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(Foreword, Arabic)
(2013)
(Foreword, Arabic)
(2013)
A importância da teoria humanista existencial psicanalítica e a linguagem corporal dos sonhos
(2013)
Music has the uncanny potential to transport its listeners to normally inaccessible realms of the psyche. Grounded in an object relations perspective informed by the burgeoning neo-monistic philosophical discipline of somaesthetics, it is suggested that the synthesis of conscious (necessarily explicit), unconscious (potentially explicit), and nonconscious (necessarily implicit) elements comprises a more utilitarian concept of the psychic essence of an individual: the >foundational self.< This foundational self, or the >spiritual self,< represents the irreducible and ultimately unformulatable core of human experience that results from the dialectical fusion of true-self object relations with concomitant developmentally primitive psychosomatic self states. It is argued that certain types of so-called >sacred music< – music whose form aligns with implicit affective registries that are filtered through intrapsychic constellations of true self object relations – act as perhaps the most potent catalyst in facilitating experiences of spirituality. The phonological qualities of sacred music share the same spectrum of transitional space in which the foundational self enjoys its fullest expression. Sacred music possesses the ability to dissolve explicit representational boundaries in service of achieving symbolic interpersonal fusion with the foundational self, in so doing facilitating a blissfully ego-boundless sensation of unio mystica.
Begrüßung
(2013)
The theory of social character developed by Erich Fromm asserts that the significance of experience is intimately linked to the material conditions under which persons, located in a specific economic system, live. The shared character traits thus correspond to the social role that these persons play. In the case of women, existing literature does not focus on their function as reproducers of the work force within the family, although this is a generalized function and additional to out-of-home work. This function has a transcendent importance to the development and emotional health of children, as has been established in longitudinal research of attachment theory.
This study explores Mexican mothers’ shared character traits, a systematized appraisal of their attitudes towards their lives and their children, their states of mind, and the quality of care they provide as well as their relationship to attachment patterns of their infants; some come from urban Middle, Middle-upper and Upper-class families and others from Poor in-digenous peasant families.
The fundamental focus is on the woman’s participation inside the family, although it does not exclude the possibility that some of these mothers handle not only the care giving and housework but also work outside of the home (the "double shift”). It concludes that the daily material conditions of existence are closely related to shared character traits and that these are in turn related to patterns of attachment in their infants, their sensitivity in the treatment of their babies, and the results of their Adult Attachment Interviews. Women have been the sup-port and pillar of subsistence for urban populations as well as the most poor and disadvan-taged communities. This role played by women is as widespread as undocumented in litera-ture.
Como interpretar os sonhos
(2013)
Complex dynamics of forgiveness: Psychological, interpersonal, and psychotherapeutic implications
(2013)
The distinctive correlates of forgiveness are studied and analyzed in this paper. It is concluded that superficial and hasty forms of forgiveness might have a harmful impact on self-respect, self-concepts, self-complexity, and authenticity. Even deep forgiveness might not completely free the individual from negative side-effects, and there is some doubt whether complete forgiveness is possible. The paper also examines what place forgiveness should have in therapeutic settings and how it could be practiced in an accurate and safe manner.
Converging Self - Other Awareness: Erich Fromm and Paulo Freire on Transcending the Fear of Freedom
(2013)
The aim of this short contribution is to present a summary of the decision problem within the profession of the pedagogue, and the fundamental role of the abduction (>απαγωγή<, retroduction) process in its proper context, in professional practice of the pedagogue, as in all professional practice involving the social and professional pedagogy. Pedagogy is a field for reflection, application and commitment or engagement to education. Moreover, pedagogy is establishing itself as a profession, the profession of the pedagogist (not of the educator, who is a different figure), in the socio-health, intellectual, cultural and aid profession field, even in spite of heavy delays and failures of the Italian laws and the resistance of professional groups related but already recognized both by law and by society. The so-called >pedagogical interlocution< is a paradigmatic form of the professional pedagogical practice. Decision in professional pedagogy, properly speaking, must be reached by the interlocutor(s), who must debate and develop it, with the aid of the professional pedagogue. Abduction is not a valid syllogism: it concerns a possible example of a general case or of a rule, who's the actual pertinence to this general case or this rule is mediated by the professional or expert assumptions. The professional approach of the pedagogue, from methodological point of view, is casuistic (case based) and situational as a form of aid given to the person, alternative and other than to the statistical-operational methodology that addresses rather to populations composed of individuals. Cases of general interest in professional pedagogy can be labeled as >casuistries< or >case study< categories. A good collection of casuistries-case study categories is provided by Erich Fromm, concerning the problems of family education; and by Viktor E. Frankl in his search for sense, Lebenssinn or λόγος. A further range of examples of categories based on case studies which can be dealt with a pedagogical professional methodology are the life and studies orientation problems. A fourth class of examples, applicable differently but methodologically similar, offers to us the autogenic training, particularly the choice of the propositional formula, called and eventually repeated both in the opening and in the closure, which must be adapted to the particular case of each single person; and this can be considered a specific pedagogical competence as the gradual training to the technique proposed by Johannes Heinrich Schultz reveals to be. Professional pedagogy, by this way, can make an important and an authentic and specific contribution to general discussion about decision in the social, human and cultural sciences (or Human-, Sozial-, Geisteswissenschaften).
Die Kunst der Freundschaft
(2013)
In today’s world characterized by changed systems of values and materialism, pedagogy should emphasize education for a positive self-image, especially in the contemporary school, whose educational goals are freedom, independence and individuality. This theoretical analysis provides a review of research on the importance and relationship of positive self-image with other factors, such as social skills and academic achievement. Simultaneously, the methods and procedures by which teachers can foster a student’s positive self-image are displayed. Although the degree of positive self-thinking is for the most part formed in interaction with other people, it is extremely important to raise students’ awareness about their own internal strengths as well as their possibility of choice. The education of a positive self-image can be considered a part of >positive pedagogy< or >positive education< which focuses on traditional skills and happiness, but also joy – fervor that accompanies being (Fromm, 2004, p. 130)
Einführung in die Tagung
(2013)
Erich Fromm was not only one of the founders of IFPS in the 1960s, but also one of the forerunners of the intersubjective tradition in psychoanalysis. Trained at the Berlin Institute, he started in the 1930s, after emigrating to the USA, to reformulate psychoanalytic theory by focusing on man’s need to be related to reality, to others, and to him- or herself. Similarly to Sullivan, Fromm looked at man primarily as a social being. But in contrast to Sullivan, Fromm stressed much more man’s being molded by societal requirements and by an intersubjectivity that is determined by strivings originating in the structure of his social character. Because of Fromm’s ‘‘societal’’ orientation, his approach to psychoanalysis is still of relevance to understanding how the intersubjective and intrapsychic are interwoven in each individual. Beyond that, his approach enables insights into what is going on psychically in society and how these changes can influence the individual’s welfare or suffering.
В статье рассматриваются истоки, предпосылки и содержание политико-правовых представлений Эриха Фромма. Раскрывается понимание Э.Фроммом эволюции правосоциального характера личности, высшей ступенью в которой мыслитель считает революционный, отмечая, что революционер - это не бунтарь, вечно недовольный властью, а личность, которая стремится на основании радикально-гуманистических правовых идей переустроить общество.
The author discusses countertransference in relation to the impact of training institutions on the therapist as a person. The author claims that therapist's feelings and experiences determine the diagnosis of the personality. It is neither the behavior nor the psychopathological phenomena, which have a diagnostic value, but how the relationship is experienced in terms of the therapist's feelings. The author speaks about the problems connected to of “as if” personalities as a starting point. This concept originated with the psychopathological studies of Helene Deutsch, who associated it with schizophrenia. Later, Paul Roazen transported the concept to the social dimension of politics and to the personality of politicians. In this article, the author treats the “as if” personalities as a concept of unification, in contrast to current attempts to fragment diagnostic personality disorders, as in many psychoanalytic concepts in relation to the medicalization of psychoanalysis. Some clinical vignettes are briefly presented in order to sharpen this focus.
The history of attitudes toward Freud's adoption of free-associative discourse, as well as toward the significance of the clinical significance of the free-associative method, is critically reviewed. It is argued that, if one takes the re-inviting of repressed contents back into self-consciousness to be the defining process of psychoanalysis as a discipline (distinguishing it even from those psychotherapies that are based on psychoanalytic models of the mind), then free-associating is indeed the sine qua non of the psychoanalysis process. It is further suggested that whereas Freud's notion of libidinality radically subverts Cartesian dualism, our thinking about the significance of free-associative discourse has too frequently lapsed into the mistaken assumption that free-associating should only be about what “comes to mind.” In this context, a way of free-associating with the “bodymind” is described as an addendum to customary psychoanalytic practices. This augmented method remains faithful to Freud's practice of allowing the voice of sensuality to “join the conversation,” at the same time that its clinical implementation incorporates some of the wisdom concerning “breathwork” that comes from the yogic procedures for cultivating awareness.
I have chosen, for the jubilee volume, my article >Freedom vs. Intolerance – Variations on the Theme of Supernatural Wives and Husbands<. It appeared in the volume entitled >We are all Indians< Violence – Intolerance – Literature, edited by Wojciech Kalaga and Tadeusz Sławek (Katowice 1990). This was a special time for all of us; today it is called the time of breakthrough, or transformation. The topic of my article, and most other articles contained in this volume, is connected with the problem of freedom and enslavement, which, bearing in mind the atmosphere of that period, was almost inevitable. Thus, the reader will find, in that article of mine, reflections concerning the so called positive and negative freedom, some thoughts about Erich Fromm’s book >The Fear of Freedom<. I used there also an old proverb, quoted in the writings of Sir Isaiah Berlin: >to be free is nothing, to become free is the very heaven<, a proverb that sounded very appropriate in the times when we all in Poland were regaining our lost freedom. The article itself is a heady mixture of threads and motifs taken from classical and modern philosophy, folktales, Biblical traditions and mythology, whereas the typical literary studies, or history of literature, are virtually absent there. This rather unconventional approach is, to some extent, typical of the style of academic discourse characteristic of the English studies as understood and practised in the University of Silesia at that time, that is in the 1980s and 1990s. This style was shaped, among other persons, by the, often indirect, influence of such personalities as Wojciech Kalaga, Tadeusz Sławek, Emanuel Prower, Tadeusz Rachwał, or, last but not least, Ewa Borkowska, who also contributed to the volume in question. Naturally, I am solely responsible for what I wrote in that article, which is a rather faithful reflection of my interests (and perhaps also obsessions) in that very memorable period of time.
The following >note from the field< is based off of first-hand observations and experiences had while living and working as an affiliated professor at a Chinese university. Noting the well-known political restrictions existing in China, the piece argues that against dominant Western narratives depicting a lack of freedom within China, there ostensibly appear spaces offering levels of emotional and interactional freedoms greater than what one can experience in the West. This argument is framed within the thought of Western intellectuals such as David Riesman, Erich Fromm, C. Wright Mills and Stjepan Mestrovic, and is advanced by considering the vast historical and cultural changes in recent Chinese history that have created an anomic condition in regards to newly emerging spaces made possible by vast wealth acquisition in the last several decades.
Freud's attitude toward philosophers and philosophy in published works was consistently hostile. This paper aims to show that Freud's persistently hostile attitude toward philosophers and philosophy was the result of ambivalence. On the one hand, it is explicable by his reaction to the resistance on the part of philosophers toward his innovative notion of “unconscious” and by his embrace of Comtean progressivism. On the other hand, it is explicable by his proclivities toward speculative thought, without the net of empirical data, and by his often unacknowledged borrowings from philosophers, old and new.
Taking Freud's >Beyond the pleasure principle< as a case in point, the author draws attention to how Freud had a tendency to develop different theories simultaneously and to neglect to state how they were related to each other. The theory of traumatic neurosis, which he explains by both the theory of the two egos and the theory of the mental apparatus and the energies at work within it, is cited as an example. Similarly, Freud's definition of the death instinct is also not reconcilable with his previous definition of the instinctual drives. A third example is that of Eros, important parts of whose definition are at variance with Freud's previously formulated definition of the sexual drives. In none of these cases, the author argues, did Freud replace the >old< theory >with the >new< one. He simply retained the old theory and added the new one, without integrating them.
The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki represent a historical break that can be understood from a social psychological position as a collective trauma of the >generic identity<. The >peaceful use of nuclear power< served as an >integration ideology of the 1950s< and corroborated the worldwide denial of nuclear danger. Not until the ecology and peace movement of the 1970s and 80s did a fundamental criticism of both the peaceful and the military use of nuclear power take shape. These initiatives, which were critical for growth, had a particularly strong, influential, and lasting effect in West Germany as the movements that were critical for expansion received here additional impetus from the confrontation with National Socialism and with the Holocaust's >breach of civilization.< The author described these psychohistorical processes as early as 1986 in an article in an issue of psychosozial on the topic of >Nach Tschernobyl – regiert wieder das Vergessen?< (>After Chernobyl – does oblivion rule again?<). The considerations outlined back then are taken up again under the shadow of Fukushima, and pursued from the social psychological perspective.
Razumijevanje otuđenog čovjeka koji u povijesnom razvoju stječe sve više slobode, ali se u suvremenom društvu sve više osjeća izolirano od prirode i drugih ljudi, povezuje se u djelima Gaje Petrovića, istaknutog praksisovca, s univerzalnim humanističkim opredjeljenjima i dinamičkom psihologijom. Kada svoju pozornost usmjerava na Ericha Fromma i njegovog čovjeka za sebe, traži odgovore na pitanja što je u Frommovu shvaćanju posebno zanimljivo za tadašnju i buduću filozofiju. Zanima ga Frommovo istraživanje korijena bijega od slobode u čovjekovoj prirodi i suvremenom društvu, ali i mogućnosti oslobađanja čovjeka od tereta kojeg je postavio sam sebi. Pojmovi ljudska priroda i alijenacija Gaji Petroviću služe za produbljenje i proširenje filozofskih promišljanja o čovjeku, kako bi ponudio rješenje osnovnih problema egzistencije i društvenih odnosa. Jedna od zajedničkih točki susreta Gaje Petrovića i Ericha Fromma jest i raskorak između čovjekove biti i stvarne, praktične egzistencije. U središtu njihove filozofije je čovjek, njegova priroda i proturječnosti s kojima se suočava kao stvaralačko biće prakse. Zajedničko im je i pitanje treba li i kako ponovno koristiti dosege praktičnog uma i/ili nastaviti tamo gdje se je stalo u filozofskom konceptu otuđenog čovjeka? Hoće li razmatranje alijenacije i dezalijenacije konačno obnoviti misao o Čovjeku koji, nažalost, nije to što jest, a treba biti ono što bi mogao biti?
The topic of the present bachelor thesis is Erich Fromm and his specific concept of a human being and psychoanalysis. In his works, this famous psychologist was able to explain the position of a human being in the society, their needs and problems linked to their own existence. The introductory chapter summarizes fundamental facts about Fromm’s life and mentions several important personalities who influenced his thinking. The following chapters focus on the main issues of Fromm’s concept of a human being, especially their place in the environment, their relationship with the surrounding world, life philosophy and the issue of personal freedom. It deals in detail with the issues of love, aggression, freedom and the >To Be and to Have< life philosophy. Another issue this thesis deals with is Fromm’s approach to psychoanalysis and religion. The concluding chapter contains the fact about the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud and a comparison of the individual concepts of a human being as formulated by Freud and Fromm respectively.
Glück & Glas
(2013)
l objetivo de este artículo es realizar una contribución tanto sustantiva como epistemológica al estudio de la punitividad estatal y pública. Epistemológicamente, se desarrolla un argumento a favor de la utilización del psicoanálisis y especialmente la vertiente >materialista< de Fromm. Sustantivamente y por medio de convocar el psicoanálisis frommiano a dialogar con las visiones de las economías políticas del castigo contemporáneo, el objetivo es trazar las formas en las que la penalidad contribuye a un proyecto más amplio de dominación estatal sobre el público en los Estados Unidos y Gran Bretaña bajo las condiciones del capitalismo neoliberal. Se le presta particular atención en este sentido a los temas poco estudiados hasta aquí de la producción política del apoyo de las clases medias a las políticas punitivas y el rol crucial que ha jugado en este proceso la posición privilegiada otorgada al delito violento de la calle en el dominio público. El artículo argumenta que la penalidad neoliberal y sus efectos políticos requieren necesariamente lo que ha sido típicamente teorizado como los lenguajes y operaciones moralmente neutrales y desapasionadas del gerencialismo. Concluye reclamando un quiebre con respecto a los dos enfoques dominantes acerca de la responsabilidad de las elites por la punitividad pública: >punitividad populista< y >populismo penal<. A partir del trabajo de Fromm sobre el carácter social de las clases dominantes, se plantea que la auto legitimación y sus bases narcisistas son claves para comprender las acciones e inacciones de las elites.
Resulting from the prevalence of hedonistic egoism within the youth culture and the media targeted to this demographic, this essay offers a brief discussion of hedonistic egoism absent in much of contemporary ethics. Analyzing Fred Feldman’s pure hedonism as discussed in >Pleasure and the Good Life: Concerning the Nature, Varieties, and Plausibility of Hedonism<, hedonistic egoism is defined as an extension of Feldmanian pure hedonism. Discussing the use of hedonistic egoism in modern society by certain societal groups, especially adolescents and young adults, as a means to seek freedom from certain societal authorities such as the law, or at least portions of it, the differences between negative and positive freedom are explored using Erich Fromm’s >Escape from Freedom<. It is then argued that when hedonistic egoism is used by individuals to seek freedom, whether it be negative or positive, certain paradoxes arise. Firstly, negative freedom, if existent, will exist merely psychology while, secondly, so far that pleasure and pain act as new authorities and egoism is present, positive freedom becomes an impossibility.
Homecoming
(2013)
Philosophical and literary perspectives are combined with psychoanalytic ones in an attempt to provide a comprehensive conceptualization of the theme of homecoming. The concepts of home and homecoming are presented as symbolic representations of fundamental psychical functions, and their vicissitudes as subjective manifestations of basic psychic organizations. The hypothesis is put forward that the ability, or lack thereof, to work through the process of mourning of a lost object colors the evolution and outcome of any reckoning with such a notion and what it stands for. Literary sources are used to supplement and explicate psychoanalytic understandings regarding how the concept of homecoming is being made use of, within unconscious dynamics observed in a number of analytic cases.
Igor A. Caruso (1914–1981), one of the founders of the IFPS and the early Vienna Circle of Depth Psychology, began to discuss questions of the interplay between biological, social, and evolutional realities and intrapsychic development in the early 1950s. Caruso understood that Man's specific human ability to transcend his overdetermined biological constitution into a development of conciousness, care, and self-awareness is basic for his need for and lifelong activity related to intersubjective relationships. Sexual and survival drive as a biological basis contain their own transformation as cultural potency within the subject–object relationship. Each act of relationship – to things and living objects – creates a new reality that is a meaningful symbol for both parts of the relationship in their single reality. This new – third – reality gains full effectiveness for both actors as “symbolic realism” and initiates the ongoing development. On this understanding, psychic development is a process of changing interactive creation and effectiveness, following the biological drive dynamic as well as its inherent future transformations by attachment. Symbolisation is therefore the main intrapsychic and intersubjective activity of the development of object- and self-awareness. Caruso emphasises the meaning of symbol and symbolisation as an act of relationship to and within the world, and understood psychoanalytic theories as a changing symbolisation of relationship.
This work is about criticism of consumer society, seen by eyes of Erich Fromm, Zygmunt Bauman and Gilles Lipovetsky. Erich Fromm (1900 – 1980) was German-American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist who was performing psychoanalysis practice for a long time and his thinking was affected by Karl Marx. Fromm was against capitalism, which he perceives like mentally ill, irrational society. The main point of his criticism is that modern consumer society is mainly oriented on ownership which creates its social character. In his opinion people should focus more on living than having. The way of truly being leads through the active way of living. Activity by Fromm means inner activity, a creative use of your own abilities. But for consumer society is typical working for the only one reason, which is a profit. People living in consumer society are powerless, uncertain and full of anxiety and can't use their freedom positively. Fromm compared modern human to a component which is a part of big machine. Zygmunt Bauman (1925) is English sociologist from Poland. Bauman points at transition and changes between modern and postmodern society. For actual society is typical uncertainty of the future. People misses permanent identity, they always have to changing it, depends on what takes advantage at the moment. Current human is full of uncertainty, which is caused by missing authority telling him exactly what to do. Human have to decide often on his own, but he doesn't know if his decisions will be revealed as profitable in the future. Another typical thing for Bauman's today's society is to hunt luck by shopping. People thinks that owning more stuff can make them happier. Gilles Lipovetsky (1944) is a French philosopher and sociologist. According to Lipovetsky we live in the age of emptiness and transience which is associated with decreasing of morale values and individualism. He marks actual society as hyper-consumer. People in this society are shopping mainly for themselves, not for others, to make good impression on others instead of having a good feeling from yourself. Human living in hyper-consumer society tries to get more impressions wants to improve quality of his life, taking care of his health and he wants to be young forever. Lipovetsky says, that today's man is a narcissist, hedonist and cannot stop consuming more. He is being pushed towards by desire of life, which could be found thanks to consuming way of living.
Laudatio auf Georg Schramm
(2013)
Le nuove dipendenze
(2013)
This paper reveals the basic ideas of Erich Fromm’s analytical social psychology and shows links among work, character and education. Social changes may be better understood in the background of work evolution. Today the concept of waged work has been extended to unpaid activities. At the same time, the working life has been changed from a stable model to a flexible one. The work, its standards and social distribution, are also different now. Erich Fromm’s concept of "social character” clarifies the changes and explains the consequences of the social changes. The relations to work are also different. During these changes – unemployment included – concepts of the unconditional basic income were stud-ied. These concepts explain why it is possible for people without waged work to participate in community life and consumption, without being excluded. The author presents the basic social changes that affected many different subpopulation and age groups.
Tato bakalářská práce pojednává o výkladu lásky a nenávisti, zejména na základě dvou významných psychologů Ericha Fromma a Carla Gustava Junga. V úvodu je popsána obecná charakteristika lásky a nenávisti pomocí literatury Petera Laustera či M. Scott Pecka. V práci se zaměřuji na to, jak Erich Fromm ve svých stěžejních dílech pojednává o lásce a rozebírá jednotlivé druhy lásky. Dále se věnuji tomu, co je příčinou nenávisti a destruktivity podle E. Fromma. U Carla Gustava Junga jsem se zaměřila především na archetyp anima a animus, na jejichž základě se posléze dostávám k jeho pojetí manželství jako psychologického vztahu. Nenávist jako takovou, sám o sobě Jung přímo neřeší, avšak pomocí archetypů vztahující se k temné stránce člověka, lze vyčíst, co vede jedince ke špatnému jednání. Já rozebírám konkrétně jeho pojetí archetypu stín. V závěru shrnuji veškeré poznatky získané na základě studií v této práci.
Ferenczi is regarded as the initiator of the relational model in psychoanalysis. In Britain his influence on Bowlby was largely indirect. In the United States he exercized an explicit influence on the interpersonal school through Clara Thompson. Fromm was already an admirer and supporter of Ferenczi. In comparing Fromm and Bowlby their convergence on the evolutionary paradigm is stressed. These two authors also converge on two important Ferenczian themes: the primary nature of the mother-child relationship and the importance of real-life traumatic events. The quality of attachment may contribute to the social character.
This paper addresses the notion of irrationality and madness, as they are understood within the psychoanalytic framework. By highlighting their similarities and differences, as well as by emphasizing the crucial defensive position that manifest psychosis holds in the midst of all this, an attempt is being made to delineate the links between the conjectured earliest interaction that the infant has with its environment and the burgeoning conscious rational mind. Winnicott's conceptualizations around fear of breakdown, disintegration, the environment-mother, and therapeutic regression are utilized to form a bridge between the theoretical understanding of madness and the clinical applications of this understanding, as illustrated by a clinical vignette.
Ojciec jest pierwszym i jednym z najważniejszych mężczyzn w życiu córki. Stanowi dla niej wzór mężczyzny. Wzór ten pomaga córce w kształtowaniu wizerunku męskiego w rodzinie i poza nią (Sosnowski, 2009, s. 211). E. Fromm (2006) podkreśla, że miłość ojcowska jest wymagająca. Wymagania stawiane dziecku dotyczą odpowiedzialności, posłuszeństwa, dyscypliny, niezależności, zdolności do kierowania własnym życiem (tamże, s. 51-54). Warto poddać analizie, na ile wymagania ojca dotyczą procesu realizacji przez dziecko zadań rozwojowych, w tym - wyboru współmałżonka. Według R. Huvighursta zadanie rozwojowe pojawia się w pewnym okresie życia jednostki (dzieciństwie, adolescencji, dorosłości) i wynika z jej potrzeb (somatycznych i psychicznych) oraz wymogów społeczeństwa (Tyszkowa, 1993, s. 952). W ramach teorii Huvighursta podkreśla się, że wybór współmałżonka jest również zadaniem rozwojowym, dlatego jego niewypełnienie u większości osób skutkuje brakiem poczucia szczęścia i niespełnieniem (tamże, s. 952) (Fragment tekstu).
Why is it that imprisonment has undergone an explosive growth in the USA and Britain over the last three decades against the background of falling crime rates in both countries? And why has this development met with a significant and escalating degree of support among the public? To the extent that governing elites on either side of the Atlantic have been eliciting public support for their authority by inducing concerns about issues of crime and punishment, what explains the selection of crime as a means to this effect, and in what precise ways do crime and punishment fulfil their hidden political function? Moreover, how do Americans and Britons legitimate their consent to objectively irrational policies and the elites responsible for their formulation? In seeking to advance the study of these questions, the present article rediscovers the method and key findings of Erich Fromm’s ‘materialistic psychoanalysis’, bringing them to bear upon insights produced by political economies of contemporary punishment and related scholarship. Particular attention is paid to the hitherto understudied themes of the political production of middle-class support for punitive penal policies under conditions of neoliberal capitalism, and the crucial role played in this process by the privileged position accorded to violent street crime in the public domain.
Particularmente devido às inovações técnicas, estamos testemunhando uma realidade sem limites crescente que se reflete cada vez mais em um esforço interno para nos livrarmos das limitações e fronteiras de nossa própria personalidade, reconstruindo-a novamente. Essa busca des-limitação, dissolução e indefinição dos imites é vista como um traço de caráter central do caráter social Ego-orientado. Tal fabricação de uma personalidade ilimitada sem dúvida resulta em um enfraquecimento de tais habilidades psíquicas como experimentar a si mesmo como uma entidade consistente e ambígua, estar emocionalmente ligado a si mesmo e aos outros, sentir seus próprios esforços, afetos e emoções, e ser guiado por alguém normas e valores internalizados. Por fim, discute-se o impacto dessa formação de caráter no que diz respeito às questões clínicas e terapêuticas.
Filozofi si čoraz intenzívnejšie kladú otázku: V akom svete žijeme? Ktorý z nich je nám vlastný a ktorý cudzí? Čo spôsobuje odcudzenie a ako ho možno prekonať? Kult rozumu, ktorý sa zmenil na kult vedy a techniky, v ktorom sa človek namiesto autentického, neopakovateľného, slobodného prejavu stal neosobnou, funkčnou zložkou konformného správania dnešnej civilizácie, spôsobil, že intenzívnejšie prežívame pocity ohrozenia a odcudzenia. Preto sa tento problém stal premetom záujmu mnohých filozofov od Schopenhauera a Nietzscheho, ať po predstaviteľov postmoderny. Každý z nich poukazuje na povahu odcudzenia a možnosti jeho prekonania.
On psychic reality and neutrality: Empathy and the work of construction in countertransference
(2013)
The clinical challenges faced in encountering patients who do not fit the standard treatment of Oedipus conflicts clearly show the limitations of the interpretative method, thus making indispensable the study of clinical concepts and techniques as a way to broaden the psychoanalytic horizons. In order to analyse the different psychopathological problems resistant to traditional clinical approaches, it is necessary to reorganise the technique on the basis of a better understanding of the ways in which subjectivity is rooted in early psychic constitution. In this way, empathy becomes important as a clinical tool. The use of empathy must be understood as a decisive factor in handling clinical cases and situations in which the treatment encounters obstacles that restrict the power of the analyst's verbal interventions.In this case, can we say that the use of empathy interferes directly with and changes the position of the concept of psychic reality? Moreover, as we use empathy, can we also say that the concept of neutrality is transformed, without being abandoned? The intention of this paper is to discuss these questions using clinical material taken from the analysis of borderline clinical cases and situations.