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Discusses whether alienation is more prevalent in postindustrial societies than in preindustrial ones. 2 distinct forms of alienation are identified: noncommitment and overconformity. The former involves a sense of estrangement from others and the prevailing values of scoiety; the latter stems from self-estrangement and lack of awareness of one's own needs. A review of available cross-cultural evidence failed to support the Marx-FROMM hypothesis that automation conformity increases directly with industrialization and greater use of mechanical automata. It is concluded that each type of alienation arises under different societal conditions.