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The topic of the present bachelor thesis is Erich Fromm and his specific concept of a human being and psychoanalysis. In his works, this famous psychologist was able to explain the position of a human being in the society, their needs and problems linked to their own existence. The introductory chapter summarizes fundamental facts about Fromm’s life and mentions several important personalities who influenced his thinking. The following chapters focus on the main issues of Fromm’s concept of a human being, especially their place in the environment, their relationship with the surrounding world, life philosophy and the issue of personal freedom. It deals in detail with the issues of love, aggression, freedom and the >To Be and to Have< life philosophy. Another issue this thesis deals with is Fromm’s approach to psychoanalysis and religion. The concluding chapter contains the fact about the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud and a comparison of the individual concepts of a human being as formulated by Freud and Fromm respectively.
Gerade in der heutigen Zeit hat durch die große Menge an Kulturangeboten sowie deren weite Verbreitung und Zugänglichkeit über das Internet der Mensch unzählige Inspirationen und Möglichkeiten zur Selbstentfaltung. Jedoch beobachtet Simmel, dass der moderne Kulturmensch all dieses nur noch im Modus des Konsumierens wahrnimmt und gar nicht mehr selbst schöpferisch tätig wird. Er ist von der unüberschaubaren Vielzahl, Komplexität und Grenzenlosigkeit der Objekte überfordert sowie durch Technisierung und Arbeitsteilung von den Dingen entfremdet, sodass eine seelische Entwicklung gar nicht mehr möglich ist. Obgleich die Kulturgüter dem Subjekt bei seiner Entfaltung dienen sollen, verunmöglicht ihre Übermacht gerade dieses – was Simmel als die Tragödie der Kultur bezeichnet. Gleichzeitig betont er, dass diese unvermeidlich sei. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob es tatsächlich keinen Ausweg aus dieser Tragödie gibt. Was kann der moderne Mensch tun, damit in der heutigen Überflussgesellschaft die Seele nicht verkümmert? Eine Antwort ergibt sich möglicherweise aus Erich Fromms Konzept der zwei Existenzweisen von Haben und Sein, welches er in seinem Werk >Haben oder Sein< beschrieben hat. Der Charakter des modernen Kulturmenschen ist demnach überwiegend geprägt von der Existenzweise des Habens – mit allen sich daraus ergebenden Problemen. Es wird für diese Hausarbeit thesenhaft angenommen, dass die Tragödie der Kultur eben auf jener dominierenden Existenzweise des Habens beruht und eine Lösung des Konfliktes möglich ist, wenn der Mensch von der Existenzweise des Habens zur Existenzweise des Seins wechselt. Dabei zeigen jüngste Trends wie der Minimalismus oder die Do-it-yourself-Bewegung, dass ein Umdenken in einigen Teilen der Gesellschaft bereits stattfindet und der Mensch versucht, durch eingeschränkten Konsum und Reduzierung der Objekte auf das Wesentliche wieder zu jener Freiheit zu finden, die es ihm möglich macht, selbst tätig zu werden und in eine von Lebendigkeit geprägte, schöpferische Beziehung zu den Dingen zu treten, die die Seele wieder berühren und die Persönlichkeit sowie Individualität entwickeln. In dieser Arbeit soll jener Zusammenhang näher dargestellt werden. [Eurobuch.com]
本文聚焦于东欧新马克思主义理论家马尔库什对马克思>人的本质<概念的解读。在《马克思主义与人类学》中,马尔库什试图将马克思的>人的本质<概念与历史概念缝合在一起,进而阐明马克思的唯物史观。在有效区分>人的本性>和>人的本质<的基础上,他剖析了>人的本质<概念的三个要素:劳动、社会性和意识,并揭示出人的本质不是一切时代每个人类个体所必然具备的特性的总和,而是人类的真实的历史存在的那些特性,即自由、普遍性和主体性的实现。马尔库什对马克思>人的本质<概念的解读,秉承了卢卡奇人道主义马克思主义的基本思路,同时又有效避免了弗洛姆和阿尔都塞的理论缺陷,在一定程度上超越了西方马克思主义理论家的基本理路,对我们深入理解马克思思想具有重要的参考价值。
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to construct a genealogy of therapeutic communities (TCs), with the espoused commitment to flattened hierarchies and democratic ideologies, the paper considers the lineage of the Frankfurt School of Social Research and its influence in setting a frame for TC ideology, with a particular focus on Herbert Marcuse and Erich Fromm. This genealogy provides further context to the contribution of two other key Frankfurters, Karl Mannheim and Michael Foulkes, who progressed therapeutic democracy in the UK and shaped the early days of the TC as a group-based treatment paradigm. Design/methodology/approach: Discourse analysis and collective biography based on biographical details, texts and witness accounts. Findings: The works of Marcuse and Fromm provide a hybrid psychosocial post-Freudian schemas that beckoned philosophic reconciliation between the state and the personal psyche culminating in new left psychoanalytic academic sectors. Erich Fromm's contribution is situated squarely in the clinical sphere in the USA dating from the 1930s after he fled from Germany and settled in the USA where he became a well-known lecturer at Chestnut Lodge during a time when it was developing its approach under the rubric of >milieu therapy<. Marcuse's influence on psychiatry is tracked through the development of ideas and writings emerging from his reading of Freud, finally intersecting with the emergence of TCs and anti-psychiatry when he delivered the keynote address at the Dialectics of Liberation Conference in London in 1967. Held at the height of the first generation of TCs, Joe Berke, R.D. Laing and colleagues considered Marcuse as someone to headline the Dialectics Conference because; >Marcuse was the Grandpapa of Flower Power< (Joe Berke said). Originality/value: A rapprochement between milieu therapy in the USA, influenced by Fromm and Marcuse and the European tradition of TCs, influenced by Mannheim and Foulkes is demonstrated. The Frankfurt Institute of Social Research can be seen as an ideological corner that transcends Atlantic divides, and provides a sturdy and lasting intellectual cornerstone for the history of ideas in the field of social psychiatry.
I have chosen, for the jubilee volume, my article >Freedom vs. Intolerance – Variations on the Theme of Supernatural Wives and Husbands<. It appeared in the volume entitled >We are all Indians< Violence – Intolerance – Literature, edited by Wojciech Kalaga and Tadeusz Sławek (Katowice 1990). This was a special time for all of us; today it is called the time of breakthrough, or transformation. The topic of my article, and most other articles contained in this volume, is connected with the problem of freedom and enslavement, which, bearing in mind the atmosphere of that period, was almost inevitable. Thus, the reader will find, in that article of mine, reflections concerning the so called positive and negative freedom, some thoughts about Erich Fromm’s book >The Fear of Freedom<. I used there also an old proverb, quoted in the writings of Sir Isaiah Berlin: >to be free is nothing, to become free is the very heaven<, a proverb that sounded very appropriate in the times when we all in Poland were regaining our lost freedom. The article itself is a heady mixture of threads and motifs taken from classical and modern philosophy, folktales, Biblical traditions and mythology, whereas the typical literary studies, or history of literature, are virtually absent there. This rather unconventional approach is, to some extent, typical of the style of academic discourse characteristic of the English studies as understood and practised in the University of Silesia at that time, that is in the 1980s and 1990s. This style was shaped, among other persons, by the, often indirect, influence of such personalities as Wojciech Kalaga, Tadeusz Sławek, Emanuel Prower, Tadeusz Rachwał, or, last but not least, Ewa Borkowska, who also contributed to the volume in question. Naturally, I am solely responsible for what I wrote in that article, which is a rather faithful reflection of my interests (and perhaps also obsessions) in that very memorable period of time.
Neste artigo pretende-se analisar certos xingamentos utilizados por falantes do dialeto alemão hunsrückisch de uma comunidade rural da região noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. À luz da concepção psicolinguística de Steven Pinker (2008) sobre o xingamento e da teoria do inconsciente social de Erich Fromm (1992), pretende-se analisar as formas arcaicas destes xingamentos e buscar em que medida ainda mantêm conexões com estímulos do pensamento medieval retido no inconsciente social desta comunidade.
The conception of love in the Erich Fromm´s research tries to explain love from the point of view of his personality and through his work called The Art of Loving. The subject of this bachelor thesis is the Fromm´ s conception of the love compared to psychological and sociobiological explanations. Erich Fromm (1900-1980) received PhD in psychology from the University of Heidelberg in 1922. He worked with the Marx´s social concepts which he linked up with the psychological findings taken from Freud. The acquired knowledge was then applied to Fromm´s research of love. According to Fromm, love has many different images from the mother love, brother love, erotic love, self-love to the love to God. In the following chapters, the same analogical explanations of love are explained but from the sociobiological and psychological point of views. The sociobiology is science that supposes that the man was born to the world because his selfish genes wanted to. The only task the man has in his being is to pass on his genes to the next generation. Thus the categories of love are presented from this point of view. It is totally understandable that many people refuse the idea of just passing on the genes to the next generation as the only goal of their beings. The conception of love from the sociobiological point of view differs a lot from the Fromm´s understanding of love. However, the psychological views are shades into the Fromm´s views as it is influenced by his psychological education. Psychological conception of love describes the love according to the today´s psychologist views. There are three main views of love described in the bachelor thesis. It is not possible to decide if one is better than the other one. Psychology describes love as an emotional relationship which is characterized by the wide emotionality. On the contrary the sociobiology is science that lacks the emotions and its views is influenced by the evolution and biology. Although the impact of psychology is significant in Fromm´s works the sociology can also be identified. Each of the conceptions of love – Fromm´s, sociobiological or psychological prefers its own approach.
Razumijevanje otuđenog čovjeka koji u povijesnom razvoju stječe sve više slobode, ali se u suvremenom društvu sve više osjeća izolirano od prirode i drugih ljudi, povezuje se u djelima Gaje Petrovića, istaknutog praksisovca, s univerzalnim humanističkim opredjeljenjima i dinamičkom psihologijom. Kada svoju pozornost usmjerava na Ericha Fromma i njegovog čovjeka za sebe, traži odgovore na pitanja što je u Frommovu shvaćanju posebno zanimljivo za tadašnju i buduću filozofiju. Zanima ga Frommovo istraživanje korijena bijega od slobode u čovjekovoj prirodi i suvremenom društvu, ali i mogućnosti oslobađanja čovjeka od tereta kojeg je postavio sam sebi. Pojmovi ljudska priroda i alijenacija Gaji Petroviću služe za produbljenje i proširenje filozofskih promišljanja o čovjeku, kako bi ponudio rješenje osnovnih problema egzistencije i društvenih odnosa. Jedna od zajedničkih točki susreta Gaje Petrovića i Ericha Fromma jest i raskorak između čovjekove biti i stvarne, praktične egzistencije. U središtu njihove filozofije je čovjek, njegova priroda i proturječnosti s kojima se suočava kao stvaralačko biće prakse. Zajedničko im je i pitanje treba li i kako ponovno koristiti dosege praktičnog uma i/ili nastaviti tamo gdje se je stalo u filozofskom konceptu otuđenog čovjeka? Hoće li razmatranje alijenacije i dezalijenacije konačno obnoviti misao o Čovjeku koji, nažalost, nije to što jest, a treba biti ono što bi mogao biti?
Penelitian ini berjudul >Dimensi Ontologis Kebebasan Menurut Erich Fromm Relevansinya bagi Pengembangan Pers di Indonesia<. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh perubahan sosial yang terjadi di Indonesia akibat reformasi, khususnya berkaitan dengan persoalan kebebasan pers. Kebebasan pers, saat ini, menjadi sarana strategis dalam mengembangkan kehidupan kebangsaan yang lebih demokratis. Namun banyak indikasi menunjukkan bahwa, makna kebebasan pers kurang dipahami, sehingga sebagian di antara ribuan penerbitan tidak lagi berperan sebagai pers yang bertanggung jawab. Oleh karena itu, sebuah pemahaman yang komprehensif tentang kebebasan manusia dan maknanya bagi kebebasan pers di Indonesia sangatlah diperlukan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menggali dan merumuskan pandangan Erich Fromm tentang makna kebebasan manusia, melakukan analisis atas dimensi ontologis yang terkandung di dalam konsep kebebasan Erich Fromm, melakukan refleksi untuk menemukan relevansi kebebasan Erich Fromm dengan pengembangan pers di Indonesia. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian pustaka yang termasuk di dalam penelitian historis-faktual, atau penelitian tentang problema filosofis. Objek material penelitian ini adalah konsep kebebasan manusia yang dikemukakan oleh Erich Fromm, sedangkan objek formalnya adalah ontologi. Unsur metodis pengkajian yang dipakai adalah deskripsi, koherensi internal, kesinambungan historis, analitika bahasa, abstraksi, hermenutika, dan heuristika. Hasil penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: (1) Erich Fromm mengartikan kebebasan sebagai orientasi struktur karakter dan sebagai kemampuan untuk memilih. Manusia modern telah berhasil meraih kebebasan negatif, >freedom from<, yakni bebas dari penentuan naluri dan belenggu alam, namun belum mampu merealisasikan kebebasan positif >freedom to< yakni untuk mencapai realisasi diri yang produktif dan kemandirian. (2) Dimensi ontologis pemikiran kebebasan Erich Fromm adalah dimensi otonomi kebebasan; dimensi dinamika kebebasan; dan materialitas kebebasan. Dilihat dari dimensi otonomi, kebebasan positif mengimplikasikan prinsip bahwa tidak ada kekuasaan yang lebih tinggi daripada diri-individu yang unik. Dilihat dari dimensi dinamika, kebebasan berkembang sesuai dengan struktur karakter manusia/masyarakat. Dilihat dari dimensi materialitas, kebebasan lebih berorientasi pada upaya pencapaian kenikmatan materi dan penguasaan alam. material. (3) Relevansi konsep kebebasan Erich Fromm bagi pengembangan kebebasan pers di Indonesia adalah: (a) bahwa dalam pengembangan pers di Indonesia, kebebasan pers dilandaskan pada dimensi otonomi kebebasan. Pers yang otonom adalah pers yang tidak ditunggangi 0leh kepentingan di luar pers; (b) bahwa kebebasan pers harus berkembang secara dinamis sesuai dengan tuntutan perkembangan zaman tanpa kehilangan karakter, identitas diri, dan idealism. (c) relevansi dimensi ontologis materialitas adalah bahwa orientasi kebebasan pers diarahkan pada peningkatan nilai-nilai yang bersifat humanis sehingga mampu mewujudkan manusia mandiri yang dapat menggunakan akal, dan kesadarannya sebagai ukuran penilaian.
Bakalářská práce se zabývá filozofií tří významných filozofů Ericha Fromma, Viktora Emanuela Frankla a Alberta Camuse. Práce je rozdělena do čtyř kapitol, ve kterých se vždy zabývám jedním problémem z pohledu všech zmíněných autorů. V závěru kapitoly je určité shrnutí těchto myšlenek a nalezení podobných znaků jejich filozofie. První kapitola je věnována problému autentického způsobu lidské existence. Ve druhé kapitole se zabývám tématem svobody, a to především, zda je či není absolutní svoboda možná. Následující kapitola řeší otázku lidské společnosti a jejího vlivu na člověka. Poslední kapitola představuje problém smrti a sebevraždy. V závěru práce jsem se pokusila o shrnutí společných bodů filozofie již zmíněných filozofů.
Filozofi si čoraz intenzívnejšie kladú otázku: V akom svete žijeme? Ktorý z nich je nám vlastný a ktorý cudzí? Čo spôsobuje odcudzenie a ako ho možno prekonať? Kult rozumu, ktorý sa zmenil na kult vedy a techniky, v ktorom sa človek namiesto autentického, neopakovateľného, slobodného prejavu stal neosobnou, funkčnou zložkou konformného správania dnešnej civilizácie, spôsobil, že intenzívnejšie prežívame pocity ohrozenia a odcudzenia. Preto sa tento problém stal premetom záujmu mnohých filozofov od Schopenhauera a Nietzscheho, ať po predstaviteľov postmoderny. Každý z nich poukazuje na povahu odcudzenia a možnosti jeho prekonania.
In today’s world characterized by changed systems of values and materialism, pedagogy should emphasize education for a positive self-image, especially in the contemporary school, whose educational goals are freedom, independence and individuality. This theoretical analysis provides a review of research on the importance and relationship of positive self-image with other factors, such as social skills and academic achievement. Simultaneously, the methods and procedures by which teachers can foster a student’s positive self-image are displayed. Although the degree of positive self-thinking is for the most part formed in interaction with other people, it is extremely important to raise students’ awareness about their own internal strengths as well as their possibility of choice. The education of a positive self-image can be considered a part of >positive pedagogy< or >positive education< which focuses on traditional skills and happiness, but also joy – fervor that accompanies being (Fromm, 2004, p. 130)
상담자는 내담자의 역기능을 탐색하여 내담자의 내적 요인인 핵심 인격을 올바른 방향으로 변화시키려고 노력하는 자이다. 상담이 내담자의 인격 변 화를 목표로 한다면 상담자는 바람직하고 성숙한 인격이 무엇인지 알고 있 어야 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 그리스도인의 성숙한 인격은 어떤 특성이어야 하는 지 연구하기 위해 성경적 관점에서의 인격이해를 살펴보았다. 또한 일 반심리학적 관점에서는 정신분석이론, 사회심리학, 그리고 성장상담학적 관 점을 중심으로 살펴보았으며, 기독교 상담학적 관점으로는 몽고메리와 쉐릴, 그리고 심수명의 견해를 중심으로 성숙한 인격에 대하여 고찰하였다. 그리고 인간은 이 땅에서는 은혜입은 죄인이기에 온전한 인격성숙에 도달 할 수 없다는 전제를 바탕으로 성숙한 인격에 대하여 다음과 같이 정리하였다. 첫째, 성숙한 사람은 십자가의 은혜와 하나님을 의지함이 없이는 한 순간도 살아갈 수 없음을 아는 자이다. 둘째, 성숙한 사람은 아가페 사랑을 근거로 자신과 타인을 사랑하는 자이다. 셋째, 성숙한사람은영성을중심으로지, 정, 의등전인의통합을추구하는 자이다.넷째, 성숙한 사람은 영적인 성숙을 바탕으로 가면적, 내면적, 관계적 인격이 조화롭게 균형 잡힌 자이다. 다섯째, 성숙한 사람은 신적 자존감을 가지고 자신과 타인을 존중하는 자이다.여섯째, 성숙한 사람은 자신의 과거와 현재를 정리하고 미래에 어떤 삶을 살아야 할지 분명한 목표의식을 가지고 살아가는 자이다.일곱째, 성숙한 사람은 유연하고 개방적인 사고를 하며 현실 상황을 객관 적으로 파악할 수 있는 자이다.여덟째, 성숙한 사람은 성경에 근거한 하나님의 뜻을 실현하는 것을 최고 의 목표로 삼는 자이다. 위의 연구 결과는 성숙한 그리스도인을 세우기 위한 과정에 도움이 될 것이다.
In 1950, Elihu Katz submitted his MA thesis called >The Happiness Game – A Content Analysis of Radio Fan Mail< at Columbia University. It was supervised by Leo Löwenthal, and drew on recently published work by Paul Lazarsfeld, Robert Merton, and Erich Fromm. The topic for the thesis came from Löwenthal, who, as Katz now recalls, was then preparing to become Director of Research for Voice of America. Somehow, he obtained from CBS, perhaps through Lazarsfeld, several thousand letters sent in to the network during the early months of 1948. He was interested in letters sent by listeners in anticipation of such mail landing on his desk in his new position. The letters were sorted into different bundles and assigned to various graduate students for analysis. It was a happy chance that the bundle assigned to Katz were letters sent in by listeners (overwhelmingly female) in response to a request from a popular radio broadcaster of the day, Ted Malone. Malone asked regular listeners to his daytime show to note whenever they felt happy across the whole of February 1948 (a leap-year) and, at the end of the month, to send him a letter telling of their happiest day. Over two thousand letters were received, and from this, a sample of 236 letters was selected and submitted to a careful content analysis which formed the substance of the thesis. Immediately following this, Katz entered the doctoral program in the Department of Sociology and began to work with Lazarsfeld, a collaboration which culminated in Katz’s work on the Decatur survey material that Lazarsfeld had commissioned in 1943. It became his doctoral thesis and was published as >Personal Influence< (1955), co-authored by Katz and Lazarsfeld – a landmark in American sociological literature.
В статье рассматриваются истоки, предпосылки и содержание политико-правовых представлений Эриха Фромма. Раскрывается понимание Э.Фроммом эволюции правосоциального характера личности, высшей ступенью в которой мыслитель считает революционный, отмечая, что революционер - это не бунтарь, вечно недовольный властью, а личность, которая стремится на основании радикально-гуманистических правовых идей переустроить общество.
Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie na przykładzie rozważań Ericha Fromma i Herberta Marcusego roli miłości w życiu współczesnego człowieka.Główny wątek, którym jest możliwość samorealizacji człowieka poprzez miłość, został ukazany na tle krytyki społeczeństwa konsumpcyjnego, będącego wytworem żarłocznego dwudziestowiecznego kapitalizmu, sprowadzającego człowieka do roli maszyny, alienującego go od pracy, innych ludzi, a w końcu od siebie samego.Wychodząc od koncepcji natury człowieka, analizuję pojmowanie miłości przez obydwu filozofów, jej wpływ na człowieka jako jednostkę, społeczeństwo i ostatecznie na całą ludzkość.Pierwsza część pracy poświęcona jest omówieniu zasad rządzących rzeczywistością społeczną oraz Marcuse’owskiej rewolucyjnej wizji przemiany represywnego społeczeństwa w królestwo Erosa.W drugiej części analizuję sposób pojmowania miłości przez Ericha Fromma w oparciu o rozważania antropologiczne i psychologiczne, w tym o teorię charakteru, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem postaw >być< i >mieć< wyznaczających sposób ludzkiej egzystencji.Na końcu porównuję stanowiska obydwu filozofów oraz podejmuję próbę odnalezienia wspólnego mianownika w koncepcjach miłości – ujmowanej jako wiązka biologicznych popędów przez Herberta Marcusego i miłości jako swoistego sposobu bycia w świecie, której twórcą jest Erich Fromm.
이 글의 주된 목적은 행복 담론의 빛과 그림자를 밝히는 것이다. 이 과정에서 나는 자유의 최대화와 폭력의 최소화에 기여하는 행복론을 지향한다. 이를 위해 나는 먼저 자유와 폭력의 변증법적 관계를 기초로(1), 에피쿠로스와 아리스토텔레스의 행복론을 비판적으로 검토한다. 이 과정에서 나는 행복론이 불행한 의식에 빠지지 않으려면 행복과 불행의 이분법을 벗어나야 하며(2), 목적이나 수단이 아니라 과정으로서 행복을 권리의 지평에서 정당화해야 한다는 입장을 제시한다(3). 나아가 나는 프롬과 마르쿠제의 긍정 심리학과 부정 심리학의 경계에서 행복론이 상실된 자아를 찾아가는 과정이 되어야 한다고 논증한다(4). 마지막으로 나는 행복 담론이 자기침잠과 자기연민에서 나와 바깥으로 나아가는 과정이 되어야 한다는 것을 밝힌다(5).
Впервые в истории мировой философии Фромм рассматривает человека в социально-психологическом аспекте. В данной статье анализируется его концепция здорового общества и душевно здорового человека, акцентируется внимание на социально-психологическом подходе к социальному характеру человека. При демократическом преобразовании общества Фромм предлагает учитывать не только экономические, политические и социальные изменения, происходящие в обществе, но и внутренние социально-психологические перемены, возникающие в социальном характере человека. Фромм рассматривает человека в целостности его существования.
Tato bakalářská práce pojednává o výkladu lásky a nenávisti, zejména na základě dvou významných psychologů Ericha Fromma a Carla Gustava Junga. V úvodu je popsána obecná charakteristika lásky a nenávisti pomocí literatury Petera Laustera či M. Scott Pecka. V práci se zaměřuji na to, jak Erich Fromm ve svých stěžejních dílech pojednává o lásce a rozebírá jednotlivé druhy lásky. Dále se věnuji tomu, co je příčinou nenávisti a destruktivity podle E. Fromma. U Carla Gustava Junga jsem se zaměřila především na archetyp anima a animus, na jejichž základě se posléze dostávám k jeho pojetí manželství jako psychologického vztahu. Nenávist jako takovou, sám o sobě Jung přímo neřeší, avšak pomocí archetypů vztahující se k temné stránce člověka, lze vyčíst, co vede jedince ke špatnému jednání. Já rozebírám konkrétně jeho pojetí archetypu stín. V závěru shrnuji veškeré poznatky získané na základě studií v této práci.
Goethe wrote: >Mankind walks steadily forward, but the person remains the same<. Customs as a normative tradition ways of behavior are the important social community and have the power to unwritten laws. Are primarily transmitted orally or by imitation, once established are very slow to change. The article discusses the problem of looking at the reality of the two opposite poles.
프롬과 마르쿠제에 의하면 우리사회의 소외문제가 심각히 대두된 배후에는 기술과 과학의 전체주의적 속성과 자본주의적 산업논리가 기술을 동원하여 인간과 사회를 폭력적으로 지배하는데 그 핵심에 있다고 보았다. 아울러 두 철학자간 유사성은 다음과 같다: 1, 사회과학적 방법론과 정신분석학을 접목시키는 학제간 연구를 연구방법론으로 채택, 2, 존재론적 측면에서 현실과 초월적 세계의 2원론적 구조를 취함, 3. 현대 기술사회를 반이성적이고 반생명적으로 봄. 또한 이들은 건전한 사회를 위한 구상 및 전망에 있어서도, 혁명적 인간상을 통해 구현하고자 하였다는 데 그 유사성을 보인다. 본 연구는 마르쿠제와 프롬 사이의 이견에도 다음과 같이 정리하였다 : 1, >소외< 개념에 있어서 마르쿠제는 일종의 퇴행이자 해결해야하는 사회구조적 병폐로 보고 있는 반면에 프롬은 마르쿠제와 달리 >사회적 병폐로서의 소외<로만 분류하지 않고 >존재론적 문제로서의 소외<로도 이해하고 있다.2, >자연< 개념을 두고 볼 때, 마르쿠제는 자연 낙관주의적 관점을 갖지만 프롬은 인간이 극복해야하는 대상으로서 인간의 삶에 부정적 대상으로 파악한다. 3, 마르쿠제는 >기술<을 원칙적으로 긍정적으로 보고 있다. 단지, 선진 산업사회의 제도적 합리성이 기술의 사용을 왜곡시키고 있다고 보았던 것에 반해, 프롬은 기술 자체를 일종의 중립적 대상으로 보고 있다.
전통유교와 현대 자유주의의 핵심적 대립은 ‘자아실현’에 대한 상이한 이해에서 비롯되는 것이었다. ‘자아실현’은 동서고금 누구나 원하는간절한 소망이라 할 수 있다. 문제는 ‘자아실현’란 본래 두 차원에서 이해할 수 있다는 점이다. 우리는 자신만의 독특한 개성을 실현하고자 원할 수도 있고, 인간의 보편적 본성을 실현하고자 원할 수도 있다. 그런데 개인의 독특한 개성만을 강조하고 인간의 보편적 본성을 무시한다면, 그 때의 자아실현이란 프롬⋅매킨타이어⋅테일러 등이 지적한 것처럼 ‘소외, 자아도취, 멋대로 자유’ 등 각종 폐단을 야기하는 것이다. 그렇다면 우리는 ‘인간의 보편적 본성’에 기초하여 ‘개인의 독특한 개성’을 발휘할 때만이 참다운 자아실현이라고 할 수 있을 것이다. 이는 인륜의 한계를 넘지 않는 범위에서 자유를 누린다는 뜻이요, 또한 가치의 객관적 척도를 존중한다는 뜻이다. 우리는 그 모범적 사례를 공자의 ‘和而不同’이나 ‘從心所欲不踰矩’에서 찾을 수 있다.
The aim of this thesis is to present the Erich Fromm's psychoanalytic concept and determine the influence of his ideas in the contemporary society. Erich Pinchas Fromm was dealing with the psychology all his life. He was trying to use psychology as a tool of the development of the human mind and not only its scientific description. In his works, Fromm emphasizes a destructive and almost pathological influence of a modern company on human individuality, necessity of self-awareness and self-intrinsic value. The centre of his psychoanalytic analysis is a human being. Fromm tries, through detailed analysis, to show the negative side of the current civilization and also attempts to outline new opportunities of change. He criticizes the prevailing orientation on modus of ownership when a man blindly chases the power, wealth and popularity. The man pays a big toll for his egoistic avarice in the form of anxiety, fear and feeling of helplessness. Fromm in detail focuses on the aspects of human personality, such as love, freedom and human naturalness in his works. The essence of Fromm's psychoanalysis is the need to arouse people to change the current state of society, which Fromm considers essentially tragic. All the Erich Fromm's work is focused on a resurgence of human society and creation of ideal of a new man. Fromm was persuaded that the revival of society is possible and necessary. The key of this revival is primarily the change of individual mind. Fromm sees hope particularly in the self-reflection of the individual, who is able to free himself from illusions of his being and in the development unrepeatable uniqueness of real human being. The main contribution of Fromm's humanistic social psychology is to help a >sick< human being to restore inner moral values, which leads to an active and meaningful life.
Сколько бы дальновидным не старался быть человек, его деятельность в большинстве случаев определяет не только его прогресс и успехи, но и новообразование проблем физического и психического характера. Психическое вмешательство не оценено, не имея под собой однозначной антропологической модели для оценки такого воздействия. На основе рассуждений Эриха Фромма о незавершенности человеческой природы сравнены два терапевтических направления: классический психоанализ и психосинтез. Принципы и методы психоаналитической практики, соотнесенные с антропологическими представлениями Эриха Фромма, являются более безопасными для человеческой антропологической неопределенности, чем психосинтез. Это преимущественно определено отсутствием в психоанализе нормальных типов и подходом к проблеме со стороны изучения патологий. Изучения в данной области должны определить развитие терапевтических направлений и вывести на первый план ряд философских вопросов о человеке.
This bachelor thesis deals with conception of various human aspects according to Erich Fromm and Herbert Marcuse. These aspects are freedom, society and human. In introduction is shortly introduced the Frankfurt school, both authors were its members and this school form them. There is mentioned freedom and her economic, religious and anthropological development in culture. Below is here shown directly evolution of human. Fromm and Marcuse go from Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx. In one chapter Fromm shows us an evolution of human character and Marcuse analyses evolution of Ego, which has to fight with Id and Superego. Chapter about society more deal with capitalism and there authors go from aforementioned Karl Marx. Fromm presents his conception of mood to have and mood to be. Marcuse shows us a technical progress in industrial society. In conclusion will be compared theory of both philosophers and it will be examined their usability at the present time.
The following >note from the field< is based off of first-hand observations and experiences had while living and working as an affiliated professor at a Chinese university. Noting the well-known political restrictions existing in China, the piece argues that against dominant Western narratives depicting a lack of freedom within China, there ostensibly appear spaces offering levels of emotional and interactional freedoms greater than what one can experience in the West. This argument is framed within the thought of Western intellectuals such as David Riesman, Erich Fromm, C. Wright Mills and Stjepan Mestrovic, and is advanced by considering the vast historical and cultural changes in recent Chinese history that have created an anomic condition in regards to newly emerging spaces made possible by vast wealth acquisition in the last several decades.
Ojciec jest pierwszym i jednym z najważniejszych mężczyzn w życiu córki. Stanowi dla niej wzór mężczyzny. Wzór ten pomaga córce w kształtowaniu wizerunku męskiego w rodzinie i poza nią (Sosnowski, 2009, s. 211). E. Fromm (2006) podkreśla, że miłość ojcowska jest wymagająca. Wymagania stawiane dziecku dotyczą odpowiedzialności, posłuszeństwa, dyscypliny, niezależności, zdolności do kierowania własnym życiem (tamże, s. 51-54). Warto poddać analizie, na ile wymagania ojca dotyczą procesu realizacji przez dziecko zadań rozwojowych, w tym - wyboru współmałżonka. Według R. Huvighursta zadanie rozwojowe pojawia się w pewnym okresie życia jednostki (dzieciństwie, adolescencji, dorosłości) i wynika z jej potrzeb (somatycznych i psychicznych) oraz wymogów społeczeństwa (Tyszkowa, 1993, s. 952). W ramach teorii Huvighursta podkreśla się, że wybór współmałżonka jest również zadaniem rozwojowym, dlatego jego niewypełnienie u większości osób skutkuje brakiem poczucia szczęścia i niespełnieniem (tamże, s. 952) (Fragment tekstu).
E. Fromm nannte die Liebe die Antwort auf die spezifische Besonderheit der menschlichen Existenz, die er in dem Bewusstsein unserer existenziellen Abgetrenntheit von der Natur und vom anderen Menschen sah. Sie ist eine Grundbedingung für eine erfüllte Existenz. Insofern wird das Unvermögen diese Abgetrenntheit zu überwinden und aus seiner einsamen Unverbundenheit herauszukommen, als tiefe narzisstische Kränkung und fortgesetzte Beschämung beschrieben, die es in einer psychotherapeutischen Behandlung zu überwinden gilt. Dazu bedarf es der Liebe. Es werden historische Entwicklungen des Umgangs mit Liebesgefühlen in der analytischen Situation beschrieben bis hin zu aktuellen intersubjektiven Interpretationen. Es wird auch Bezug genommen auf spezifische erotische Ausformungen des Übertragungs- und Gegenübertragungserlebens und es werden entsprechende behandlungstechnische Überlegungen dargestellt. Dabei wird im Besonderen auf die unterschiedlich zu handhabenden Übertragungen und entsprechenden Bedürfnisse der Patienten eingegangen: Auf die Mobilisierung früher, ödipaler Bedürfnisse ist anders therapeutisch einzugehen als auf die im Verlauf einer längeren Therapie auftretenden postödipalen, adoleszenten Bedürfnisse. Es wird dargelegt, wie wichtig es in einer gemeinsamen Inszenierung ist, dass der Therapeut, unabhängig von den an ihn gerichteten Beziehungswünschen und vom gegenseitigen Übertragungsgeschehen, ganz seiner professionellen Rolle verpflichtet bleibt.
Мелани Кляйн (1882-1960) – представитель английского психоанализа. После формирования классического психоанализа Фрейда дальнейшее его развитие пошло сразу по нескольким направлениям. Одно из них – неофрейдизм (Г. Олпорт, Э. Фромм, К. Хорни). Сторонники этого направления упрекали Фрейда в том, что он мало внимания уделял социальным аспектам. В статье делается попытка реконструкции детского поведения согласно открытиям Мелани Кляйн.
Психика человека постоянно порождает процесс очеловечивания. На земле, в небесах и на море она усматривает присутствие образа человека. Вот почему, если исходить из общей антропологической теории, а не только из соображений, навеянных концептуальным осмыслением телевидения, на экране постоянно нужен человек. Никакая выгородка, никакая бутафория, никакое множество безличной информации не может заместить потребности видеть на мерцающем квадрате живое человеческое лицо. Такова магия персонификации... Автор показывает, что это не прихоть, а всепоглощающая страсть. Может быть, это вообще глубинная человеческая потребность, некое универсальное свойство хомо сапиенс. Но правомерно ли выделять только это качество? Ведь, возможно, есть и иные, не менее значимые? Многие философы, в том числе А. Шопенгауэр, К. Ясперс, Э. Фромм и другие, пытались осмыслить природу человеческих потребностей. В статье выделяются главные человеческие потребности. Потребность в выживании, самосохранении, продолжении рода, что и говорить – важное дело. Не станешь помышлять о персонификации, если над тобой нависла угроза голода, смерти, стихийного бедствия. Все правильно. Но инстинкт самосохранения заметен у каждого животного. Нужда в пище, сексуальность, по мнению Шопенгауэра, все это естественные склонности. Потребности эти не специфически человеческие.
В статье предпринята попытка раскрыть сущность, причины и формы процессов деиндивидуализации человека в ситуации глобального социально-антропологического кризиса. В современную эпоху человек попадает в зависимость от различных форм деиндивидуализации (политических, экономических, медийных, религиозных, бытовых). Многообразие экономического предложения или политический плюрализм не обеспечивают индивидуальную свободу выбора, а, скорее, маскируют несвободу. Мыслители, писавшие о деиндивидуализации человека, выделяли в качестве главной причины неспособность и нежелание ориентироваться на возвышающие ценности. В гонке за успехом человек не может найти себя. Ни гиперторофированное Я, ни растворённое Я не приносит человеку счастья. Подобная трагическая альтернатива лежит в основе многообразных девиантных проявлений, столь частых в современном обществе. Суть процессов деиндивидуализации состоит в том, что общество в массовом масштабе подталкивает человека превращать свою личность в средство достижения успеха. Саморазвитие личности становится в этом случае фактором побочным.
This work is about criticism of consumer society, seen by eyes of Erich Fromm, Zygmunt Bauman and Gilles Lipovetsky. Erich Fromm (1900 – 1980) was German-American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist who was performing psychoanalysis practice for a long time and his thinking was affected by Karl Marx. Fromm was against capitalism, which he perceives like mentally ill, irrational society. The main point of his criticism is that modern consumer society is mainly oriented on ownership which creates its social character. In his opinion people should focus more on living than having. The way of truly being leads through the active way of living. Activity by Fromm means inner activity, a creative use of your own abilities. But for consumer society is typical working for the only one reason, which is a profit. People living in consumer society are powerless, uncertain and full of anxiety and can't use their freedom positively. Fromm compared modern human to a component which is a part of big machine. Zygmunt Bauman (1925) is English sociologist from Poland. Bauman points at transition and changes between modern and postmodern society. For actual society is typical uncertainty of the future. People misses permanent identity, they always have to changing it, depends on what takes advantage at the moment. Current human is full of uncertainty, which is caused by missing authority telling him exactly what to do. Human have to decide often on his own, but he doesn't know if his decisions will be revealed as profitable in the future. Another typical thing for Bauman's today's society is to hunt luck by shopping. People thinks that owning more stuff can make them happier. Gilles Lipovetsky (1944) is a French philosopher and sociologist. According to Lipovetsky we live in the age of emptiness and transience which is associated with decreasing of morale values and individualism. He marks actual society as hyper-consumer. People in this society are shopping mainly for themselves, not for others, to make good impression on others instead of having a good feeling from yourself. Human living in hyper-consumer society tries to get more impressions wants to improve quality of his life, taking care of his health and he wants to be young forever. Lipovetsky says, that today's man is a narcissist, hedonist and cannot stop consuming more. He is being pushed towards by desire of life, which could be found thanks to consuming way of living.
A tanulmány áttekinti a pszichoanalízis társadalomképének, a társadalmi és politikai folyamatokról alkotott felfogásának változásait az elmúlt több mint egy évszázadban. A frankfurti iskola >kritikai elméletéből<, Adorno, Erich Fromm és Wilhelm Reich munkásságából kiindulva foglalkozik a hatalmi orientáció, illetve a tekintélyelvűség problémájával. Megvizsgálja, hogy a huszadik század politikai eszméi és ideológiái (köztük a marxizmus, a szocializmus, a feminizmus, a posztmodern gondolkodás) milyen kihívásokat jelentettek a pszichoanalízis számára. Végül, felteszi azt a kérdést, hogy történelmi traumák és totalitárius diktatúrák tapasztalatai után van-e érvényes mondanivalója a pszichoanalízisnek a nem-traumatikus, demokratikus folyamatokról.
В статье рассматриваются особенности современных пограничных ситуаций в экзистенции, прослеживается раскрытие термина >пограничная ситуация<, введенного К. Ясперсом. Сопоставляются позиции экзистенциалистов Н.А. Бердяева, Л.И. Шестова, М. де Унамуно, Ж.-П. Сартра, В. Франкла, Э. Фромма. Делается вывод о том, что пограничная ситуация в экзистенции является вызовом личности, пробуждением его эмоционального мира через переживание страдания, условием становления человека и проверкой его ценностей, характера и воли.
The author makes an attempt to reconstruct profiles of a modern humanist on the basis of statements entangled into the press and social discourse. The starting point is E. Fromm’s conception related to the productive and mercenary orientation that constitute the reflection of the social context of the texts under investigation. While conducting an analysis, the author uses the tools of cultural linguistics such as perspective, point of view, profiling and a linguistic image of the world, as well as the assumptions of axiological semantics.
In the article problems connected with possibilities of analyzing human behavior in context of propensities were discussed. Main focus was put on differences in propensities with respect to sex, also in context of E. Fromm’s personality theory. Methodological issues related to propensities were presented. Definition of propensity and methods of measuring propensities were also proposed. In empirical example differences in propensity to smoke cigarettes and propensity to drink alcohol with respect to sex in Polish voivodeships in year 2004 were estimated. Also, econometric models explaining that kind of propensities were introduced.
Wer hat sich nicht schon einmal gefragt, wie es in der Vergangenheit zu faschistischen Regimes kommen konnte? Wer hat sich nicht schon einmal gefragt, ob man vieles durch andere Umständer hätte vermeiden können? Und wer hat sich nicht schon einmal gefragt, ob es in der Gegenwart oder Zukunft wieder einen Erfolg faschistischer Ideologien geben könne? Die kritische Theorie >erforscht besonders drei Sphären: die ökonomische Basis der Gesellschaft, die psychische Entwicklung des Individuums und den kulturellen Bereich<, um der Antwort näherzukommen. Ihre Grundfragen dabei sind: >Wie ist die Gesellschaft zu analysieren?< und >Wie wirken sich diese gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse auf die Entwicklung des Menschen aus?< >In einer seither nicht mehr vorgekommen Dramatik stellte sich die Frage, als in den 20er und 30er Jahren in einer Vielzahl europäischer Länder, besonders aber in Deutschland faschistische Regimes an die Macht kamen ...< . So hinterfragt auch Helmut Dubiel den autoritären Sozialcharakter in seinem Werk: >Kritische Theorie der Gesellschaft. Eine einführende Rekonstruktion von den Anfängen im Horkheimer-Kreis bis Habermas<. Er versucht dort, durch die Verbindung der Psychoanalyse mit marxistischen Theoriegrundlagen, den Erfolg faschistischer Ideologien und Regimes zu erklären. Da die psychoanalytische Theorie >weitgehend unbekannt< war und Freuds Theorie als >idealistische Abweichung< galt, blieb es laut Dubiel nur den Personen vorbehalten, die Mängel der gescheiterten Revolution zu beheben, die an keine der beiden Arbeiterbewegungen gebunden waren. [Weltbild.ch]
The main topic of this thesis is to compare the concept of freedom of three major thinkers of the twentieth century – Sigmund Freud, Erich Fromm and Zygmunt Bauman. The work consists in an attempt to find differences in approach of mentioned thinkers and in approach in individual fields to which they are classified i.e. psychology, sociology, and philosophy. The work is gradually focused on several aspects of freedom, while the majority of interpretation focuses on the modern form of freedom and finds its credibility for the modern man. The thesis also highlights the main features of freedom and its current ambivalent character. Freedom is interpreted here as a phenomenon which is an essential part of society. The modern age is characterized by a completely different freedom from the previous period and as part of a new society must be explained from a different perspective. Freedom in Freud relates to its interpretation from the perspective of human inborn instincts and biologically conditioned man who is forced to live in a civilized society that restrains him. Freud considers culture to be despotic on one side, full of cultural norms and regulations, which do not allow people to act based on their will. On the other hand he is aware that without certain limits total anarchy would prevail in the world. Fromm to certain extent distances himself from Freud's theory of instinct-driven man, whose naturalness makes him to meet the needs associated with libido saturation, and embeds freedom in the broader social standards and historical coherence. Fromm proceeds from the time since the man was not a single individual to a modern industrial society in which individualism is the main theme and freedom seems to be an ambiguous phenomenon. With the rise of capitalism the man gained freedom to decide but on the other hand he began to feel helpless and alone. According to Fromm man is determined by culture and social motivation drives him. Freedom is possible in a society where every individual and his growth and happiness is primary objective and purpose.
Fromm´s theory is followed by contemporary sociologist Zygmunt Bauman who understands freedom as ambivalently as his predecessor. In a capitalist society almost everyone of us is free, we have a choice of many options, which brings Fromm´s theory is followed by contemporary sociologist Zygmunt Bauman who understands freedom as ambivalently as his predecessor. In a capitalist society almost everyone of us is free, we have a choice of many options, which brings discomfort associated with the act of decision-making. In this sense he has in mind a society that has been in the last few decades radically transformed. When he talks about consumer freedom he thinks of present form of capitalism that was transformed from production stage to consumption stage. So consumer freedom, which depends on market, dominates today´s entire society.
우리나라의 근대 학교교육은 초기에는 생존을 위한 기술을 중시하였고, 생존의 문제가 어느 정도 해결되자 경제적인 부(富)와 명예를 보장하는 지식을 중시하였다. 보다 유용한 지식의 추구에서 경쟁이 일상화되었고 이로 인해 여러 부분에서의 발전이 이루어졌으나 간과할 수 없는 격차와 소외 또한 발생하였다. 본고에서는 Erich Fromm이 『소유냐 존재냐』에서 경고한 바와 같이 현재 학교와 사회가 직면하고 있는 인간소외 현상은 교육이 지식을 소유하고 소비하는 대상으로 간주하여 발생하는 것으로 보았다. 이를 극복하기 위해서는 존재에 관심을 돌려 교육주체의 체험과 실천을 통해 주체를 성장하게 하고 그들이 자신들의 존재를 찾고 삶의 의미를 구성하는데 주력해야 하는데 가장 적절한 수단으로 Jerome S. Bruner가 논의한 내러티브를 탐구하였다. 본 연구는 1980년대 중반 Bruner의 인식론에 변화가 생긴 시기를 기점으로 전기의 대표적인 교육이론인 ‘지식의 구조’와 후기의 대표적인 교육이론인 ‘내러티브’의 특징과 상호관련성을 살펴보았고 내러티브가 학교교육에 주는 시사점을 고찰하였다.
l objetivo de este artículo es realizar una contribución tanto sustantiva como epistemológica al estudio de la punitividad estatal y pública. Epistemológicamente, se desarrolla un argumento a favor de la utilización del psicoanálisis y especialmente la vertiente >materialista< de Fromm. Sustantivamente y por medio de convocar el psicoanálisis frommiano a dialogar con las visiones de las economías políticas del castigo contemporáneo, el objetivo es trazar las formas en las que la penalidad contribuye a un proyecto más amplio de dominación estatal sobre el público en los Estados Unidos y Gran Bretaña bajo las condiciones del capitalismo neoliberal. Se le presta particular atención en este sentido a los temas poco estudiados hasta aquí de la producción política del apoyo de las clases medias a las políticas punitivas y el rol crucial que ha jugado en este proceso la posición privilegiada otorgada al delito violento de la calle en el dominio público. El artículo argumenta que la penalidad neoliberal y sus efectos políticos requieren necesariamente lo que ha sido típicamente teorizado como los lenguajes y operaciones moralmente neutrales y desapasionadas del gerencialismo. Concluye reclamando un quiebre con respecto a los dos enfoques dominantes acerca de la responsabilidad de las elites por la punitividad pública: >punitividad populista< y >populismo penal<. A partir del trabajo de Fromm sobre el carácter social de las clases dominantes, se plantea que la auto legitimación y sus bases narcisistas son claves para comprender las acciones e inacciones de las elites.
Although the once wildly popular writings of Erich Fromm have fallen into desuetude in the 21st century, Fromm remains a relevant figure for anyone interested in the interpenetrating fields of psychoanalysis, cultural criticism, personal spiritual development and civic engagement in domestic and international affairs. For that reason, his thought is eminently worthy of being revisited. At least that is the claim of Lawrence J. Friedman in his new biography, >The Lives of Erich Fromm: Love’s Prophet<.
The aim of this short contribution is to present a summary of the decision problem within the profession of the pedagogue, and the fundamental role of the abduction (>απαγωγή<, retroduction) process in its proper context, in professional practice of the pedagogue, as in all professional practice involving the social and professional pedagogy. Pedagogy is a field for reflection, application and commitment or engagement to education. Moreover, pedagogy is establishing itself as a profession, the profession of the pedagogist (not of the educator, who is a different figure), in the socio-health, intellectual, cultural and aid profession field, even in spite of heavy delays and failures of the Italian laws and the resistance of professional groups related but already recognized both by law and by society. The so-called >pedagogical interlocution< is a paradigmatic form of the professional pedagogical practice. Decision in professional pedagogy, properly speaking, must be reached by the interlocutor(s), who must debate and develop it, with the aid of the professional pedagogue. Abduction is not a valid syllogism: it concerns a possible example of a general case or of a rule, who's the actual pertinence to this general case or this rule is mediated by the professional or expert assumptions. The professional approach of the pedagogue, from methodological point of view, is casuistic (case based) and situational as a form of aid given to the person, alternative and other than to the statistical-operational methodology that addresses rather to populations composed of individuals. Cases of general interest in professional pedagogy can be labeled as >casuistries< or >case study< categories. A good collection of casuistries-case study categories is provided by Erich Fromm, concerning the problems of family education; and by Viktor E. Frankl in his search for sense, Lebenssinn or λόγος. A further range of examples of categories based on case studies which can be dealt with a pedagogical professional methodology are the life and studies orientation problems. A fourth class of examples, applicable differently but methodologically similar, offers to us the autogenic training, particularly the choice of the propositional formula, called and eventually repeated both in the opening and in the closure, which must be adapted to the particular case of each single person; and this can be considered a specific pedagogical competence as the gradual training to the technique proposed by Johannes Heinrich Schultz reveals to be. Professional pedagogy, by this way, can make an important and an authentic and specific contribution to general discussion about decision in the social, human and cultural sciences (or Human-, Sozial-, Geisteswissenschaften).
В статье анализируются работы зарубежных и отечественных теоретиков личности, представляющих различные психологические направления, в которых присутствует обращение к проблеме зависти. Проблема зависти обсуждается в рамках классического психоанализа (З. Фрейд, М. Кляйн), индивидуальной психологии (А. Адлер), аналитической психологии (К. Юнг), концепции гуманистического психоанализа (Э. Фромм), социокультурной теории (К. Хорни), эго-теории (Э. Эриксон, А. Питерс), диспозиционального направления (Г. Олпорт, Р. Кеттелл), гуманистической психологии (А. Маслоу), экзистенциональной психологии (В. Франкл). Показывается, что в отечественных теориях личности проблема зависти находит свое отражение в трудах А.А. Бодалева, В.Н. Мясищева, В.Н. Панферова, А.В. Петровского. Цель. Осуществить анализ психологических теорий личности на предмет выявления специфики представлений о психологической сущности и истоках зависти. Метод. Теоретический анализ и систематизация научных данных. Результаты. Выявлена разрозненность и неоднородность научных пред-ставлений о зависти, что, с одной стороны, позволяет взглянуть на нее с разных углов зрения, а с другой – противодействует интеграции знаний о зависти в единую теоретическую систему.
Norbert Elias, Erich Fromm, and Theodor Adorno all crossed paths at the University of Frankfurt in the pivotal period of the early 1930s, all were haunted by Nazism, and each produced remarkable chapters in the social psychology of authoritarianism. Adorno’s (co-authored) >The Authoritarian Personality< (1950) was the most influential, but perhaps only at the cost of downplaying or hiding underlying theoretical and political interests during a period of significant professional constraints. Currently none of these contributions enjoys much attention, despite enduring academic, political, and national security interests in understanding the origins and nature of popular political ideologies characterized by uncritical submission to militant and intolerant politics. This chapter surveys the neglected social psychologies of authoritarianism offered by Elias and Fromm and offers comparisons and contrasts between these two contributions, and also the more famous publication: >The Authoritarian Personality<. Elias’s >The Germans< is revealed to have many overlooked and lasting virtues, especially its abilities to avoid troubling reifications and to offer insights that more easily transcend the particular traditions of psychoanalysis, Marxism, and positivism.
В статье рассматривается использование марксисткой концепции отчуждения в >Обществе спектакля< Ги Дебора для описания ситуации, возникшей в ХХ веке, когда появились новые формы отчуждения, основанные на навязывании престижных потребностей. Именно консьюмеризм становится важнейшей опорой существующего порядка. Ги Дебор считает, что общество потребления можно одновременно описать и как общество спектакля, который стал тотальным. Концепция Ги Дебора рассматривается в контексте предшествовавшей и последующей историографии: работ Т. Веблена, Г. Маркузе, Э. Фромма.
Rand’s triadic model is particularly germane to understanding Fitzgerald’s Bernice Bobs Her Hair. I will discuss Fitzgerald’s characters, their worlds, and beliefs in terms of the conflicts between the three types of people: >Being,< >Having,< and >Doing.< I will also explain why Fitzgerald presents his characters the way he does and examine how Rand’s theory influences his narrative point of view.
Die Überlegungen von Erich Fromm bezüglich eines Lebens im Konsum und einem Leben im Sein sind in Zeiten wie den unseren nötiger denn je. In dieser Hausarbeit werden seine Gedanken zusammengefasst und kommentiert.Unsere Gesellschaft versucht den Spagat zwischen maximalem Konsum und Umweltschutz. Dieser Spagat ist nach Erich Fromm unmöglich. Die Probleme der heutigen Gesellschaft führt er auf die Lebensweise des Habens zurück, womit sich die Umweltverträglichkeit bei gleichzeitig maximalem Konsum ausschließt. Durch psychoanalytische Methoden versuchte er die empirische Grundlage zur Unterscheidung von der Lebensweise des Habens von der des Seins zu ermitteln. Was sind das für Lebensweisen, die nach Fromm für das Scheitern oder das Gelingen unserer Gesellschaft verantwortlich sind? [Buecher.de]
The research questions of the article are: What takes place in the professional cooperative work of including children with special needs in kindergartens and in counteracting exclusive process? How are views on children and ethics expressed through practice and in reflections on practice among the staff in kindergarten? What constitutes >pedagogical presence<, >attentive love< and children's participation in developing pedagogical practice? A common understanding of these concepts are highlighted by Fromm's understanding of >being-mode< and >having-mode< as different modes of orientation toward ourselves and the world. The article draws on critical social theory on preschool education and is based on empiric findings from ethnographic studies in two kindergartens. While planning and regulating the practice according to a biased view on >what children need< earlier were main topic in the kindergartens studied, now concentration on listening to and >reading< the children is focused, and thus expansion of the interests and questions the children themselves bring in is facilitated. The new practice can be seen as a resistance movement against the growth of an instrumental and technical approach to preschool education the last years.
Resulting from the prevalence of hedonistic egoism within the youth culture and the media targeted to this demographic, this essay offers a brief discussion of hedonistic egoism absent in much of contemporary ethics. Analyzing Fred Feldman’s pure hedonism as discussed in >Pleasure and the Good Life: Concerning the Nature, Varieties, and Plausibility of Hedonism<, hedonistic egoism is defined as an extension of Feldmanian pure hedonism. Discussing the use of hedonistic egoism in modern society by certain societal groups, especially adolescents and young adults, as a means to seek freedom from certain societal authorities such as the law, or at least portions of it, the differences between negative and positive freedom are explored using Erich Fromm’s >Escape from Freedom<. It is then argued that when hedonistic egoism is used by individuals to seek freedom, whether it be negative or positive, certain paradoxes arise. Firstly, negative freedom, if existent, will exist merely psychology while, secondly, so far that pleasure and pain act as new authorities and egoism is present, positive freedom becomes an impossibility.
In his path-breaking analysis of the formation of an ideological >white< self-consciousness among American workers in the nineteenth century, David Roediger relies on a theoretical synthesis of historical materialism and psychoanalysis. This paper explores the parallels in methodology and content between Roediger’s work and the critical theory of Max Horkheimer, Erich Fromm, and Herbert Marcuse, which was also based on a synthesis of Marx and Freud. The paper seeks to place Roediger’s arguments in a broader theoretical context and to highlight the ongoing relevance of early Frankfurt School critical theory to contemporary discussions in critical race theory.
Erich Fromm analyzed how man is divided in his sense of true self. This division within forces him to cling to abstract and concrete entities outside of himself and Fromm calls this >transference< which he, after all, borrowed from Freud. This transferring of man’s individuality to outside forces brings temporary relief to his experience of powerlessness and loneliness. The transference makes man acquire a masochistic character wherein he submits himself to outside irrational forces that perpetually dehumanize him. This is the reason why his ethics is a struggle to bring back the power of man within, nursing his potentialities to change himself and transform his world. Ethics, for Fromm, is a form of normativity which leads man into freedom to fully actualize his own sense of self.
Particularmente devido às inovações técnicas, estamos testemunhando uma realidade sem limites crescente que se reflete cada vez mais em um esforço interno para nos livrarmos das limitações e fronteiras de nossa própria personalidade, reconstruindo-a novamente. Essa busca des-limitação, dissolução e indefinição dos imites é vista como um traço de caráter central do caráter social Ego-orientado. Tal fabricação de uma personalidade ilimitada sem dúvida resulta em um enfraquecimento de tais habilidades psíquicas como experimentar a si mesmo como uma entidade consistente e ambígua, estar emocionalmente ligado a si mesmo e aos outros, sentir seus próprios esforços, afetos e emoções, e ser guiado por alguém normas e valores internalizados. Por fim, discute-se o impacto dessa formação de caráter no que diz respeito às questões clínicas e terapêuticas.
弗洛姆认为,现代资本主义社会已经由>生产时代<发展到>消费时代<,异化也由原来的>劳动异化<深化为>消费异化<。>消费异化<是现代资本主义特有的产物,它的产生有深刻的社会根源和人性的根源。处在消费异化中的人变成了一台贪婪的消费机器。他们是商品,没有思想和情感,没有尊严和人格,也没有民主和自由。他们生活在资本主义社会编织的一个又一个谎言中,屈于匿名的权威而不自知,还以为自己是独立、有个性、有自由的幸福的人。此外,消费异化还给现代人带来了严重的毁灭性的生存危机。弗洛姆为人的这种消费异化境遇感到非常担忧。为了人类的生存和人类的真正幸福,他对消费异化的种种表现进行深刻揭示,并力图寻找一条扬弃消费异化阳光大道,建立一个健全社会。他认为,要实现这个目标就必须从经济、政治、文化及人的心理层面几个方面进行全面地改革。为此,他从这几个方面提出了一套扬弃异化的方案。弗洛姆对资本主义社会的异化现象的分析是很深刻和细致的,象一把利刃直入资本主义社会的心脏。他的理论不仅为社会心理和社会性格的分析给理论研究提供一个独特的视角,也为我们如何建立一个和谐的社会提供有益的启示,贡献是显著的。
Converging Self - Other Awareness: Erich Fromm and Paulo Freire on Transcending the Fear of Freedom
(2013)
Different theoretical perspectives have been developed within the psychology framework for the analysis of the authoritarian phenomenon. They constituted some of the background lines of what would afterwards be considered as the field of Political psychology. The first approach takes place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century’s, along with group psychology, where authoritarianism is studied as an emergent behavior of crowds. Subsequently, developments in authoritarian personality suggest a change in the analysis axes by studying the phenomenon in an intra-individual way. A third perspective arises with the cognitive approach, represented by the concept of dogmatism, which emphasized the study of beliefs and the way in which individuals defend them. Parallel to this approach, advances in the field of Experimental Psychology on obedience, account for the situation in the authoritarian phenomenon. Later on, the study of authoritarian personality is taken up once more with the concept of right-wing authoritarianism, which is defined as the individual differences in the covariation of three attitudinal clusters (authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression and conventionalism). Finally, the most recent perspective for the study of the phenomenon suggests rethinking rightwing authoritarianism as an intergroup phenomenon, since its three attitudinal clusters account for a group phenomenon, plus a personality trait. The main objective of this paper is to critically review each of the six perspectives which have approached the study of authoritarianism as psycho-political phenomena, showing its peculiarities as well as its differences so as to finally consider which of those are still acceptable alternatives for the interpretation of this phenomenon.
埃利希•弗洛姆是20世纪著名的心理学家、哲学家和社会学家,也是一个西方马克思主义者、法兰克福学派的主要代表人物以及新弗洛伊德学派创始人。他的一生理论建树颇丰,其中最值一提的便是其健全社会思想,弗洛姆试图以此来警醒世人需重新审视我们所处的生活世界。虽然弗洛姆批判的是现代西方资本主义社会的诸多弊端,但同样也为我们提供了评判我们当下的社会是否健全的一个新视角,这也是本论文选择这一思想作为研究对象的主要动因。本论文首先从社会背景、理论渊源、形成过程和理论构架等四个方面入手,力图全面展现弗洛姆健全社会思想的总体概貌。在此基础上,本论文分别从人性、社会性格、社会心理和情感等四个维度,重点讨论弗洛姆对于现代西方社会全面异化的批判以及其关于健全社会构建的理论设想和实现途径。在弗洛姆看来,表面繁华的现代资本主义社会实际上是一个病态社会,而人性异化、社会性格的异化、社会心理的异化以及情感的异化则是现代资本主义社会不健全的根源。因此,要想真正治疗这种病态社会,就必须诊断出它的病源,即人性、社会性格、社会心理和情感等何以在现代资本主义社会中被异化;健全的人性、社会性格、社会心理和情感对于健全社会的构建究竟具有什么样的价值。总之,弗洛姆就是在全面批判现代资本主义病态社会的基础上,力图从人性、社会性格、社会心理和情感这四个方面探讨构建健全社会的合理途径。也可以说,这四个方面集中体现了弗洛姆对西方病态社会>破<与>立<的诊断和治疗。总体而言,弗洛姆的健全社会思想具有四个明显的理论特征:目标规划的乌托邦色彩、价值取向的伦理道德性、实现途径的主观革命论以及理论方法的抽象批判性。其在理论上的创见,就在于将弗洛伊德的精神分析法引入关于健全社会的思考中,在融合弗洛伊德的精神分析理论与马克思社会理论的基础上,对现代资本主义社会的异化问题予以批判性剖析,进而归纳出现代资本主义社会四种具体的异化现象,为我们揭示了现代西方社会病态的真相,提供了理解当代资本主义变化实质的新视角;同时,在理论体系上创造性地提出弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义,推进了当代国外马克思主义理论的多元化发展。当然,弗洛姆的健全社会思想也有其理论局限性,主要表现为:理论立场上的唯心主义倾向和对人的心理因素的社会作用过度夸大,从而贬低和否定了社会历史规律的根本作用;在批判方法上囿于认识论视域的分析,而忽视马克思主义实践论视域的批判,陷入了道德教化之误区。
Kevin B.Anderson and Russell Rockwell, Lexington Books (Apr. 杜娜叶夫斯卡碰 (Raya Dunayevskaya,1910—1987) 系马克思主义人道主义者、女权主义哲学家。本书的研究对象是她和另两位思想家H?马尔库塞(Herbert Marcuse,1898—1979)、E.弗洛姆 (Erich Fromm,1900—1980)在1954—1978 年间的往来书信。在本书中, K.B.安德森 (Kevin B. Anderson) 和R洛克威尔 (Russell Rockwell) 重点概括了这些书信中关于理论与政治的对话,话题涉及辩证的社会理论
作为新加坡英语文学的先驱者之一,吴宝星非常关注新加坡后殖民社会中人的生存状态。他的第一部小说《假如我们梦太久》关注人类的异化和孤独,被认为是新加坡英语文学的第一部小说。该书描写了独立不久各式各样的新加坡人充满怀疑和不确定的生活。随着中国与东盟国家对话和交往的发展,国内已有学者关注新加坡文学,但是对新加坡英语文学的研究比较少,目前国内还没有学者对此书进行研究。笔者通过阅读发现《假如我们梦太久》中表现出来的异化主题。本文运用马克思、弗洛姆和存在主义者的异化理论,通过对小说中主人公光萌的异化分析,揭示了1965年新加坡独立后普通新加坡人的生存状态和社会现实,并为后来的研究者提供一个研究方向。异化是文学史上最早涉及的主题之一。二十世纪早期,现代主义运动极大的改变了西方文化对文学的理解,很多作家从不同角度探索人的异化现象,展现人内心的精神危机。本文从三方面解读《假如我们梦太久》这部小说中所表现的异化主题。首先,剖析主人公光萌异化的表现,这种人物的异化包含了自我异化、人际关系异化以及人与外部世界的异化。其次,分析主人公光萌异化的原因。个人内部因素与外部现实的综合作用导致了人的异化。最后,对人物在自我认同和消除异化所采取的办法提出建议。弗洛姆认为工作与爱是克服异化最有效的途径。通过采取行动与外部世界和解,负担起自己对家庭的责任,光萌开始努力追寻自我认同,找到生活的意义。通过进一步分析,本文发现吴宝星的作品中反映了20世纪60年代末新加坡的社会现实问题,如人际关系淡漠,人内心的孤独和精神危机等,这些问题令人深思。人的内心世界和人性在其作品中得到了充分的体现。吴侧重于描写新加坡普通人的生活,通过其独特的视角,表现对社会中那些边缘人和局外人的关注和同情。吴希望自己的作品能反映新加坡的独特现实,引起大家对现实和未来的思考和关注,共同创造一个更好的新加坡。
罗伯特•佩恩•沃伦是美国二十世纪著名的多产作家,他善于通过小说中的人物来展现现代人的精神困境和生存状态。《国王的人马》(1946)正是这样一部作品,它对杰克和威利两名主人公对待自由的态度的描写反映了现代人在追求自由的过程中遇到的困境。在弗洛姆>逃避自由<的理论中,自由分为>积极自由<与>消极自由<两种,小说中的主人公杰克和威利都曾因在消极自由的状态中无法继续生存而选择逃避自由,从而得到暂时的依赖和安全感。杰克的逃避方式是臣服于权威,威利则是成为主宰他人的权威,虽然方式不同,但他们都在逃避自由的过程中缓解了孤独,却丧失了真实的自我。杰克通过努力最终获得了积极自由,而威利则在逃避中走向了最终的毁灭。沃伦在《国王的人马》中试图告知我们这样一个道理:只有像杰克一样敢于面对真实的自我,才能得到真正的自由。
舍伍德•安德森的《小镇畸人》以充满感情的笔触描述了十九世纪后期美国中西部小镇的生活风貌。小镇上的居民饱受清教道德规范和资本主义价值观的双重压迫,他们疏于交际,思想和行为十分古怪,他们与自身和小镇上其他居民的关系发生了异化。安德森通过描写这些怪人的外貌和拙于交际来表现他们精神上的异化,在那个日益冷漠的社会里,个人的内心充满矛盾。在《小镇畸人》中,困扰个人的一个核心问题就是他们的本能冲动与他们的价值观念之间的冲突。他们内心希望采取行动克服异化,但他们的能力和欲望都受到了压制。本文采用存在主义哲学家萨特、弗洛姆和塞曼的观点解析《小镇畸人》中的异化现象。萨特强调人的主观意识在人的异化过程中的作用。他认为,人的痛苦源自他意识到自己在受折磨。他还指出,人害怕面对>他者<。人在面对>他者<时会感到自己是异类,无法找到归属感和安全感。萨特还指出人会被迫接受错误的价值观念,导致自身异化,他把这种行为定义为>不诚<(bad faith)。本文试图应用萨特的异化理论分析《小镇畸人》中人物异化的根源。埃里希•弗罗姆在分析人的异化原因时,强调缺乏归属感是导致人异化的重要因素。他认为人需要归属感,渴望被他人接受,被他人需要,为了找到这种归属感,人不得不背弃本我,遵从被社会普遍接受的价值观念和道德规范,而这种屈从最终导致了人的异化。梅尔文•塞曼借鉴了马克思和埃米尔•迪尔凯姆的异化理论,提出异化的>五维度<:权力缺乏、意义丧失、规范缺失、社会隔离、自我疏远。异化的这五个方面在《小镇畸人》中均有所体现,本文也要借鉴塞曼的观点来分析《小镇畸人》中人物的异化。本文结合存在主义哲学家的异化理论和安德森对当时文化的理解,探究导致小镇居民异化的根源。造成小镇居民异化的罪魁祸首是工业化和清教主义。受资本主义金钱至上价值观的影响,小镇居民盲目追求物质财富,人与人之间的关系变得冷漠,爱的丧失是导致他们异化的根本原因。在高度发达的机器工业面前,小镇居民感觉自己微不足道,无力掌握自己的命运,对自身价值的否认和无能感也导致了他们的异化。在多重价值观的冲击下,小镇居民信仰的动摇以及面对他者时的困惑与恐惧也是导致他们异化的主要因素。他们拙于辞令,生性懦弱,不敢把自己的想法告诉他人,这也阻碍了他们之间的相互理解。他们无法在自己的本能欲望与信仰之间找到平衡,在新时代中找不到生命的意义,从而产生失落感,这些都是导致他们异化的重要因素
卡森麦卡勒斯(1917-1967)作为20世纪美国南方作家中的重要一员,以其作品独特的艺术风格和深刻的思想内涵而在美国文坛上占据重要一席。在她的五部小说作品中,最能代表其创作特色、也最为人所称道的是其中三部:《心是孤独的猎手》、《婚礼的成员》和《伤心咖啡馆之歌》。孤独是世界文学史长河中永恒的话题,亦是麦卡勒斯所擅长表现的领域。由于其特殊的成长经历,麦卡勒斯对隔离、孤独的理解和体验比任何人都深刻,在表达孤独这一主题时,再也没有人能像她那样>集中而有力,富于戏剧冲突和悲剧音调<①。麦卡勒斯的作品以工业化社会为背景,深刻描写了人类对未知命运和自我丧失的内心恐惧,突出表现了机械化社会之下人类陷入更加孤独的精神状态。在麦卡勒斯的作品中,我们不仅看到孤独所蕴含的人类本质意义上的精神隔绝,同时更能体会到其孤独书写中所传达出的强烈的批判现实意义。本文将围绕麦卡勒斯的三部代表作品,即,长篇小说《心是孤独的猎手》、《婚礼的成员》及中篇小说《伤心咖啡馆之歌》,采用文本分析的方法,首先分析作者孤独主题所呈现的具体方面,无论是环境、人物还是事件,都深深地刻上了孤独的烙印;其次从社会历史、文学传统及作者成长经历的角度追寻孤独主题确立之成因;最后再借助作家的创作理论及美国社会心理学家弗洛姆相关理论,进一步探究作品所体现出的批判现实意义。作者的孤独意识并非简单的、封闭的,她的创作是为了指向现实,为了帮助人们摆脱生存与苦难的困境,摆脱沉重的孤独意识,走向更美好的明天。
>无意识<在西方这一概念已经有着悠久的历史。很多哲学家、心理学家都对无意识有过关注和探究,但只有弗洛伊德赋予无意识以重要地位,使得无意识成为人类精神发展史上的一个重要领域①。无意识理论产生和发展对西方哲学、艺术及社会文化的发展都产生了巨大的影响。弗洛伊德对无意识发展的巨大贡献,在于他发现在人的精神生活中起决定作用的并非我们所熟知的意识,而是一种潜藏在意识之下并截然不同于传统理性的无意识。而弗洛伊德的精神分析学也正是建立在无意识的基础之上的。在弗洛伊德学说的基础上,荣格从原始神话和意象的角度重现研究,提出>集体无意识<,给无意识理论注入了新的内涵。在传统的精神分析学一蹶不振的时候,法国精神分析学家拉康提出>回到弗洛伊德的著作中<的口号,对其无意识学说加以改造并拓展,将无意识置入结构主义中来研究,修正了弗洛伊德的理论,给无意识理论注入了新的活力。无意识理论的研究逐渐渗透至文化社会领域。人本主义哲学家弗洛姆在吸收了精神分析的无意识理论的同时也对荣格的集体无意识提出怀疑,主张将无意识回归到现实经验当中,因此把无意识研究置入到人类社会结构中,创立了社会无意识理论。后现代理论活跃的的时代,新马克思主义者詹姆逊博采众说,把精神分析理论的无意识概念融入到马克思主义的社会政治学说中,.兼容其他观点,提出了>政治无意识<,为马克思主义的文化阐释学提供了一种新的借鉴方法。无意识理论的变迁轨迹清晰地显现在我们的眼前。本论文通过论述无意识理论在西方发展的几个不同阶段:弗洛伊德的>个体无意识理论<、荣格的>集体无意识理论<、拉康的>文化无意识理论<、弗洛姆的>社会无意识理论<、詹姆逊的>政治无意识理论<,并对这一理论得以发展的原因进行具体解析,以期从宏观上把握无意识理论在西方的大体发展脉络,明晰无意识理论的变迁轨迹。理论的价值还在于对实际的指导,因此论文从文化、.哲学、艺术及社会等不同角度来论述西方无意识理论的价值。关于西方无意识理论问题的研究,不仅具有重要的理论意义,而且具有广泛的实践应用价值。
戴维•洛奇所著的《小世界》是他的校园小说代表作,一经出版就引发了文学评论界的热切关注,国内外文学评论家们从多种角度对其进行了研究,已经取得了不少可喜的成果。本文拟在现有研究的基础上,以《小世界》为研究对象,运用异化理论和知识分子理论,采用理论阐释与文本分析相结合的方法,对小说所描摹的当代知识分子存在状态进行分析,目的是深层解读洛奇通过对知识分子异化现象的揭示赋予该小说主题思想的社会批判意义。异化理论为文学文本批评提供了新的视角。在弗洛姆看来,现代社会中人的异化不可避免,人与自身、人与他人的关系都被异化了。作为现代社会的一员,知识分子也难逃被异化的命运。与此同时,知识分子理论也被广泛用于文学文本的分析。该理论以其对真正知识分子的定义为揭示当代知识分子的价值观形成参照。因此,本研究首先基于以下假设:《小世界》中知识分子的异化现象在当代社会具有普遍性;现今知识分子已经丧失了他们的祖辈所建立的高尚价值观,因此与真正的自我形成了异化关系。以上述假设为出发点,本研究通过对《小世界》中的知识分子与真正知识分子的异化、与自己和与他人异化的研究得出以下结论:在现代社会中,由于社会发展的影响和受制于知识分子圈的种种规则,知识分子摒弃了他们本该恪守的高尚价值观,内心为物欲所辖制,于不自觉中把自己归于市场上的>物品<,不仅异化了自我,也演绎了一个可用于消费主义视角分析的文学主题。本文的研究结果将有助于提高批评家与读者对《小世界》所揭露的异化现象的认识,使他们将该小说与当代社会的知识分子现状进行类比。和洛奇以知识分子异化主题的表现赋予小说的现实主义倾向一样,本研究的社会意义也由此可见一斑。
厄内斯特•海明威是美国当代著名小说家,诺贝尔文学奖获得者。《老人与海》是他晚期的一部重要作品。《老人与海》一经发表,在美国立即引起轰动,在中国也一直受到外国文学研究者的关注,但对这部小说的孤独主题的研究却不多见。本文通过分析《老人与海》的孤独主题,探索走出孤独的出路。论文分六个部分,引言主要介绍厄内斯特•海明威及前人对《老人与海》的研究;第一章运用弗洛姆关于孤独的理论,探究海明威孤独的原因;第二章研究孤独在小说中的成因与具体体现;第三章分析作者表现孤独的艺术手法,作者运用意识流和象征手法表现孤独;第四章探究孤独的人文价值,鼓励人们积极地看待孤独,并在孤独中实现自我;最后论文的结语指出:海明威是一个孤独的作家,海明威式的孤独深藏于>硬汉<气概之下。孤独是整个人类而临的共同处境,因而对孤独的研究亦具有普遍意义。孤独的积极意义不可忽视。人们不需要一味逃避孤独,要学会静享孤独,在孤独中实现自我价值。
菲利普•罗斯是杰出的美国犹太小说家。自1959年至今,五十余年中他笔耕不辍,塑造了一个个鲜活的人物形象,赢得了国内外学者、评论家的关注和好评。《美国牧歌》于1998年荣获普利策奖。它的出版标志着菲利普•罗斯的创作生涯迎来了新的高峰。国内外对《美国牧歌》的研究主要集中在作品主题思想以及创作技巧等方面。本论文尝试使用弗洛姆的人本主义理论,主要关注《美国牧歌》中体现的人类生存困境和不健全的人两个方面。本论文共分为五个部分,包括引言、理论介绍、两章正文和结论部分。第一章是引言,介绍菲利普•罗斯的生活经历、主要作品、小说《美国牧歌》的故事梗概以及《美国牧歌》的国内外研究情况,并且提出了本论文的研究意义及主要论点。第二章是理论介绍,介绍弗洛姆的生平及其人本主义理论。本章对人本主义理论的介绍主要包括该理论形成的影响因素、现代人的生存困境、现代人的需求以及不健全的人四个方面。第三、四章是论文的主体部分。第三章主要分析了《美国牧歌》中人物所面临的生存困境。在美国这片梦想成真的土地上,人们有信心能够创造自己的美好生活,但是在衰老、疾病及社会动荡等因素的综合作用下,人又受困于对死亡的忧虑。崇尚自由的现代社会给人们提供了追求幸福的机会,然而,自由的另一面却是各种社会冲突事件的频发,人们在冲突中处于一种孤立无援的境地。第四章主要分析了《美国牧歌》中不健全人的具体行为表现。当社会不能满足人的各种生存的需求时,人们表现出了对自由的逃避和人际关系的异化。求同和破坏是人们摆脱孤独,重拾安全感的两种方式。另外,人际交往中倡导的>市场倾向<评价标准导致了人们的异化关系。第五章是结论。本部分总结全篇,作者认为罗斯和弗洛姆都关注人在社会中的命运和生存状态。社会的发展尽管要追求物质利益,但是发展始终要以人为本,关怀人性,从而实现人的健康发展。
人类社会的历史就是不断争取自由解放的历史。个人的诞生、人类社会的出现使人们摆脱了传统的束缚,获得了自由的胜利,但是又因为对未来的不确定感和恐惧,将辛苦获取的自由拱手让出,依附于新的权威以获得心理上暂时的安全感,弗洛姆在分析这种心理形成机制的基础上,形成了关于现代人>逃避自由<的思想。在此之上,弗洛姆指出了人的真正自由之道即对积极自由的追求和自我的实现。弗洛姆明确提出自由是一种态度,是从对立的可能性中做出选择的能力,是成为自身的可能性,也是一个自我实现的机会,而这些观点与西方语境下的>个人主义<所要求的人的尊严、自主、隐私和自我发展是相一致的。个人主义强调个人的重要性,强调在社会面前保持自我,而弗洛姆的自由观就是将个人、个人发展以及个人的自我实现放在首位的自由观,即是提倡个人主义的自由观。且个人是自由的立足点,个人主义是自由的基础理论,没有个人之发展就无自由之发展。因此,弗洛姆的自由观是立足于个人的自由观,是建立在个人主义之上的自由观,是个人主义自由观。