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[Chinese abstract not available.] Erich Fromm was a famous American psychologist, philosopher and one of the most influential thinkers in the 20th century. His consumption alienation theory provides a theoretical perspective to analyze the crisis of human nature development in capitalist society. He used Freudian psychoanalysis to analyze Marx’s theory of alienation, and combined the two theories to analyze the social contradictions of capitalism, especially the spiritual crisis and the crisis of human nature, which enriched the social psychology content of Marx’s critical theory of capital. Avoiding consumption alienation is not only conducive to promoting the harmonious development of our society and economy, but also conducive to reducing the pressure on resources and environment. Here, based on Marx’s theory of labor alienation, the perspective of contemporary Chinese Marxist theory to the thought of Fromm’s consumption alienation from Fromm, but is not limited to Fromm’s economic philosophy interpretation, it can be seen that Fromm adopted Freud to the unconscious mental analysis method, (1)analysis of the capitalist society inevitably causes of consumption alienation, namely to boost consumption is to alleviate the crisis of overproduction of capitalism;(2)From the perspective of social psychology, this paper analyzes the negative effects of con¬sumption alienation on human beings, which means that human beings lose their rational and loving ability and are reduced to >robots< under the control of capital logic. (3)It predicts the bleak prospect of the collapse of the logic of capital. Consumption alienation has brought about a negative effect on the capitalist society, leading to the crisis of human nature and natural ecology, and finally the collapse of the capitalist society. (4)Finally, the author gives a utopian plan of >sound society< to cure capitalist group neurosis from three aspects of economy, politics and culture. Sublation of Fromm’s thought of consumption alienation, in under the guidance of Marxist theory, social psychology on the basis of critique of capital and the consumption object, subject, consumption process in the dual economic philosophy and social psychology, aiming at the current situation and existing problems of consumer, to evade the potential consumption alienation, put forward the corresponding countermeasures. Therefore, it will be discussed from the following five aspects. The first chapter aims to clarify the philosophical and psychological origins of Fromm’s idea of consumption alienation. Fromm’s alienation of consumption is the derivation theory of Marx’s alienation of labor. The focus of contemporary capital logic is shifted from the field of production to the field of consumption, which leads to the transformation of alienation of labor to alienation of consumption. Consumption alienation also includes the ideological control of capitalism, which is unconscious. Freud’s individual unconscious can be extended to Fromm’s collective unconscious, which can reveal the social psychological manipulation mechanism behind consumption alienation. The second chapter discusses the variation of the relationship between consumer object and human in the consumption alienation from the theoretical level, which is an abstract analysis, and analyzes the philosophical and psychological reasons of consumption alienation. In the alienation of consumption, people pay more attention to the symbolic value and non-functional attribute of goods, and people’s >false demand< is stimulated. This further leads to the variation of human relationships, including the lack of human initiative, the materialization of human relationships, and human’s demand for nature. Although these are not conducive to the development of human nature, they are conducive to the logic of infinite capital appreciation, which means the inherent irreconcilable conflict between >humanism< and >capital<. The third chapter discusses the internal destruction of human nature caused by consumption alienation, the illusion of happiness deliberately created, and the inevitable ecological crisis. This is an empirical analysis, which analyzes the multiple serious consequences brought by consumption alienation. In the alienated consumption, human beings do not establish their subjectivity, but become >robots< of unconscious consumption. The happiness gained through consumption is based on >false satisfaction< and can only be illusory happiness. Excessive consumption stimulates the expansion of production, which surpasses the carrying capacity of natural resources and ecology, and inevitably leads to ecological crisis.
The fourth chapter discusses the way of sublating consumption alienation from the socialist market economy. The foothold is to sublating the logic of capital and establish the primacy of >people-oriented< rather than >capital<. At the individual level, we should establish human subjectivity through creative labor, emphasize fraternity and cooperation, and realize human’s free and comprehensive development. At the social level, based on the character cultivation of the productive society, we should discard the logic of capital appreciation, establish a green consumption culture, and promote the construction of a harmonious society in economic, cultural and political aspects. The fifth chapter discusses the limitations of Fromm’s criticism of consumption alienation. Fromm’s critique of consumption alienation is a profound revelation of the social contradictions of contemporary capitalism, which is characterized by social psychological deconstruction. However, Fromm overstated the influence of psychological factors, and his >healthy society< program was Utopian in nature, which deviated from the Marxist standpoint to a certain extent. On the whole, (1)Based on Marx’s criticism of political economy, this paper analyzes Fromm’s idea of consumption alienation in both philosophy and social psychology, and this reinterpretation undoubtedly has the background of Marxism in contemporary China. (2)To reveal the >conscious< and >unconscious< control of the whole society by the capital logic behind consumption alienation, especially its suppression of human nature in both physical and mental dimensions;(3)Let people see the real mask of consumerism in the ideological control and economic expansion in the capitalist society, as well as the inherent paradox and inevitable collapse trend of the logic of capital;(4)The criticism of Fromm’s criticism of consumption alienation is for the purpose of >the West serves China<, so as to strengthen the Marxist view of green consumption with Chinese characteristics and promote the healthy and orderly development of China’s socialist economy. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 9/2021]
Our species has deep prehistoric roots in egalitarian and antiauthoritarian bands of nomadic hunter-gatherers. As large agricultural societies develop after the Neolithic revolution 10,000 years ago, despotic rulers, social hierarchies and brutal social inequalities begin to emerge. Through the immensely long arc of the history of our species the pendulum has swung between authoritarianism and antiauthoritarianism, egalitarianism and hierarchy, cooperation and competition, collective solidarity and individual selfishness. Recognizing these oscillations is a key to understanding the political and social nature of our species. As I show, our capacity to control bullies and tyrants and our longing for autonomy and freedom have deep roots in the egalitarian ways of life of nomadic foragers that prevailed during 100,000 years of the prehistory of our species or perhaps much longer. A better understanding about what is known about this prehistory gives us reasons to believe that >the better angels of our nature< are not just historical products, but are indeed rooted in human nature.
[Chinese abstract not available.] Charlotte Bronte, one of the most celebrated English writers of the nineteenth century, >Villette<, as the last autobiographical novel of her life, has traditionally been considered a classic in the tradition of the novel. The novel’s heroine, Lucy Snowe, embodies Charlotte in her journey from the acquisition and deepening of self-consciousness to the stage of self-struggle to reach a life of self-realization, showing the current state of existence. This thesis intends to explore the issue of alienation in >Villette< from the perspective of Erich Fromm’s alienation theory. Erich Fromm’s alienation theory is divided into three important parts: the theory of human nature, the theory of alienation and the theory of love. The theory of human nature is the starting point and basis for analyzing the problem of human dilemma and helping people to get out of it; the problem of human alienation is the core problem of the impact of capitalist society on people; and the theory of love is a path proposed by Erich Fromm to help people to seek happiness under the influence of other ideas and combined with his own experience path. This thesis uses Erich Fromm’s theory of human nature, theory of alienation and theory of love to explore in depth the alienation that exists in >Villette< and the reasons for it from both the individual and social levels, and to explain how to rescue the alienation from the perspective of Erich Fromm’s theory of love. By applying Fromm’s theory of alienation to analyse the phenomenon of alienation in >Villette<, the following points are found: Firstly, the impact of alienation in the novel is not only on the external social environment in which people live, but also on the spiritual world of those who live in it. Therefore, the causes of alienation must be analyzed in relation to both individual and social factors. Secondly, escape is not the answer, but rather a comprehensive and correct understanding of oneself, breaking the illusion and facing the reality. Active participation in society and the establishment of positive relationships with people through genuine love will help people to escape from their alienation. Thirdly, Charlotte Brontë expresses her concern for human society and the environment by describing the alienation of human nature in the Victorian era, and shows where the hope for the salvation of human alienation lies. The struggle of Lucy, the protagonist of the novel, has inspired countless readers to keep pursuing for their own ideals. The study of alienation in >Villette< provides a new perspective on the analysis of this work from the perspective of alienation, and also helps to give modern people a profound reflection on their views on life, love and career, and provides some reference for subsequent research. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 9/2021]
Exploramos la vida de Erich Fromm durante los años 30, su confrontación con el Nacional Socialismo y las experiencias de su familia en el Holocausto. Relevamos el impacto de este periodo en sus escritos, especialmente El Miedo a la Libertad (Escape from Freedom). La situación política del momento, en la cual el antisemitismo se hubo incrementado y las minorías estaban siendo perseguidas hace especialmente importante el examen de la experiencia y exilio de Fromm. El autor se apoya en la historia de su propia familia alemana y en el descubrimiento del pasado nacionalsocialista de su propio abuelo para examinar la importancia del análisis de Fromm de las tendencias autoritarias en Alemania a principios de la década del 30.
埃里希·弗洛姆是马克思主义精神分析学家、哲学家和社会主义人道主义者。本文探究的问题是:在数字和交往资本主义时代如何运用和修正弗洛姆的交往批判理论,以提供一种批判的视角。为了给出这一问题的答案,本文从交往、意识形态和技术等三个方面讨论了弗洛姆的一些观点,这些观点使我们能够更好地理解人类的交往过程。弗洛姆的研究方法可以从多个方面为交往批判理论提供参考:他的社会性格概念为这种理论提供了批判心理学的基础。他对权威主义性格与人道主义性格的区分可以用来区分权威主义的交往与人道主义的交往。弗洛姆的作品也可以为意识形态批判提供参考:占有的意识形态塑造了资本主义的生活、思想、语言和社会行为。在资本主义社会中,包括数字计算在内的技术被奉为拜物教的神明,量化逻辑塑造了社会关系。弗洛姆对人道化的技术和参与式计算的追求可以为当代关于数字资本主义及其替代方案的争论提供参考。
En mi revisión general del desarrollo de las las teorías de Fromm, demuestro, primero que todo, cómo Fromm y su teoría sobre la necesidad de relación (relatedness) y el carácter social tenía como objetivo comprender al individuo y a la sociedad de una manera diferente a lo que era costumbre en esa época. En segundo lugar, expongo cuán relevente es la casi siempre ignorada perspectiva social-psicoanalítica para el pensamiento habitual en términos del concepto de relación, y cuán abierto resulta este enfoque para estructurar perspectivas que emanan de la biología humana.
Review Usak-Sahin, H., Psychoanalyse in der Türkei. Eine historische und aktuelle Spurensuche
(2021)
Several Fables in >Zhuangzi< from the Perspective of Western Power Theories [西方权力理论视阈下的几则《庄子》寓言]
(2021)
本文借助福柯、弗洛伊德、马克思等人的权力理论分析《庄子》中儒生入仕、伯乐治马、不材之木、哑雁命薄等几则寓言。颜回、颜阖等儒生的仕途危机暗讽臣子才德只能迎合滥施酷刑的君主权力,其抑制君权的忠义仁孝等灵魂技术也类同于弗洛姆诊断的权威主义。相应地,孔子教导的心斋并非入仕之法,而是消解以尘世大他者欲望和法则为核心的自我理想,将知识分子引向不得已为之的机械化状态,从而破坏整个封建圣人之治抑或>大他者集体<,进入拉康的拓扑第四环>圣症<。庄子继而通过伯乐对野马的治理隐喻以古代人种学为基础的规训权力和生命权力,揭示圣人之治实则是煽动智巧竞赛和利欲争斗的人性堕落>集中营<,这同样预警当今资本权力以生产利润指标鲸吞人性和自然的危机。在对这世俗权力的揭批和自我理想的湮灭之上,庄子以实体即主体(天人合一)的思维,在大他者空缺中为知识分子指出了不材之木的人生道路,暗示他们必须如坏木、神木、毒木那般>不才权力<才能逃脱权力的规训和惩罚,但同时他也借哑雁被宰杀的故事担忧材与不材之间的艰难抉择,并指出天道的超时空拯救力。
贯穿在弗洛姆的理论中的一条主线就是对美好生活的研究。这一研究对于正在致力于破解人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾、疾步前进在追求美好生活的道路上的中国人民来说,具有重要的参考意义。首先,弗洛姆对马克思主义、社会主义的实质和目标的论述启发我们把满足人民群众对美好生活的追求作为奋斗目标。其次,弗洛姆关于人的本性的研究有助于我们确定美好生活的内涵。第三,弗洛姆对>存在<与>占有<两种生活方式的分析有助于我们把握美好生活的根本标准。第四,弗洛姆把>工作<与<爱<作为实现美好生活的途径,为我们探索如何走向美好生活提供了借鉴。最后,弗洛姆把美好生活与自由联系在一起,启示我们在实现美好生活的过程中必须正确地对待自由。
The psychic Black Hole is a primitive psychosomatic representation of undifferentiation and loss of the vanished mother of infancy. It is evoked during a psychic collapse, originated when awareness of the reality of separation from the mother comes in too soon. Its repetition creates an implosion into the self instead of an explosion into the receiving other. The catastrophe that it marks is an overwhelming affective storm that has resulted from a loss of the containing (m)other and a subsequent annihilation of the self. As a sign or a signal used for self-regulation, the Black Hole marks a deficit in the ability to symbolize that evokes states of meaninglessness, nothingness, and hopelessness.
How do we maintain our psychoanalytic footing during a frightening crisis that affects us all? How do we work effectively within a medium that most of us have not been trained for, might have little prior experience with, and that some worry is not effective? Even more daunting, how do we manage these two monumental challenges simultaneously? This paper will consider these predicaments and explore the conditions that promote useful psychoanalytic work while meeting on the phone or through videoconferencing amid a pandemic. It will include clinical material that illustrates a patient’s negative response to switching to teleanalysis and his reactions to the global pandemic, the analyst’s countertransference, and how considering their meanings allowed for the analytic work to continue and deepen.
Leadership plays a critical role in the sustained success of the changes needed to reach the effectiveness objectives in an organization and in bringing out the best in people. I describe leaders who seek out their workers’ thoughts and feelings, understand them intuitively when they interact with them, versus those who take advantage of their employees’ fears of authority and their need for praise. The latter do not bring out the best in employees. Productive leadership involves the workers in designing change, and takes into account the effects on thinking and feelings the changes elicit, recognizing that not all employees respond to changes or behavior expectations the same way.
This paper argues that autonomy is a crucial concept for psychoanalysis that deserves greater attention and closer elaboration. Although there is abundant literature on the complexities of Freud’s psychic determinism and its compatibility (or not) with different notions of freedom, less attention has been paid to psychoanalytic definitions of autonomy, especially in relation to the end(s) of analysis. In what follows I propose a framework for a psychoanalytic conception of autonomy based on an intrapsychic and an intersubjective axis. I argue for the consideration of three kinds of freedom: a freedom >from,< a freedom >to,< and a freedom >through.< Freedom >from< refers to the quest for liberation from intrapsychic constraints that delimit our freedom >to< be agents of change and novelty, subjects capable of degrees of self-creation and self-determination; both kinds of freedom require the common psychic work between patient and therapist, the working-through of the particular elements of the transferential and countertransferential dynamics of the dyad generating a form of freedom >through< one another, unique to psychoanalytic activity.
Utopisches Bewusstsein
(2021)
Psychoanalysis and body psychotherapy: An exploration of their relational and embodied common ground
(2021)
Working therapeutically with and through embodiment is a topical issue in the psychoanalytic literature. Vice versa, body psychotherapy is deeply rooted in psychoanalytic theory and practice. This paper will explore corresponding themes, historic developments, and recent literature with reference to their actual and potential mutual influences, aiming to demonstrate: (1) that contemporary body psychotherapy practice continues to be informed and influenced by psychoanalytic theory, in particular the relational emphasis in psychoanalysis; and (2) that psychoanalytic psychotherapy, in turn, can be enriched and furthered while utilizing the theoretical paradigm of embodiment and body-oriented, experiential intervention strategies developed in body psychotherapy.
自由是人类永恒的理想和追求,人类的历史就是人类为自由而努力奋斗的历史,人类不断摆脱外在的限制,获得自由,在获得自由之后又深感孤独,被个体的微不足道感和无能为力感所淹没,由此产生逃避自由的心理。本文通过文本研究的方法解读弗洛姆提出的>逃避自由<心理产生的原因以及提出的出路,从而探求其对当下个人、家庭与学校、国家积极的启示意义。当前,我国已经实现了第一个百年奋斗目标,正向着全面建成社会主义现代化强国的第二个百年奋斗目标迈进,在这个现代化过程中,人是实践主体、价值主体,本研究对在新的征程中社会对人的关注尤其是对人的心理关注有一定的理论意义,以期在一定程度上避免人在现代化过程出现精神孤独和心理弊病,提升人们的幸福感,实现积极的自由,从而促进人自由全面的发展。
Der Wille zur Revolution. Foucaults Reise in den Iran im Licht seiner vorherigen Bloch-Lektüre
(2021)
The article explores the concept of >life< via processual ontology, contrasting the approaches of substance and processual ontologies, and investigates the link between ontological assumptions and sociopolitical discourses, stating that the predominant substance ontologies also promote an objectifying and anthropocentric framework in sociopolitical discourses and ethical approaches. Arguing for a necessary shift in the ontological conceptualization of life to enable environmentally-minded ethics for the future, the article explores the tie between the sociopolitical discourses embedded in a worldview that is grounded in substance ontology and ethical frameworks. Whilst affirming this tie, this study also explicates the limitations and potential feasibility of a processual understanding of life, in the context of the existential disposition of the self-alienated lived-body self that is ontologically predisposed to objectification as a necessary pre-condition to human self-awareness.
This article methodologically explores Erich Fromm’s theory of narcissism in socio-theoretical terms while referring to his theory of alienation. It thereby portrays the foundations of an analytical method of far-right politics in the context of capitalism and demonstrates that malignant narcissism touches off fascism without regard to authoritarianism. Essentially, the Freudian psychoanalytic concept of narcissism lies in Fromm’s social theory. However, it is possible to discern the theoretical essence of his social theory characteristically in his conception of alienation. By focusing on this theoretical concern, I argue that in Fromm’s social theory the concept of narcissism works on a socio-pathological level, particularly in the way in which it synchronizes with alienation, a social phenomenon that fulfils its important functions in conjunction with the marketing orientation under the conditions of a market society, and therefore that the concept plays an overriding role in his theory of alienation. I conclude that the relevance of a Frommian critical social theory of narcissism for our society is best showcased by the concept of postfascism.
Theoretical conceptualizations of mentalizing postulate a close relationship between the ability to mentalize and the regulation of emotional states. The former is viewed as a key process to modulate the latter, with the origins of the link between the two established in early attachment relationships. However, there is a lack of research testing this association empirically. In the present cross-sectional study, the hypothesis of a positive relationship between the two constructs was tested based on data collected on more than 500 nonclinical adult participants. Various self-assessments and an experimentally derived instrument of mentalizing were employed to this end. Correlational analyses confirmed the expected associations between emotion regulation and mentalizing. In addition, regression models showed that adaptive as well as maladaptive emotion regulation, independent of age, gender, and native language, could be predicted only by self-focused mentalizing.