Wibowo bakal nintingi prakara cacah telu. Kanthi ringkes underane panliten bisa dirumusake: (1) Tuwuhe sipat seneng nekad sajrone cerita sambung (2) Faktor-faktor kang njalari sipat seneng nekad lan (3) Problem saka sipat seneng nekad. Panliten iki nggunakake pendekatan Psikologi sosial teori kapribaden Erich Fromm. Fromm njupuk sikap tengah ing sadar nandhesake luwih sethithik babagan motivasi sadar lan saingan amarga salah sijine ciri unik manungsa yaiku kesadaran. Manungsa ora kewan amarga padha bisa nggawe alesan, mbayangno masa depan, lan kanthi sengaja nyoba nyedhaki tujuane urip. Nanging, miturut Fromm, yen kesadaran diri minangka campuran saka akeh wong sing nindhes wong-wong mau kanggo karakter dhasar supaya ora kuwatir. Ing masalah sosial, Fromm nerangake manawa manungsa bisa nduwe pengaruh luwih saka sejarah, budaya, lan masyarakat tinimbang biologi.
Grenzgänger haben es oft schwer, da sie sich zwischen den Stühlen einen Platz suchen müssen. Das galt auch für Erich Fromm, heute bekannt als einer der bedeutendsten Humanisten des 20. Jahrhunderts. Seine intellektuelle Biografie bewegt sich zunächst zwischen der Frankfurter Schule und der Psychoanalyse ...
The author presents the concept of man in the philosophy of Erich Fromm. The article consists of two parts. In the first part, the author presents how Fromm characterised the existential situation of man; in the second part he describes love as the main factor in the action and development of a human being. Man is part of nature, subjected to the rules of its laws, but he also transcends nature by the ability to use mind. A human subject is aware of his/her limitations and weaknesses with regard to nature. He/she feels lost and lonely in relation to other people and the natural world. Therefore, s/he looks for the frame of orientation and references. This search is the most important existential problem. Love is the solution to all problems of human existence. According to Fromm, man is the subject of love.