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詹姆斯•乔伊斯的作品晦涩难懂,充满象征隐喻,历来备受国内外学者的关注。他的早期短篇小说集《都柏林人》是按照传统现实主义手法写成,虽然不像后期作品那般引人注目,但《都柏林人》仍是乔伊斯研究者绝不可越过的。近几十年国内外关于《都柏林人》的研究也不少,主要集中在探讨《都柏林人》中的叙述手法、精神顿悟、人物塑造、文化传统、象征、神话原型、与后期作品的关联等方面。虽然《都柏林人》没有采用乔伊斯后期惯用的意识流手法来直接揭示人物的内心世界,但他已经开始初步探讨都柏林人的存在及其精神世界。特别是在十九世纪末、二十世纪初,爱尔兰面临重大的社会动荡,英国政府的殖民统治、爱尔兰独立运动的失败、脱离实际的文艺复兴以及天主教的伺机入侵,这一切都使爱尔兰似乎走入了死胡同,使整个社会弥漫着一种悲观无力的气氛。整个爱尔兰陷入了瘫痪,而都柏林则是瘫痪的中心。社会的瘫痪造成了都柏林人的悲观、空虚和迷茫。>孤独感<成为了《都柏林人》中成年人的精神通症,从《伊芙琳》开始我们便可以看到都柏林的成年人普遍都生存在一种孤独、缺爱的环境中。本文将用美国心理学家弗洛姆的关于人类>孤独<研究的新精神分析理论对乔伊斯短篇小说集《都柏林人》中成年人的>孤独<心理状态进行剖析。根据弗洛姆的理论,人类存在中都有一种固有的孤独感,这种孤独感无法绝对消除,但人能通过各种方式转移>孤独<。通过《都柏林人》,乔伊斯展现了由于社会的瘫痪都柏林人所表现出的孤独感和异化感以及他们的排遣方式。然而消极逃避的方法并没有使他们的精神世界得到解救,反而扩大了这种感觉,让他们在更痛苦的深渊中挣扎,找不到出路。如何解救爱尔兰民族,如何摆脱精神危机,乔伊斯通过《都柏林人》最后一篇压轴之作《死者》为都柏林人在孤独中的自救提供了暗示。正如《死者》中男主人公加佰烈最后所领悟的那样:虽然他们这些人还苟且活着,但是精神早已迈入的死者的行列;而真正活着的却是那些有着爱尔兰民族质朴本色的、充满激情的死者。在《死者》中,乔伊斯有意将读者的注意引向了爱尔兰西部,在他心里,那些看似老土的西部人才具有爱尔兰民族质朴自然的真性情,而他们这种宽容无私、敢爱敢恨、勇于献身的传统品质才充满着生命的活力。乔伊斯在《都柏林人》的结尾没有给读者一个明确的答案,但他让我们看到了一丝爱尔兰人的希望,要在孤独的精神世界中得到解救就必须释放民族的真实性情。
The subjectivity of the mother in the mother–son relationship. Attachment, separation, and autonomy
(2006)
Vom Zirkusprojekt zum zirkuspädagogischen Konzept: Ein Spiel-, Sport- und Bewegungsunterricht
(2006)
Welcome Speech
(2006)
In 1960s, realist films such as >The Coachman< by Gang Daejin and >An Aimless Bullet< by Yu Hyeonmok depicted with sympathy the poverty-stricken life and desperate circumstances of working class in urban area after war whereas >Hanyeo< [>The Housemaid<] by Kim Giyoeng sternly and sharply analyzed the middle class as well as the working class without emotional involvement as to what kind of economic relationship they had in industrial capitalism and as to what kind of psychological symptoms were induced by the economic relationship. Moreover, the characters in >The Coachman< and >A Aimless Bullet< were those who could not get away from traditional way of thinking and traditional life style whereas the characters in The Housemaid were completely new people who were cut off from traditional way of thinking and traditional life style. >Hanyeo< presented that all desires and impulses of the characters who lived in the society of industrial capitalism were completely dominated by the principles of capitalism. Unfortunately, however, the characters in the movie were not aware of such circumstances and problems of theirs at all, and consequently, they could not avoid their misery and devastation. It is not easy to find a film using such an unique motive in the history of Korean films. Moreover …
This paper focuses on the problem of >consumer alienation<, which forms and impedes the welfare of consumers in modern consumption society. In order to reconceptualize the consumer alienation, the paper delves into the existing discussions by philosophers including Hegel, Marx, Lukács, Fromm, and the Frankfurt School, and positivists such as Seeman, Dean, and others. By rediscovering existing discussions of alienation, the paper defines consumer alienation as >the heteronomic phenomenon that instrumentalize consumers to function as means to fulfill the capitalism, which results in the impediment of consumers’ autonomic decision-making<. The authors expect that the study contribute to the conceptualization of various problems evolved from modern consumer society by employing the concept of consumer alienation.