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Мертволюбие [Love for Death]
(2010)
Статья посвящена неукротимому человеческому искушению – лжи. И. Кант считал, что обман, заблуждение являются несомненным злом и учил правдивости Немецкий философ полагал, что увлечение ложью разрушает общество. Однако другие философы были не столь категоричны в этом вопросе. Ф. Ницше, к примеру, считал, что истина не может быть основой общественного бытия, равно как и ложь. Автор статьи обращает внимание на парадоксальную переплетённость обмана и правды в индивидуальной и социальной жизни. Он отмечает, в частности, что искусство, вскормленное иллюзией, нередко раскрывает истинные проблемы человеческого существования. В статье использована методология философской антропологии, которая позволяет видеть в каждом феномене его противоречивые стороны. Тяга к истине и лжи рассматриваются как трудно насыщаемые потребности человека. В статье впервые ставится вопрос о последствиях общего увлечения истиной и ложью, показывает опасность организации общественной жизни на массовой иллюзорности или обмане. С этой точки зрения, подвергнуты критическому разбору концепции И. Канта, Ф. Ницше и Э. Фромма. Американский мыслитель, трактуя позицию Фрейда, обратил внимание лишь на постижение истины в процессе терапевтической активности, игнорируя парадоксальное стремление людей к грёзе, галлюцинаторным и виртуальным аспектам жизни.
Table of Content:
Plamen Minchev:
Социалният характер. Теоретични и приложни аспекти
Social character. Aspects of theory and application
Sofia (Unipress) 2021, 294 pp.
First chapter: Social character
1. History of the concept of social character
2. Psychological, social and personal prerequisites of Erich Fromm to develop the concept of social character
3. Social character theory
3.1 Social psychological function of religion and the connection between religion and social character
3.2 The family as agent of the society in transmission of the basic features of social character
3.3 Example of analysis of family structure
4. Definition and aspects of the social character
5. Erich Fromm`s characterology
5.1 Sigmund Freud characterology as basis for Erich Fromm characterology
5.2 Erich Fromm characterology
5.3 Connection between social and individual character
5.4 Social character and ‘lagging behind’
5.5 The theory of love of Erich Fromm as basis for analysis of the different types of characters
6. The social character in the Bulgarian psychological literature
Second chapter: Social psychological portrait of the Bulgarians and Turks
1 Social psychological view of Bulgarian population
1.1 History of development of the Bulgarian social character
1.2 Analaysis of the family structure of the Bulgarians in historical context
1.3 Structure of the Bulgarian education
2. Social psychological characteristics of the Turkish population in Bulgaria
2.1 Demographic development and social structure of the Turkish population in Bulgaria
2.2 Religious structure
2.3 Culture and language
2.4 Education
2.5 Social life
2.6 The Turkish family
3. Studies of the relationship between Bulgarian and Turks
3.1 Studies of the stereotypes between Bulgarians and Turks
3.2 Anthropological study of some villages with Turkish or predominantly Turkish population.
4. The common way of life as basis for developing common social character
Third chapter: Studies of social character
1. Nonpsychodynamic studies of the concept of social character
2. Psychodynamic studies of the concept of social character
2.1 Study of the social character through children games in Mexican village
2.2 Study of the social character in the organizations
2.3 Study of the villagers`s social character in Mexican village
2.4 Study of the biophilia and necrophilia in American society
2.5 Mexican study of women social character in two villages
Fourth chapter: Comparative study of social character of Bulgarian and Turkish teachers
В статье рассматривается философия отчуждения и философия конфликта в историософской проблематике одного из участников сборника >Вехи< 1909 года Михаила Осиповича Гершензона, который был одним из первых критиков >массовой культуры<. Показано историко-философское осмысление феномена отчуждения в эпоху Модерна от Гегеля, Маркса до ключевой работы Гершензона >Тройственный образ совершенства<, где проблема отчуждения исследователем интерпретируется не через отчуждение трудом или религией, а через отчуждение культурой. Дилемма Гершензона >создавать или ощущать< как основной конфликт человечества предвосхитила дилемму Э.Фромма >иметь или быть<. В статье демонстрируется, что Гершензон М.О. опередил ряд положений, изложенных в работах Г.Маркузе, Э.Фромма, Х.Ортеги-и-Гассета в плане критики массовой культуры и отчуждения человеческого бытия.
В статье предпринят сравнительный анализ феномена мазохизма у неофрейдиста Э. Фромма и экзистенциалиста Ж.-П. Сартра. Показано, что Фрейд усматривал корни мазохизма в тайнах детского психосексуального развития. Фромм как представитель неофрейдизма предпринял попытку радикально изменить этот диагноз. Он пришёл к убеждению, что феномен садизма и мазохизма не столько психоаналитический, сколько социальный феномен. Люди становятся заложниками этого невротического состояния в результате воспитания, социализации и реализации межличностных отношений. Власть растлевает людей. Она заставляет многих стремиться к властолюбию, а других обрекает на унижение и подчиненность. Принципиально другой взгляд развивает Сартр. Он полагает, что мазохизм не столько социальный, сколько антропологический феномен. Власть не может принудить личность к жестокости или подчинению, если это не совпадает с ее экзистенциальным выбором. Сартр создает свою концепцию мазохизма в полемике с Симоной Бовуар, с которой его связывали любовные отношения. Автор использует методы исторической реконструкции проблемы. Это позволяет показать, что мазохизм имеет исторические аспекты. На разных этапах складывались разные версии истоков мазохизма. В статье применены также методы философского постижения человека. Таким образом, феноменология социальности замещается в статье экзистенциальным мышлением. Новизна статьи в том, что проблема мазохизма не сводится только к психологическому аспекту. Впервые в отечественной литературе в историческом аспекте сопоставляются взгляды Фрейд, Фромма и Сартра. В результате показано, что от этапа к этапу осмысление данного феномена становится все более развернутым, ясным и теоретически продуктивным. Экзистенциальная экспертиза характеризуется как наиболее состоятельная.
Статья посвящена феномену экзистенциального оптимизма. Авторы трактуют его как душевную установку, присущую отдельной личности и вклю¬чающую в себя положительную оценку мира, умение радоваться и волю к жизни. Экзистенциальный оптимизм не сливается с социальным оптимиз¬мом, он связан с определением индивидуальной траектории судьбы и способен помогать человеку проходить через трудные социальные обстоятель¬ства, сохраняя позитивный настрой и реализуя свои цели. Его стержнем выступает ощущение и выбор личного жизненного проекта, который существует не только в юности, но может в разных вариантах актуализироваться в любых возрастах. Авторы квалифицируют фигуру экзистенциального оптимиста с помощью понятий >продуктивности< (Э. Фромм) и >самоактуа¬лизации< (А. Маслоу), а также образа >победителя< (Э. Берн). Жизненные препятствия видятся такому человеку не только как нормальная характеристика действительности, но и как поле для игры наших сил, что приносит ему бытийную радость. В становлении подобного мироотношения боль¬шую роль играет воспитание и личный пример старших. Авторы обращаются также к теме смерти и разочарования, с которыми сталкивается любой человек, и подчеркивают, что смерть не находится в центре внимания экзистенциального оптимиста. Последней обсуждаемой в статье темой выступает тема практик >позитивного мышления<. В выводах подчеркивается, что позиция оптимиста не может быть никому навязана, а может быть лишь принята самостоятельно.
Социальная трансформация – актуальная в текущих философских и общественных реалиях концепция, которая получила проблематизацию и начала рассматриваться вместе с появлением и развитием социальной философии несколько веков назад. Особенный вклад в этот вопрос был внесен в рамках улучшения качества знаний о человеке с развитием психологии как науки и методологии, в частности – психоанализа и неофрейдизма. Данная статья посвящена вопросу этической трансформации общества на примере радикального гуманистического психоанализа Эриха Фромма – неофрейдистской концепции, которая требует уточнения и пояснения несмотря на обилие материала по теме. В качестве методов исследования были использованы качественный анализ первичных эмпирических данных, обработка вторичных эмпирических данных, анализ различных взглядов по выбранной теме. В настоящей статье проводится рассмотрение основных понятий гуманистического психоанализа Фромма в рамках изучаемого вопроса, а также оценка концептуальной применимости его теории к вопросу социальной трансформации. В процессе исследования автор приходит к выводу, что теоретические построения Эриха Фромма изучаются недостаточно скрупулезно, содержат уникальную идиографическую точку зрения на процесс социальной трансформации, обладают практической применимостью для широкого круга пользователей предлагаемой информации – философов, психологов, социологов, историков, религиоведов.
佛洛姆雖然沒有提出系統的教育理論,但其理論以人的全面發展、充分誕生為目標,以建立人本主義的社會主義社會為理想,冀望人人覺悟異化的實相,努力克服非理性的熱情與性格,發展生產性格,以解決生存的矛盾,而能夠健全的生活,實具有教育理論的內涵。本文所嘗試為其建立的教育理論,奠基於其人性論、異化論與歷史唯物論,既重視人本身人性力量的發揮,也重視社會整體結構對人發展的影響,有別於先前對其教育理論探討者之忽視社會結構的分析。其人性論承繼馬克思的人性論,以自由而有意識的活動的社會存有為人的本質,同時又根據其心理分析實踐的反思,以內在於人生存處境的矛盾為人的本質。人要獲得自由,必須擴大對自己無意識的覺察,從無意識的壓抑中解放出來。在最深的無意識中,人可以覺察到普遍的人性,而體驗到與所有人類為一體。一般人無法意識到如此深的無意識,但如能意識到其性格結構、社會性格、社會無意識、社會的意識形態等,則能覺察到諸種壓抑其自由發展的內、外在障礙。資本主義社會的生產方式,促使人發展非生產性的市場性格、接受性格等異化的性格,又發展出產業與人工頭腦時代的宗教,來強化這些性格。人由這些非生產性格發展出貪婪、自戀、亂倫固著、威權性格、破壞性等非理性熱情,又屈從於匿名權威,成為自動機器人,遂不得自由發展。人由生產性的工作、工作社群、產業民主、健全消費、全民參與式民主、集體藝術、人本主義的宗教與教育,可以發展生產性格結構,發展生產性的愛與理性的力量,以克服與自我、他人、自然異化的生存矛盾,而達到與世界合一的真我,真正得到自由的發展。生產性格者能夠帶動產生更多的生產性格者,一個社會若有許多生產性格者,就能逐漸轉變社會盛行的價值與觀念,進而逐漸轉變社會性格與社會的生產方式。佛洛姆以生產性的愛為基礎的認識論,和格物致知的修養功夫相似,必須格除私欲,克服自戀等非理性熱情,以無我的愛與世界關聯,心清淨無染,才能看清世界。在這個基礎上,才能發展愛與理性的能力,及其他的人性潛能。故學為聖人,放下自我,從自我的牢籠中脫離出來,乃人得以自由發展的重要關鍵。以「存有」情態學習人類導師與人本宗教的教誨,知行合一的實踐博愛,能夠克服自戀,發展生產性格。能相當程度的發展生產性格,解決生存矛盾之後,才能健全的生活,發展各種人性潛能。生產性格的教育者與領導人「作之君、作之親、作之師」,將家庭、學校、公司等小團體,建立成以愛生性為導向的學習社會,可以促進所有成員生產性格的發展。這種學習社會可以漸次擴大,而將整個社會、國家建立成以愛生性為導向的團體。經由教育者的愛與人格典範、童蒙養正、教勞結合、內在自我實現動機的啟發、落實所教內容、對受教者的信心,可以幫助人發展生產性格,克服異化。教育學的理論與實踐,應更重視整體社會結構與歷史對人的影響,應更重視德育對人整體發展的影響,避免將自私、異化的人視為常態,而應以幫助人發展成生產性格者為目標去進行研究與實踐。
本文的主旨是企圖對佛洛姆的政治思想從事一全面性的了解,並加以評價性的討論。關於了解部分,乃是先設定一個研究架構,就其思想背景、人性理論、個人與社會的調適論、自由與權威的並重論以及世界新秩序的建立途徑,分別加以說明,並進一步指出其政治思想的重心以及整個體系之所在。關於討論部分,則在每章陳述佛氏思想內容之後,列出專節根據當代重要政治思想家某些論點與佛氏思想作比較並加以評論,最後又在全文的結論中,列舉佛氏思想的創義,作較深入的討論,以突顯其思想的主要價值並指出與當代改革潮流的相關性。本文的具體處理共分九章,約三十餘萬字。每章的標題如後:第一章緒論;第二章思想背景;第三章自我肯定的人性論;第四章個人與社會的互動關係;第五章不完全的社會;第六章健全的個人與健全的社會;第七章自由與灌威的協調; 第八章世界新秩序的建立;第章結論--對佛洛姆思想的一個評價。
佛洛姆的人道心理分析學:兼述心性論與位格論的人道傳統 [Fromm's Humane Psychoanalysis: The Humane Tradition of Mind and Person]
(1984)
弗洛姆(Erich Fromm)愛的理論中認為,愛包括一些元素:照顧、責任、尊重及瞭解,其中母親與小孩的關係最密切,她代表著溫暖和安全的狀態,兒童從胚胎起便與母親相互依戀著,縱使日後脫離母體向世界探索,也是相當緊密的。值得注意的是,父親之愛與母愛最大的差別在於,母親是無條件的,而父愛是有條件的。《三國演義》對於劉禪親情的書寫,從三十四回出生到四十一回趙子龍單騎救主、四十二回摔阿斗、六十一回截江奪阿斗、甚至到後來八十五回的託孤事件、及後主登基之後劉禪與諸葛亮的關係等,在在都是於親情的軌跡上書寫。是故,本文欲從現代西方心裡學家弗洛姆(Erich Fromm)《愛的藝術 The Art of Loving》中對於親情剖析的觀點析論《三國演義》中劉禪為中心的敘述,期以重新理解作者在情節段落中的安排和更貼近真實人心的心理狀態,重要的是期盼能梳理出後主人格缺陷部分始是造成蜀國敗亡的真正原因,再從弗洛姆的父親之愛、母親之愛再推而影響人類成年後的父性良知和母性良知,以釐清日後造就出後主如此懦弱無能的主因,竟和童年的親情脈絡有著密不可分的關係。
心理學普通不設宗教信仰這一問題,因為兩者的研究對象各有不同之故。但由於心理學所討論的人,是「整體性」的,生理與心理固然不能分離,肉體與精神現象也很難完全分開處理;因此自五十年代以來,某些研究「人之所以為人」之特徵的心理學家,已開始對宗教信仰這一問題發生了興趣。心理學家討論信仰問題,不管他們的背境是什麼,藉通不強調、更不執著某種特定的宗教系統,如佛教、基督教、或天主教,雖然這些心理學家也有他們自己的特定信仰。本文收集了五位較有代表性的心理學家,並計劃從他們不同的立場來討論人與宗教之問題:(一)從成熟的人格觀點來看人之宗教信仰對人之人格成熟有何關連。這裡介紹了兩位心理學家,即亞爾伯之人格理論及梵岡之信仰健康觀。(二)從人生意義之探索看信仰問題。並以意義治療學之創始人以弗蘭克為代言人。(三)從追求道德及靈魂之實有看宗教,以新精神分析學權威佛洛姆為主。(四)從人之自我實現論談宗教信仰,並以此理論之創始人馬斯洛為主要依據。輔大以全人教育為宗旨,並以真善美聖為師生共同追求的目標,但全人教育不設宗教這一問題又如何能成為「全人」。真善美聖的實際內涵又脫不了終極關懷的問題。我們不願以自己的信仰談宗教,雖然我們也有此權利及責任,但畢竟易引起誤會及反感。本各完全以人自己的立場來說信仰,似乎應該易於接受。
文化是人類生活的所有表現,它包含了歷史洪流的縱向發展與社會型態的橫向延伸,它並非純物質世界的產物,而是精神內化於物質的展現,是精神生活的彰顯。每種文化都是人性的展現,在人性的自然情欲表現中,包含著喜、怒、哀、樂、愛、惡等種種情感,更簡單的區分,人有關懷、愛心與破壞、殘忍兩種相反的力量,它們雖然不是如食色等維生的基本欲望,但對人的影響卻常更甚之;因此,談道德不能抽離人性來討論,談文化不能脫離人性道德而論之。同樣,在今日我們要打造一個優質良善的環境,單從倫理道德本身來談是無法對症下藥,唯有通盤的把心理、社會文化等因素一併納入思考,方能窺探全貌。本文主要是從弗洛姆的觀點,以「人性需求與愛」以及「人性力量與文化進程」兩大角度切入,希望以此提醒人們開啟人性中道德力量對文化的強大影響力,並激發人們對文化永續課題的珍視。
There are three types of Ch’an kung-an that often bewilder Buddhologists; namely, (1) the contradictory, (2) the inexpressible, and (3) mixture of the two. D. T. Suzuki and the scholars influenced by him, for example, E. Fromm, think that these three types of kung-an imply the truth realized by Ch’an masters, the truth which goes beyond daily language and logic. However, as the author points out, there are two traditions in Ch’an School: (1) the >Buddha-nature< tradition based on the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, and (2) the prajna tradition based on the Diamond Sūtra. Suzuki and Fromm’s interpretation only emphasizes the first tradition and ignores the second one. According to the second tradition, the contradiction and inexpressibility of kung-an may seem to indicate the truth of non-existence-śūnyatā, not necessarily indicating the truly existing >Buddha-nature<.
본 연구는 노년기 자살에서 자살의 원인이 되는 소외에 관한 연구이다. 소외가 노인자살의 주요한 원인이 되는 것에 착안하여 노인자살의 원인으로서의 소외에 관한 연구를 시도하게 되었다. 아울러 소외에 관하여는 Irvin Yalom의 실존주의 심리학적 관점과 Erich Fromm의 사회심리학적 관점, Paul Tillich 실존신학적 관점에서 연구를 하였다. 그리고 이들의 소외 개념을 통합하여 노인자살 문제에 적용했으며 또한 양적 연구와 질적 연구를 통하여 임상적으로 입증하고자 시도하였다. 연구의 결과로 드러난 노인자살의 원인으로 소외현상은 네 가지로 나타났는데, 자기소외, 대인관계의 소외, 사회심리적 소외, 신과의 소외로 나타났다. 이러한 문제의 소외 극복을 위한 상담 방법적 결론은 상담자와의 참 만남을 통하여 소외에 직면할 힘을 가지게 됨의 중요성과, 죽음을 피하는 것이 아니라 오히려 죽음에 직면함으로 죽음 불안을 극복하는 방법임을 알 수 있었다. 노인자살의 원인으로 소외를 극복하기 위해 기독교 상담학적인 고찰을 통하여 얻어진 결론은 소외 극복을 위한 새로운 존재의 가능성을 제시하였고 노년기 자살의 수동적인 유형으로 죽음에 대해 소망하는 것을 궁극적 관심에 대한 소망으로의 전환과 전인적인 기독교 상담을 통한 소외 극복 방안의 필요성을 알 수 있었다.
이 연구는 플라톤에서 아리스토텔레스, 그리고 토마스 아퀴나스와 헤겔에 이르는 서양철학의 고전적 전통을 지배했던 목적론에 입각하여 행복이라는 문제에 대해서 고찰하려고 한다. 이러한 목적론은 인간을 비롯한 모든 존재자들이 자신들에게 주어져 있는 본질적인 형상을 실현하는 것을 목표한다고 보는 본질실현의 목적론이다. 이러한 본질실현의 목적론은 근대에서 지배적인 영향력을 행사했던 자기보존의 목적론과는 달리 모든 존재자들은 단순한 자기보존이나 종족번식을 넘어서 자신에게 부여된 본질적인 형상을 구현하는 것을 목표한다고 본다. 본 연구는 인간의 행복은 이러한 본질실현의 목적론을 전제로 할 경우에만 제대로 구명될 수 있다고 보면서, 이러한 사실을 본질실현의 목적론에 입각하여 인간을 파악했던 가장 대표적인 사상가인 아리스토텔레스와 에리히 프롬의 행복관을 고찰함으로써 입증하고자 했다.
자아 상실은 현대인의 내적 공허감이나 쉴새없이 무엇인가를 소유해야만 하는 욕구 등에서 잘 나타났다. 아무 것도 시작할 수 없게 만드는 고통스러운 권태, 내적인 무기력, 자기 추진력의 상실과 그에 따른 의기소침 등이 그런 현상에 속한다. 또 자기 자신과 홀로 대면하는 것을 몹시 꺼려하는 현대인의 두려움도 마찬가지로 존재 상실의 결과라 하겠다. 어떤 형태로 표출되든지 간에 존재의 결핍은 창조능력의 부재를 의미한다. 이 글의 목표는 프롬의 저서 『소유냐 존재냐』를 중심으로 소유와 존재의 개념을 밝히고, ‘소유적 실존 양식’과 ‘존재적 실존 양식’의 이해를 위해 두 실존양식을 비교하여 프롬이 말하는 ‘실존적 욕구’가 왜 교육의 기준점이 되어야 하는가를 이해하는 것이다. 이 글은 프롬의 저서 『소유냐 존재냐』를 교육적으로 해석하는 방법을 취할 것이다. 이 글에서 이용한 텍스트는 차경화(2015) 옮김, 『소유냐 존재냐』 임을 밝혀 둔다.
In undertaking this study, the writer became aware of the following problem of study method in theology: skepticism indeed is an indispensable part of the theologian’s equipment; he must train himself to be disturtful of anything he sees on the printed page unless there seems good reason to believe that it can be trusted. In our theological culture, the printed word is generally regarded with such excessive respect that the grossest errors in fact may go unchallenged for years until the properly skeptical reader comes along. The above stated problem dictated the formulation of this study with the following purpose in mind: to develop a critical study method in theology. Accordingly, Erich Fromm's thought of religion was criticized from such standpoint in this study.
This study is to suggest the aggression, human`s instinct as the new essence of sport. Through the psychological approach it could be found that the aggression which is human instinct is deeply related with the origin of sport. In relation to the instinct of death Freud has proved that there exists the aggression in human mentality and it could be said that the aggression of sport is related with Thanatos, the instinct of death that Freud said. Fromm, a sociopsychologist expanded the concept of Freud`s aggression and divided the aggression in human mentality as the defensive and positive aggression and destructive and malignant aggression and he saw that sport is related with the malignant aggression. I think we have to discard the attitude just to try to adapt the methodical value of sport although the value of sport exists with human instinct. Sport is the only thing to express and purify the aggression and it is expected to play the important role to create the future culture.
[Chinese abstract not available.] Charlotte Bronte, one of the most celebrated English writers of the nineteenth century, >Villette<, as the last autobiographical novel of her life, has traditionally been considered a classic in the tradition of the novel. The novel’s heroine, Lucy Snowe, embodies Charlotte in her journey from the acquisition and deepening of self-consciousness to the stage of self-struggle to reach a life of self-realization, showing the current state of existence. This thesis intends to explore the issue of alienation in >Villette< from the perspective of Erich Fromm’s alienation theory. Erich Fromm’s alienation theory is divided into three important parts: the theory of human nature, the theory of alienation and the theory of love. The theory of human nature is the starting point and basis for analyzing the problem of human dilemma and helping people to get out of it; the problem of human alienation is the core problem of the impact of capitalist society on people; and the theory of love is a path proposed by Erich Fromm to help people to seek happiness under the influence of other ideas and combined with his own experience path. This thesis uses Erich Fromm’s theory of human nature, theory of alienation and theory of love to explore in depth the alienation that exists in >Villette< and the reasons for it from both the individual and social levels, and to explain how to rescue the alienation from the perspective of Erich Fromm’s theory of love. By applying Fromm’s theory of alienation to analyse the phenomenon of alienation in >Villette<, the following points are found: Firstly, the impact of alienation in the novel is not only on the external social environment in which people live, but also on the spiritual world of those who live in it. Therefore, the causes of alienation must be analyzed in relation to both individual and social factors. Secondly, escape is not the answer, but rather a comprehensive and correct understanding of oneself, breaking the illusion and facing the reality. Active participation in society and the establishment of positive relationships with people through genuine love will help people to escape from their alienation. Thirdly, Charlotte Brontë expresses her concern for human society and the environment by describing the alienation of human nature in the Victorian era, and shows where the hope for the salvation of human alienation lies. The struggle of Lucy, the protagonist of the novel, has inspired countless readers to keep pursuing for their own ideals. The study of alienation in >Villette< provides a new perspective on the analysis of this work from the perspective of alienation, and also helps to give modern people a profound reflection on their views on life, love and career, and provides some reference for subsequent research. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 9/2021]
This paper will try to analyze a curious intellectual phenomena: a group of Jewish-German authors that developed, during the Weimar Republic, a radical anti-capitalist and anti-protestant argument, directly inspired by Weber’s Protestant Ethic. They did not hesitate to denounce capitalism as a sort of diabolic religion (Ernst Bloch, Walter Benjamin), or as the product of the evil ethical tendencies of Calvinism (Ernst Bloch, Erich Fromm).
[Chinese abstract not available] >The Summer Before the Dark< is a novel written by Doris Lessing, which is praised as the best novel after Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s >One Hundred Years of Solitude< by New York Times. The novel tells the story of the middle-aged woman Kate Brown who has been working for the family for more than twenty years since marriage. One summer, her husband went on business and her children had their plans, so she could go on a journey. During the summer journey, she began to rethink the role she had played for more than twenty years and the relationship with her husband and children, finding that she had been living under the camouflaged mask and negative freedom. Living with Maureen, she gradually knew who she was and her self-awareness was awakened. At the end of the journey, she completed self-realization and gained true inner freedom, that is, positive freedom. This paper firstly makes an introduction to Doris Lessing and >The Summer Before the Dark< and reviews the studies at home and abroad. Based on the studies, the significance of this paper is put forward. Next, it takes Erich Fromm’s theory of freedom as the theoretical framework to point out the negative freedom embodied in the protagonist Kate including authoritarianism, destructiveness and automaton conformity. Besides, this paper analyzes the three stages of the protagonist Kate to achieve positive freedom including the sprouting period, the development period and the achievement period. Fromm points out that the achievement of positive freedom depends on self-realization. After experiencing negative freedom, Kate starts to realize herself step by step and moves towards positive freedom. Finally, it concludes that Kate achieves positive freedom based on the above analysis. This paper applies Erich Fromm’s theory of freedom to analyze >The Summer Before the Dark<, which aims to inspire people to think about which kind of freedom they are in under the rapid development of science and technology, hoping that people can attach great importance to the negative freedom in the present society. [English translation: www.cnki.net, 9/2021]
[No Chinese abstract available.] Joyce Carol Oates is a famous contemporary American writer who has been nominated for the Nobel Prize in literature for many times. She pays attention to the living state and spiritual world of American people and her works are famous for exposing the violent acts and evil phenomena in American society. >The Gravedigger’s Daughter< is a masterpiece which shows the turning of her creative direction to the Jewish theme. It tells the story of Jewish descendants who flee to the United States to avoid the Holocaust. As a representative of Frankfurt School, Fromm puts forward humanism on the basis of criticizing and inheriting Marxism and Freud’s theory, reveals and analyzes the common alienation in the capitalist society, proposing the way to build the sane personality and society, which expresses his concern and thinking about the plight of human. Based on Fromm’s humanism, this paper makes an in-depth analysis of the alienated phenomena, causes and solutions in >The Gravedigger’s Daughter<. It points out that the sound development of human beings in the capitalist society is facing great pressure and challenges and hopes to arouse people’s attention to the survival of modern people. This thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction. Firstly, it mainly introduces Joyce Carol Oates and >The Gravedigger’s Daughter<. Secondly, it makes a literature review of the relevant researches at home and abroad. Finally, it briefly introduces the main core concepts of Fromm’s humanism. The second to the fourth chapters are the main body of the thesis, which respectively interpret the work from three aspects: phenomena, reasons and solutions of alienation.– The second chapter reveals the alienated phenomena in the works from the alienated characters of the main characters and the alienated living styles of the Schwarts.– The third chapter discusses the personal and social reasons of alienation. It expounds that the Schwarts finally break down because they can not meet the special needs rooted in human existence and bear the oppression of racial discrimination and morbid civilization.– Based on Fromm’s theory of >love< and >being<, the fourth chapter expounds that the protagonist achieves self-value due to self-love and maternal love, and realizes self-redemption by active living, so as to explore the methods of resisting alienation.– The fifth chapter is the conclusion, pointing out that modern westerners and society generally face the problem of alienation, and Fromm’s relevant theory provides a good idea to solve this problem. Only meeting the special needs rooted in human existence and cultivating a loving, proactive and creative way of life can save the spiritual crisis of modern man. [Translation: www.cnki. net, 9/2021]
Alienation of Humanity and Salvation of Love in “Ruth” [application of Fromm's theories to art]
(2017)
>Ruth<, Elizabeth Gaskell’s second novel, tells the story of a poor girl, Ruth, that was seduced and then abandoned in pregnancy by Bellingham, who was from a higher class. Basing on Fromm’s Theory of Alienation, the thesis will focus on the analysis of Ruth’s alienation of humanity and salvation of love, and illustrate Mrs. Gaskell’s reflection and critique of the exploitation of the capitalist system and traditional moral concept, especially the convention of constraint and discrimination of women and demonstrate her humanism built on love, mercy and tolerance.
>Endgame<, the masterpiece of Samuel Beckett, a most difficult and elusive play, is such a creative work, representing the postwar social spirit. Psychological alienation is obvious in the play, since anti-hero figures, broken language, bare stage and simple actions are largely employed to prove the psychological alienation of the characters in the play. This thesis is based on Erich Fromm’s psychological alienation theory from three aspects: >Authoritarianism, destructiveness, acceptance and exploitation< (Fromm: Escape from Freedom, 24) to explore the main characters Hamm and Clov’s psychological alienation in the hopeless society. And people’s inner world is alienated, lonely and empty after World War II. [Automatic translation]