The aim of this article was presentation the Fromm’s concept of person, person, who is involved to dichotomy of human subsistence. Person live, sometime it lived according to nature, there was part, however, in course of evolution, mental authorities have spread out at it. Person gaining consciousness, it has broken attachment of junction it with nature same. Fear has appeared and sense of alienation. Person has become free, but same very solitary. In purpose of killing existential solitude, person resorts to rate interpersonal. Correct, according to Fromm’s conception, rate is love, however the most often chosen rate is authoritarism, destruction and mechanical conformism. Dichotomies of person incline for choice among life or death, existence or property. Correct orientation, inherent restless being, is existence and life, other postures are secondary in accordance with they and if they are in balance, it lives according to nature person.
우리는 외부 권력으로부터의 자유, 즉 소극적 자유의 신장에 매혹되어, 자유와 그것의 전통적인 적들에게 대항해 얻은 승리의 의미를 훼손할 수 있는 내적인 억압, 강제, 두려움이 있다는 사실을 알지 못하고 있다. 그 결과 우리는 자유의 문제란 오로지 근대사의 과정에서 얻은 소극적 자유를 훨씬 더 많이 얻는 문제라고 생각하기 쉽다. 그리고 그런 자유를 부정하는 힘들에 대항해서 자유를 지키는 것이 필요한 전부라고 믿는 경향이 있다. 우리는 이제까지 쟁취한 자유 모두가 최대의 힘으로 지켜져야 하지만, 자유의 문제는 양적인 문제일 뿐만 아니라 질적인 문제이기도 하다는 것을 잊고 있다. 그리고 우리는 전통적인 자유를 지키고 늘려가야 할 뿐만 아니라 새로운 종류의 자유, 즉 우리 자신의 개인적인 자아를 실현하고 이 자아와 삶을 믿을 수 있게 해주는 자유도 획득해야만 한다는 것을 잊고 있다. 따라서 나는 소극적 자유의 실현뿐만 아니라 적극적 자유(개인적 자아실현)의 실현을 위해, 프롬(Fromm, E.)이 분석한 자유로부터의 도피심리와 사회현상을 살펴보고, 프롬이 말한 >적극적 자유<의 의미는 무엇이며, 또한 적극적 자유의 개념은 문제점이 없는지 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 위해 벌린(I. Berlin)의 >자유의 두 개념<에 대해서도 살펴보고자 한다. 또한 현대인들이 왜 그렇게 신흥종교에 매료(자유로부터의 도피 수단)되는지를 분석한 앨빈 토플러(Albin Toffler)의 생각도 살펴보고자 한다. 나는 이러한 일련의 작업이 보다 나은 자유 민주주의 시민을 형성하는데 많은 도움을 주리라 생각한다.
Dieser Aufsatz befasst sich mit der frühen Phase der Kritischen Theorie in der Geschichte der Frankfurter Schule, die sich vom Jahre 1930 zum Jahre 1938 erstreckt. Sie ist durch die folgenden Vorgänge gekennzeichnet: die Übernahme des Amtes des Institutsdirektors durch Horkheimer; die Teilnahme Fromms an dem Institut im Jahre 1930; die offizielle Teilname Adornos an dem Institut im Jahre 1938; den Austritt Fromms im Jahre 1939. Diese Phase ist für die Frankfurter Schule dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass durch die Mitwirkung Fromms ein konkreter Prozess der Integration der Psychoanalyse in den interdisziplinären Materialismus Horkheimers verwirklicht wird. Er erreicht seinen Höhepunkt in den im Jahre 1936 veröffentlichten zweibändigen >Studien über Autorität und Familie<. In diesem Beitrag soll dargestellt werden, wie sich diese fruchtbare Zusammen¬arbeit der beiden in ihren fühen Werken widerspiegelt, und ferner aus welchem Grund es zu dem Bruch zwischen den beiden kam.
A measure of immature love
(2005)
Based on the theoretical underpinnings of Fromm, Maslow, and Sorokin, this study described the empirical development of a measure to assess love. In its immature form, love is conceptualized as being rooted in self-other distinctions, and can be selfish and instrumental. In its mature form, love becomes autotelic and is expressed as a form of being, independent of others and relationships. Four separate studies revealed 4-6 items for an immature love scale, and were supported in confirmatory factor analyses among college students. The robustness of the scale was demonstrated in its consistent findings with other constructs (personality, other love measures, self-transcendence) regardless of assessment style (true/false, forced-choice). The scale was also found to have satisfactory validity but fairly low reliability, suggesting caution in using it. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Following Fromm's (1976) and Rand's (1993) theory, a scale of 51 items on attitudes towards the Being, Doing and Having >Modes of Existence< has been constructed (Reichenberg 1996). Our objectives are two-fold: first, an examination, in parallel, of the validity of the scale with two methods: Factor Analysis and Facet Theory. And second, a shortening of the scale from 51 questions to a more compact one. The present article is based on empirical data gathered from 386 female teachers, students and counselors in college education departments in Israel in 1995 and 1997.
Marginality is an important concept in the history of science, though it is often used in a manner that presumes marginality to be a static designation. We contend that the dynamics of marginality are crucial to the history of psychoanalysis, a discipline that has moved between dominant and marginal positions. We address psychoanalytic marginality via three specific >cases<: the marginalization among Freud and his followers when psychoanalysis was an emergent discipline; the marginality trope in Erich Fromm's popular psychoanalytic writing when psychoanalysis was orthodoxy in American academic psychiatry; and the rhetorical marginality of psychoanalysis in Sweden as psychoanalysis entered a decline within psychiatry. Our aim is to show that marginalization and self-marginalization serve interpersonal, social, and professional strategies. (© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
The interdisciplinary journal Psychiatry, founded in 1938 by the psychiatrist Harry Stack Sullivan, provided a remarkable interdisciplinary forum for such outstanding social scientists as Edward Sapir, Harold Lasswell, Ruth Benedict, Gregory Bateson, Ashley Montague, Lev Vygotsky, Erich Fromm, Erving Goffman, A. H. Maslow, and Robert Merton. The journal sought an interdisciplinary synthesis concerning personality, problems of living, and community mental health. Almost all of the major contributors to the early years of the journal drew strongly on the pragmatic tradition. In that tradition, Sullivan saw language shaping the development of personality and the interactions that constitute social life. Major themes of articles in the journal included the relation of personality of culture, the relation of the political order to the psychic order, propaganda and the creation of public and private meaning, racial and gender issues, and social arrangements influencing mental health. While pursuing the many dimensions of being human revealed by the different social sciences, the journal never developed an integrative theory to create a coherence among the many thematic strands and disciplinary perspectives on its pages. The journal also never developed an adequate account of how language served a central role in mediating personality development and social interactions. With the added theoretical and methodological tools now at our disposal we may be in a position to advance the unfinished project proposed by this journal.
Este artículo trata de la construcción de una variante del carácter cultural con base en la teoría de las necesidades psicológicas de Erich Fromm y en el carácter social por él desarrollado. Se describen algunas diferencias entre carácter y personalidad y, luego de revisar brevemente la teoría frommiana sobre el tema, se mencionan los fundamentos teóricos y conceptuales necesarios para la elaboración del carácter cultural. Este será una herramienta para estudiar las necesidades psicoculturales de algunos grupos étnicos en Chiapas.