布赖恩•卡斯特罗是澳大利亚文坛卓越的作家。他的成名作《漂泊的鸟》一经出版便为他赢得广泛赞誉。卡斯特罗旋即成为澳大利亚文坛一颗璀璨的新星,受到评论界和读者们越来越多关注和称赞。《花园书》是卡斯特罗的第八部力作。这本书以两次世界大战之间的澳大利亚为背景,以一个华裔澳大利亚女人双的生活经历和心灵历程为主线,讲述了发生在双及其周围的人身上的故事。本文试图就小说的孤独主题进行详细研究。全文共分为五个部分。引言首先简要介绍了卡斯特罗及其作品《花园书》,接着对该部作品国内外学术界的相关评论作了简要回顾并指出本文的目的、相关理论及研究方法。第一章详细分析了小说四位主人公双、达西,贾斯珀和海博士各自不同的孤独感。本章分为四部分。第一部分反映了深受女性及华裔身份双重困扰的双始终在孤独地探寻,希望被社会及爱人认可和接受。第二部分分析了达西作为一个渴望家庭温暖的孤独的行路者的状况。第三部分表明了贾斯珀一直在孤独中寻找真爱。最后一部分反映了海博士作为一个种族歧视受害者的悲苦一生。第二章分析了小说的情节背景与孤独主题的关系。本章分为两部分,分别探索了作者如何通过对小说中自然背景及社会背景的安排来深化主题,并且在本章第二部分中借助社会心理学家弗罗姆的孤独理论来分析小说主人公孤独的根源。第三章讨论了小说中的写作技巧对孤独主题的深化。本章分为两部分,第一部分详细研究了象征在小说中的应用以及它们如何强化孤独主题。第二部分主要分析了多重视角和多重叙事声音在表现孤独中所起的作用。
>Die geschichtliche Aufgabe des Menschen ist es, menschlicher zu werden< – Paulo Freire >Wenn jemand zu stark unterdrückt wird, müssen wir ihm erlauben, weniger unterdrückt zu werden.< – Erich Fromm Es ist Aufgabe der Menschheit, Geschichte miteinander zu erleben, es ist Aufgabe des Menschen, andere von Angst zu befreien. Rationale Wege zur gesellschaftlichen Befreiung von Angst als Basis friedlichen Zusammenlebens sind das zentrale Anliegen meiner philosophischen Arbeiten. Zentral in dieser Arbeit sind die Begriffe Freiheit und Befreiung als Wege aus Angst und Unterdrückung, wofür in der Hauptsache die Werke Furcht Vor Der Freiheit von Erich Fromm und Pädagogik Der Unterdrückten von Paulo Freire behandelt werden. Die Wahl fiel auf diese Autoren, weil sie einander als Flüchtlinge und Exilanten am CIDOC in Cuernavaca trafen, wo in interkultureller Begegnung intensiv diskutiert wurde. Die vorliegende Arbeit umfasst einen historischen Teil, welcher dazu dient, die Herleitung des Gesellschaftscharakters zu illustrieren. Ein weiterer Abschnitt umfasst die Diskussion der beiden genannten Werke, im letzten Kapitel wird das zuvor Erarbeitete hinsichtlich der Begriffe Entfremdung und Angst reflektiert und über den Subjekt-Objekt Begriff der Autoren der Versuch unternommen, mit dem Begriff der Geborgenheit oder Intimität einen Denkweg aus der Angst zu finden. Wir könnten ihn Liebe nennen.
作为二十世纪英国最重要的文学家和思想家之一,乔治•奥威尔以其代表作《动物农场》和《一九八四》两部小说而为世人所熟悉。虽然他已经去世多年,但他的文学创作思想和所持的政治观点一直是文学评论界和社会科学界所关注的热点。由于奥威尔的作品紧密地和二十世纪上半叶的国际局势联系在一起,多年以来人们对他的研究始终离不开外部政治形势和意识形态的影响,至今仍然存在着较大的争议。同时,奥威尔本人特殊的人生经历也为后人对他的解读增添了许多变数。无疑,>政治<是奥威尔笔下的重要内容之一,但在政治的背后,奥威尔在许多作品中更流露出了他对于不同政治体质下的人性遭到扭曲这一现象的深深忧虑。基于这样的观点,本文分析了奥威尔在不同时期所完成的三部小说《缅甸岁月》,《上来透口气》和《一九八四》中三个主人公形象,力求为我们对奥威尔的解读提供一个新的视角。论文共分为五章。第一章为>前言<,主要介绍乔治•奥威尔的生平,其三部小说的创作背景以及埃里克•弗洛姆有关人性的理论。由于这三部小说和奥威尔三个不同的人生阶段联系甚密,论文提出,上述作品中的三个主人公身上所表现出来的特质也体现了作者在不同时期的心理历程。第二章探讨了《缅甸岁月》中的弗洛里这一形象。身在和祖国相隔万里的东方,无法融入殖民主义的氛围与精神,同时也无处寻求友谊和爱情,弗洛里最终选择了自杀以结束多年以来笼罩着他的孤独之感。第三章分析了《上来透口气》的主人公乔治•保灵和他所生活的一个庸碌、沉沦的世界。作为一个普通的英国人,保灵被沉重的生活压力压的喘不过气,而他所处的时代又剥夺了人们缓解压力的权利,将人性牢牢的绑在了社会的巨大变革中。第四章的研究对象是名著《一九八四》中的主人公温斯顿•史密斯。在这一章里,笔者通过作品中对于主人公遭遇的描写进行分类分析,集中探讨了在高度专制的体质下人的自由所遭受的压迫。最后一章为结论,通过进一步分析奥威尔少年时期的经历,证明了他自少年时期形成的写作动机其实就是他对>人<的关怀。
美国著名学者埃里希•弗洛姆(Erich Fromm,1900-1980)是新弗洛伊德主义的倡导者,是法兰克福学派的重要代表人物,他的思想与著作极其丰富,涉及了当代西方的哲学、社会学、心理学、伦理学、精神学等诸多领域。他在著作中深刻剖析了当代发达资本主义社会及其生活在其中的人的人性问题,他的人性思想被称为对解决当代社会问题最有影响力的思想。弗洛姆的人性思想是在融合弗洛伊德与马克思的理论的基础上,对人性问题进行历史的、辩证的研究结果,他的人性思想是其哲学理论的核心与基石。本论文第一章为导论部分,介绍了课题研究意义、现状、方法等。在第二章介绍了弗洛伊德精神分析学说、马克思关于人的学说、东方的禅宗思想对弗洛姆人性思想形成产生的重大影响。在第三章对弗洛姆人性思想的内容进行全面的梳理和研究,详细叙述了弗洛姆人性思想的方法论及其含义。在弗洛姆那里,人性是一种人存在的矛盾的状态,人的生存就是为了解决这些矛盾,人在寻求解决矛盾的方法的过程中人们产生了生存需要。弗洛姆认为这些需要是人性的需要,并通过分析社会性格,社会无意识等来揭示满足这些需要方式。弗洛姆还通过批判西方社会,提出了他的人性异化理论以及健全社会的构想。第四章,以马克思基本原理为标准,对弗洛姆人性思想进行了评价。略微介绍了弗洛姆的人性思想对马克思关于人的学说的丰富。指出了弗洛姆人性思想的合理性与局限性以及弗洛姆的思想对我国现代化建设的重大启示
>异化<是指:在异己力量的作用下,人类丧失了自我与本质,丧失了主体性,丧失了精神自由,丧失了个性,人变成了非人,人格趋于分化。目前评论界的各国研究学者在分析海明威作品时,都承认海明威笔下的世界是一个充满战争、暴力、邪恶、堕落、恐惧和绝望的荒诞世界,充分肯定了海明威对人生异化感、荒诞感、虚无感的体认。本文试图以海明威作品作为研究考察的对象,运用西方马克思异化理论对西方这个荒诞、虚无的异化世界进行深入剖析,讨论分析其包含的异化因素,并探究海明威通过文学书写所积极倡导的反抗异化的人类自我拯救之路。本文共分五个部分,第一部分为引言和文献综述,第二部分析海明威小说中异化因素形成的社会背景及其成因,第三部分分别从社会生产领域、消费领域、人的心理领域三个方面阐述了小说所呈现的的异化因素,第四部分则从塑造硬汉子英雄、建立与大地的联系、远离物化世界回归大自然来分析海明威对抗异化的自我拯救之路。第五部分为结语。笔者以马克思和弗洛姆的异化说为理论支持,通过对海明威作品的解读,探讨涵盖在海明威小说里的异化因素,归纳整理出海明威在面对异化世界的积极自我拯救的抗争之路。
埃里希•弗洛姆(1900——1980)是二十世纪西方著名的社会心理学家、人道主义伦理学家、哲学家,是法兰克福学派的著名代表人物。他一生著述颇多,其研究领域几乎涵盖了从宏观的社会经济、政治、文化到微观的个人心理、行为、情感、品格、气质特性等绝大部分的社会人文科学主题。进入20世纪之后,西方社会物质生活水平有了一个大的飞跃,但物质生活满足的同时也伴随着精神方面的危机:人们在庞大的社会面前感到自身力量的渺小,现代化、机械化的发展使人们孤单焦躁,感到生存意义的迷失,出现了自杀率上升、泛性主义、酗酒等不良现象。在这种矛盾与危机的现实境况中,弗洛姆以法兰克福学派的社会批判理论、弗洛伊德的精神分析学说、马克思的唯物史观、人本思想及异化论为理论来源,针对现代人所产生的生存困境和精神困惑,以人性异化为逻辑基础,以建立健全社会为道德目标,以精神分析学为心理学依据,提出了他有关于爱的伦理学说。在弗洛姆爱的伦理思想体系中,他对传统爱的理解进行了扬弃,认为爱是一种积极能动的创造性活动,其本质是给予,只有通过爱这种情感,人才能实现在保持自身独立性的同时与世界这个整体联系在一起。在阐示爱是人类生存的基础的同时,弗洛姆又把爱分为博爱、母爱、性爱、自爱、神爱五种形式,认为爱是一门实践艺术,是人们追求自身完善、拯救人性、建立健全社会的良方妙药。由于借鉴吸收了马克思历史唯物主义及其爱的理论,弗洛姆在爱的界定上比弗洛伊德更成熟,对爱的理解也更显乐观,但是弗洛姆毕竟是>新弗洛伊德主义<的继承者,尽管他关于爱的理论内容丰富、观点深刻,可力图把马克思主义理论与弗洛伊德的心理学统一起来,其立场仍不可避免地存在局限性。在对健全社会建立的实施方案上,也只是对社会制度的小修小补,没有从根源上触动资本主义的经济政治基础,他所谓的社会主义理想也不过乌托邦主义的空想。弗洛姆对现实生活中各种病态状况的深入剖析,给我们审视自身和衡量当今社会提供一个新的视角。对于正处在社会转型期的中国,弗洛姆爱关于爱的理论对健全个体人格、维护社会安定具有借鉴意义。
小说《红楼梦》在我国可谓是家喻户晓,自古以来深受社会各阶层人士的喜爱。然>红楼一梦<之真意究竟为何?自古以来众说纷纭。本文以小说第一回中提出的>因空见色,由色生情,传情入色,自色悟空<为阅读全文的钥匙,品《红楼梦》之真味。小说《红楼梦》由两个神话引出全文,自>空<缘起,生出故事中人事百态。小说>以情为道<,终又复归于>空<。这种自空而起又归于空的思想,主要是以佛教、尤其是中国佛教的思想为主要背景。通过对于小说《红楼梦》的解读,可以一窥中国佛教史、中国哲学史的发展特点。《红楼梦》>以情为道<,自空悟空的思想,可以通过对于主角贾宝玉的解析,集中体现。而贾宝玉这种>以情为道<,自空悟空的思想,不但在根源上深受中国佛教、中国哲学思想的影响;在客观上,也与弗洛姆、荣格在宗教心理学研究中提出的关于对于完整人格的境界的追求不谋而合。这种以中国佛教思想为主要基础的>以情悟道<、以情悟空的思想,在客观上使得贾宝玉完成了对于个人圆满人格的实现。故而,通过对于《红楼梦》思想的研究,还可以从某种程度上窥探到中国古代传统思想在心理学意义上、在对于个人自我人格的实现上,具有什么样的特点和意义。
DT Suzuki is undoubtedly the most crucial figure in the formation of Zen context of the 20th century in the West. His achievements not only prevent Zen from scapegoat-type presentation by Jesuit missionaries and orientalists, but also make Zen enter Western world as an academic research. Therefore, He represents a new epoch in the history of Western Zen. People call this phenomenon >Suzuki effect< or >Suzuki stage<. From this, one can see how important Suzuki is to the Zen study in the Western context. This thinking pattern is what my paper follows and expands. The whole structure and content can roughly be expressed as below: Introduction: to expound the motivation and purpose of this paper by four questions which are >Who is DT Suzuki?<, >What does Suzuki effect bring to West?<, >How does Zen be understood and interpreted in the Western context?<, >Is there any problem of communication between Zen and Western culture?< According to these four questions, the theme and scope of this paper can be described as to discuss DT Suzuki's Zen and relevant study by Western scholars from the fields of psychology, philosophy, history and religion. From this, one can know clearly that West absorb something from Zen on the surface, but in fact there exists an ideology of orientalism.– Chapter One: Focus on discussing the description of Zen from 16th Century to 19th Century which forms the >Zen context< of 20th Century in the West. Basically the image of Zen belongs to atheism, mysticism and quietism both in the observation from Jesuit missionaries and in the books written by orientalists. It doesn't make any change until the World's Parliament of Religion in Chicago, 1983. Zen Masters coming from East introduce the real Zen during the Conference; this is the first time for Zen to speak about itself. Japanese Zen monk Shaku Soyen who is Suzuki's spiritual teacher is one of the crucial figures in this big event. After that, through Suzuki's efforts, he finally makes Zen enter Western world successfully.– Chapter Two: Focus on discussing Suzuki's life history, academic career, sectarian heritage and Zen experiences. This is a way that we place Suzuki in the circumstances of the whole society so that one can explores specifically the background from which Suzuki and his thought grow up. It's surprise to know that the life of Suzuki is not just only his own personal history, but also reflects a trend of the time of the academic achievements. Some people praise him as >The great results of human knowledge< or >a great persuasive advocate of Zen<; but also some people criticize him as >a great tailor of Western Zen< or >the spirit of colonist<. Such a life that mixes with praises and criticizes just stand out the meaning and worth of my research.– Chapter Three: Focus on the inheritance and development of Suzuki's Zen thought from Chinese Ch'an school. One can see specifically the connection between it and Daosheng, Sengzhao, Huineng, Huayan school. Moreover, Nishida's >pure experience< which emphasizes on direct experience integrated subject with object also enrich the interpretation of Suzuki's Zen. But without the spirit of practice, one can't understand clearly about what real Suzuki's Zen thought is, therefore, we must discuss >the Ch'an methods of Linji< and >the combination of meditation and wisdom<. Those two factors bring the spirit of practice and life into Suzuki's Zen, this is why it is so attractive to West.– Chapter Four: Focus on the psychological characteristic of Suzuki's Zen, such as >self<, >consciousness<, >unconsciousness<. This tendency builds a close connection between Zen and Western psychology. For example: Fromm thinks Zen and psychology share the same goal because of the insight into human nature and the release of inside power; Jung thinks Zen's unconsciousness is more profound than Freud's repressed unconsciousness. Although the connection is built by Suzuki and those psychoanalysts, but the truth is their differences are more than similarities. For example: psychology wants unconsciousness to enter into consciousness, but Zen asks consciousness to go back to unconsciousness. One can see Zen and psychology share the same words with different meanings. Moreover, Western psychology often treats Zen as a kind of psychotherapy, but the truth is Zen help people not only to return to normal, but also to live in an integral life of body and mind. Therefore, it is true that Zen shows up the strong side on psychology, but Zen is not a kind of psychology, it is more than that!– Chapter Five: >Experience< is the core thought of Suzuki's Zen which has the characteristic of individuality, intuition and ineffability. Coincidentally, there are the similar essences in the mystical experience of Christian, so both of Zen and Christian get a further chance to know each other. For example: Suzuki praises Eckhart's thought is very close to Mahayana Buddhism especially Zen; and Thomas Merton thinks Zen can wake Christian's religious consciousness because Zen includes many contents of practice which is similar to Western religion. This kind of idea is accepted by many Westerners, so they treat Zen as a kind of mysticism. Therefore, Suzuki starts to clarify the differences between Zen and mysticism. In addition, West chooses to practice Zen through meditation which Suzuki mentions less. Some scholars think this phenomenon represents West has went out of Suzuki's effect, but we think no matter which way to approach Zen, the final goal is still something that Suzuki emphasizes.– Chapter Six: Although Suzuki insists not to confuse Zen with any system of philosophy, but his philosophical interpretation of Zen just stands out the philosophical factors in Zen. This way builds a strong connection between Zen and post-modern philosophers in the second half of the 20th century, especially on the concepts of >illogical<, >practical experience< and >absolute freedom<. For example: Van Meter Ames declares both Suzuki and Dewey are the critics of traditional logic, they all try to de-construct the method of dichotomy; moreover, both Suzuki and Heidegger grasp >person< as a subject through Being and experience. Such analogy from appearance is a habitual way for West to study Zen, but in fact, there exist some key points which are completely different in Zen and philosophy. For example: Heidegger sets up an average state of Being for people to follow, but Zen opposes this kind of state because it violates the basic spirit of human. In sum, Zen comes from experience; philosophy derives from logical analysis and conceptual knowledge, therefore, Zen after all can't be confused with any philosophy.– Chapter Seven: In the eighties of 20th century, West turns its methodology of Zen study into historical and critical research, it seems a debate between Suzuki and Hu Shih happens again in the West. They expect to pull Suzuki's non-historical Zen back to the scene of history in order to get new understanding. The result is Suzuki and his Zen thought are subjected to strong criticism. Moreover, by using systematic academic discourse and narrative strategy, West scrutinizes Suzuki's ideology, then put many labels such as ideology of sectarian, ideology of nationalism or reverse orientalism on Suzuki himself. This is the main content of Zen study in the West of the eighties of 20th century. Such intention of strong criticism or action of de-construction and reconstruction actually reveals an ideology of orientalism that Edward W. Said mentions that is no matter what Suzuki says, West is the real one to interpret Zen.– Chapter Eight: Undoubtedly, >DT Suzuki< is the name worthy to be remembered forever in the history of Western culture; He is not only a pioneer of Zen study in the West, but also a driver in this field. Just like Luis O. Gomez says that to stand on Suzuki's shoulder one can see farther. Indeed, in the Zen boom of 1950, West finds out its own potential of culture through Suzuki's Zen; and in the academic change of 1980, West retrieves its own cultural identity also through Suzuki's Zen. These two leaps represent not only the influences caused by >Suzuki effect<, but also the manifestation of orientalism of West. Therefore, Suzuki is just like the bridge of Zhaozhou which never mind people's abuse and just finishes its duty. But when we look closely into the study of Zen in the West, we find out obviously that West is anxious to restate Zen before completely understand it, so even though Zen in the West obtain a new epistemology, but it has already lose the essence of Zen. Suzuki says that Zen will be invited as long as people needs. It means Zen is always flexible and free enough to be applied to any kind of situation and to meet different people in the world. This is why Zen can be developed in the fields of psychology, philosophy, history and religion. From this point of view, we can say that Zen is just like a moon in the sky which becomes thousands of moons on thousands rivers, and each moon in the water is real, because there is no certain form called moon, this is Zen!