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- 2016 (345) (remove)
>What is in the mind of the author?< >What is in the mind of the reviewer?< >What is in the mind of the reader?< >What is in mind of the teacher?< >What is in the in the mind of the publisher?< These themes were discussed in a panel: >“The psychoanalytical journal, writing and evaluation of psychoanalytical papers,< at the XVIII International Forum of the IFPS, held in Kaunas (Lithuania), in September 2014.
Psychoanalysis cannot distance itself from culture and its transformations. It cannot ignore cultural ideals, which each individual uniquely appropriates to produce identifications, find his place within the human community, express his desires, and manifest the suffering occasioned by each difficult experience. This article will try to demonstrate this necessity of taking culture into account by drawing on Lacan's approach, which is based on the lessons of Freud. The author emphasizes the fact that every culture has its >discontents,< which stem from the incompleteness at the very heart of human experience, and that our cultural constructions are therefore constantly being reworked. By doing so, she aims to cast a different perspective on the relationship between the psyche and culture, and bring out the inherent complexity of the now fashionable notion of the >decline of the father,< which is systematically used to explain the new symptoms and ills of modern society. By detecting this decline, by searching for the visible signs of this deficit, do we not instead end up creating them ourselves?
Debussy attempted to conceal the stresses of his early life: his father leaving to fight in the Franco-Prussian War, his younger siblings being sent to live with an aunt, and Debussy remaining alone with his mother. His early-discovered musical talent provided him with a sense of continuity throughout his life. However, he felt his training at the Paris Conservatoire to be restrictive and rebelled against it in the musical style he developed. Debussy’s opera Pelléas et Mélisande gave him an opportunity to creatively depict these thwarted passions and his aversion to restriction.
Based on our clinical experience with anorexia, we propose to distinguish two paradoxical aspects of this disorder. On the one hand, anorexia may serve as a shield and support to open up a space for subjectivity, promoting a separation from the mother. Eros is responsible for this defense of subjectivity and of the assumption of one's own wish. But the anorexic individual may, on the other hand, be subjected to the death drive and to the voice of a sadistic and ferocious superego that demands immediate obedience. The death drive, present in different combinations with Eros, is an obstacle to the work of the psychoanalyst.
The teaching of psychoanalysis encompasses a wide array of educational stages, from undergraduate students to psychoanalytic candidates and lifelong training for professionals. Papers published in psychoanalytic journals play a fundamental role in teaching tasks. The historical separation of psychoanalytic practice from the research community and the university probably relates to the relative lack of empirical investigation and the contested status of research in general within the psychoanalytic community. In addition, there is not enough debate among different schools and orientations, making it very unlikely that creative solutions to theoretical and practical discussions will be found. Related to this, there seems to be a worrying deficit of recent references in psychoanalytic papers compared with general psychiatric journals or medical publications. This reflects a dangerous attitude of not paying attention to contemporary writers within our own field. Reasons behind this might be fear of confrontation with other colleagues, loyalty to our own dogmas and clinical practices, a system of training that promotes continuity, and even organizational structures that sustain this state of things. A renewed attention to research in psychoanalysis (conceptual, empirical, clinical-observational, etc.) and establishing ties to academic environments in the fields of natural and human sciences might improve this situation and offer a path towards collective theoretical and clinical development.
Extreme trauma in a polluted area: Bonds and relational transformations in an Italian community
(2016)
In the community of Casale Monferrato, exposure to asbestos has led to an extremely traumatic situation that has encompassed cancer and death and affected a variety of social and environmental aspects of both individuals and the community. When an entire community is severely traumatized, psychoanalytic group therapy seems to be the most suitable therapeutic setting: it allows for the historization of the event and the creation of multiple narratives of somatopsychic suffering, producing a transformative effect on nonmentalized emotional aggregates. Making reference to clinical material, I will show how the possibility of sharing, with other minds, the meaning of the trauma also brought into the field each participant's vital aspects, possibly not very intense in each individual but consistently present in the functioning of the mind of the group. I will also illustrate how this led to the development of a new and more mature psychic asset, with which painful and deadly experiences connected to the trauma could be faced.
Following the tracks of the pioneers of the psychoanalysis of schizophrenia, who discovered the singularity of transference in such cases and, during the wars, among traumatized soldiers, we came to the conclusion that trauma and psychosis belong to the same field of destruction of the symbolic order, that is, an area of death, where time stops, where there is no other, except for a ruthless agency that erases truth and trust. In that field, patient and analyst are co-researchers, exploring and challenging the possible existence of a reliable other as a positive outcome. Such an event >happens in a few sessions< – as described by the late Martin Cooperman, psychoanalyst at the Austen Riggs Center and veteran of the Pacific wars – >but it takes many years to get there.< We will give examples of some critical sessions, when time starts to flow again. They take place at the crossroad of the patient's and of the analyst's story with the catastrophes of History.
My relationship to the IFP in the context of the original construction of our identity as a journal
(2016)
The author presents the context within which the editorial approach of the International Forum of Psychoanalysis was originally constructed, and the identity of its editorial board established, most of whose phases he was personally able to participate in. Particularly important was the role of the founding editor, Jan Stensson, in establishing not only the network sustaining the journal, its aims, and its working routines, but also the analytic methodology of reciprocal and careful listening, which makes our work as members of the editorial board a highly worthwhile professional experience. This is the legacy that the author further developed in his work with Jan Stensson's successor, Christer Sjödin (2007–2014), and that he shares with the new coeditor-in-chief, Grigoris Maniadakis.
Surfen oder Sein?
(2016)
Wie Arbeit heute entfremdet
(2016)
America, beginning as a small group of devout Puritan settlers, ultimately became the richest, most powerful Empire in the history of the world, but having reached that point, is now in a process of implosion and decay. This book, inspired by Frankfurt School Critical Theory, especially Erich Fromm, offers a unique historical, cultural and characterological analysis of American national character and its underlying psychodynamics. Specifically, this analysis looks at the persistence of Puritan religion, as well as the extolling of male toughness and America's unbridled pursuit of wealth. Finally, its self image of divinely blessed exceptionalism has fostered vast costs in lives and wealth. But these qualities of its national character are now fostering both a decline of its power and a transformation of its underlying social character. This suggests that the result will be a changing social character that enables a more democratic, tolerant and inclusive society, one that will enable socialism, genuine, participatory democracy and a humanist framework of meaning. This book is relevant to understanding America’s past, present and future.
Das neue Habenwollen
(2016)
The aim of this paper is to explore certain aspects of reading as a psychic activity, focussing on editorial reading of psychoanalytic texts. The author puts stress on container–contained aspects of the reader–text–author relationship. The efficiency (or failure) of a text as container is more or less to be sought in its form and its >readability.< Concerning psychoanalytic texts, the editorial reader has to function as a container for the author's primitive and/or Oedipal anxieties, a process necessary for the evaluation and/or the potential transformation of a text; moreover, the psychoanalytic journal as a whole, through the linking processes it establishes between readers and authors, in the psychoanalytic community, can be regarded as the third object of a commensal container–contained relationship.
Sabina Spielrein's life events became known to posterity through a private correspondence with Freud and Jung, and through her diaries. Based on a misinterpretation of the documents, a myth, a fiction, was created about an alleged sexual affair with Jung and a case of misconduct during treatment. Another myth was that her relationship with Jung was a cause of the historic break-up between Freud and Jung. The biographical facts described by the author in a number of publications show that her treatment ended when she left the hospital to become Jung's student in the medical school, a situation with its own ethical rules. Furthermore, the alleged >scandal< was no public matter: it turned out to be no more than a personal quarrel. Before, during, and after that turbulent episode, Spielrein and Jung maintained a long and tender friendship and correspondence that included sharing creative ideas that enriched psychoanalysis. In these exchanges, a special role was played by the myth of Siegfried and other themes in Wagner's operas.
Psychoanalytic supervision in the new millennium. On pressing needs and impressing possibilities
(2016)
Having now completed its first century, psychoanalytic supervision has been and continues to be regarded as the cornerstone of psychoanalytic education; it is the primary means by which (1) psychoanalytic ideology becomes translated into practical product, and (2) budding analytic practitioners develop and grow in their therapeutic skills and professional identity. The supreme significance of supervision in contributing to the >making< of the competent psychoanalytic practitioner now seems a widely accepted given, even axiomatic. But as its second century gets underway, what have we learned from psychoanalytic supervision's first 100 years? What are its most pressing needs and, in turn, impressing possibilities at this time? And what needs to most change if psychoanalytic supervision is to most profitably advance in the years and decades ahead? In this paper, I would like to consider those questions, giving focus to five needs that seem to most require attention now: (1) making the practice of psychoanalytic treatment an increasingly competency-based, concretized learning affair; (2) enhancing the efficacy of supervisors through competency-based practice and training in psychoanalytic supervision; (3) more effectively incorporating existing technology and emerging technological advances into supervision and using them to enhance the psychoanalytic learning process; (4) better attending to matters of difference and diversity, and striving to seamlessly integrate them into the conceptualization and conduct of the psychoanalytic supervision experience; and (5) vigorously researching the psychoanalytic supervision process and working to establish an evidence base for supervisory practice.
Aneignung oder Resonanz? Zum normativen Hintergrund zweier Neudeutungen des Entfremdungstheorems
(2016)
Fritz Bauer – Sein Mut und die Notwendigkeit zum Widerstand: >[I]m aufrechten Gang seiner Pflicht<
(2016)
To resurrect and revalorize the tradition of the early Frankfurt School, whose of Marxist-Hegelian dialectical approach to understanding the societal conditions of its emergence -- post WWI Germany, the rise of fascism, New Deal politics, the defeat of fascism and the subsequent rise of consumer society – remains relevant to studying present circumstances, stressing the cultural dimension of capitalism, the proliferation of alienation, ideology and mass media, and, finally, the nature of the society-character/subjectivity nexus.
弗洛姆的人学思想主要来源于弗洛伊德和马克思的思想,集精神分析和马克思人类解放学说于一身。弗洛姆对人学思想的研究,总体上是作为西方马克思主义的一部分展开而来的,他科学地、系统地、全面地阐述了他的人学思想,具有人本主义的色彩。弗洛姆的人学思想围绕工业化的资本主义社会下人的生存困境和心理问题展开如生与死、生命的有限性与个体潜能的无限性以及个体化与孤独感的矛盾,人焦虑、不安等负面情绪问题,他的关注点是迷茫而孤立的现代人以及资本主义社会中人的异化,试图用弗洛伊德的本能理论、性格学说等理论从个人角度揭示人心理的问题,并用马克思的异化理论、社会主义理论等解决社会的问题。其主要内容包括三个方面:人性思想包括人的生存境遇、人的需要、人的性格以及社会无意识,人的异化以及通过心理革命和社会革命对人的拯救。弗洛姆的人学思想对于个人心理问题的研究如现代人的抑郁、焦虑以及自爱等方面提供了一种积极的爱的理论,同时,对我国社会和谐发展从经济、文化和情感角度具有理论支撑作用,经济方面,为个体创造生存条件;文化方面,为人们提供和平民主的成长环境;情感方面,教育人们如何>爱<。此外,弗洛姆的人学思想存在局限性,如人性定义的局限性,理论的矛盾性及健全社会思想的幻想化。
文学是一项以审美为目的的生存体验活动,具有一定的审美性、时代性与客观性。文学作品中具有>典型性<与>普遍性<的人物形象,不仅能够更有力地揭示作品主题、揭露社会问题,而且能够丰富作品内容、增强作品的审美性;对现实世界中人物的真实描写,也能够更加准确与真实地反映当时的社会时代面貌。可以说,作品中的人物是时代精神的体现者。对人物形象的分析包含外在分析与内在(心理)分析两大类。外在分析主要着重于对五官能够感知到的部分进行分析,如听到的语言、看到的人物行为及人物的外貌特征(肖像)等部分。内在分析则侧重于对人物的内心世界进行分析,或者说对人物的潜意识—>我是谁<进行分析。内在分析的研究结果具有更高的客观性,因而研究价值要高于外在分析。然而,人物内心世界复杂而多样,这主要根植于他们各自所属的情境。此处的情境既指他们生活的时代,也指他们各自所属的社会系统。因此,对人物的分析离不开对其所属情境的考察。如1950年代的韩国文学作品不可避免地会受到朝鲜战争的影响,战争对民众生活的破坏性成为作品表现的主要内容;1960年代的4.19革命与5.16军事政变使参与文学不断发展,军事独裁政府的暴戾与普通民众的激扬斗志是这一时期文学叙述的主题;进入1970年代,维新体制营造了压抑与恐怖的社会氛围,专制政治体制下经济反而得到高速增长,倒退的政治体制与不断发展的经济之间的矛盾既反映在民众的意识之中,也成为那个时代文学作品的主要内容。韩国作家金容诚在其20世纪70年代的代表作品《黎巴东将军》中,成功地塑造了在军人专政时代里,>军队<这个特殊机制内的三个典型性人物。笔者在本论第二部分运用艾瑞克·弗洛姆的逃避自由理论,详细分析了作品中三个典型人物所属的逃避自由机制以及各自的心理性格特征。为进一步探究三个典型人物所持不同性格的形成原因,增强研究的完整性,笔者在本论的第三部分运用菲利普·津巴多的情境影响理论,重点探讨1970年代的社会背景以及军队这个特殊的>情境<在人物性格的转变过程中所产生的作用。