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伊丽莎白•斯特劳特是当代美国文坛著名的一位女作家,她的一生创作了多部小说。2008年,斯特劳特发表了《奥莉芙•基特里奇》,该小说入围了2008年美国国家书评人协会奖,后来成为《纽约时报》的畅销书,也使得她一举拿下2009年的普利策奖和意大利Premio Bancarella奖。之后,这本小说被HBO改编成了电视剧,获得了第67届艾美奖13项提名。《奥莉芙•基特里奇》无疑是一本十分成功的小说。但国内外对该小说的研究并不多,且大多数研究都侧重于女性主义,荒诞主义,心理分析等视角。斯特劳特精于描写平凡小镇的平凡人物,但在平凡人物关系中,却或多或少的存在着冷漠、疏离与孤独。因此,本论文运用弗洛姆的异化思想,从四个方面解读《奥莉芙•基特里奇》中的异化现象。本论文分为三个部分,分别是:引言、主体、结语三个部分。引言部分概述了伊丽莎白•斯特劳特的生平和她的所有作品,综述了《奥莉芙•基特里奇》在国内外的研究。其次,本论文研究了《奥莉芙•基特里奇》中异化现象的原因,同时介绍了弗洛姆的生平以及异化思想。主体分为四章。第一章解读了小说中情感的异化,这种异化主要表现在两个方面。异化的情感首先表现为偶像崇拜式的爱,在恋爱关系中,一方把另一方当作>偶像<一样崇拜,以至于在爱的人身上丢失了自己;其次表现为夫妻各自的婚外情,这种婚外情主要是由于婚后沟通能力的丧失,夫妻间对婚内生活的不满以及受到性欲望的诱惑造成的。第二章侧重分析了父母与孩子关系的异化,这在小说中表现在三个方面。首先体现在上一代父母亲的自杀给孩子的内心造成了严重创伤,导致孩子长大后精神失常或者性格有缺陷而想要自杀。其次,这种异化还表现在父母对孩子的异化权威。父母过度控制地孩子的生活,导致孩子人格的不完整以及心理疾病的出现。最后,父母与孩子关系的异化还导致了孩子的父母亲情结。孩子在的成长过程中,难以摆脱父母形象,既想要赶紧脱离父母的力量,又想找一个和父母形象、性格等相似的人相伴终身。此外,父亲情结还会导致孩子的过度自我压抑和顺从;具有母亲情结的人则会过分依附于他者,无法获得健全生活。第三章介绍了小镇人的异化,这种异化主要是由机械式生活,与他者疏远以及自我身份的不确定导致的。单调的生活使得小镇人变得麻木,冷漠,如同机器一般。小镇人对他者漠不关心,有的甚至疏远他人,过起了与世隔绝的生活,俨然变成了隐士。第四章主要指出了通往健全生活的方式。健全的生活需要创造性的爱,爱是个体存在的最基本需求,也是通往健全生活的必要条件。另外,人需要定位坐标来界定自我身份。满足个体定位坐标需要客观地看待世界;同时也需要感性地与世界相连。此外,人需要与他者关联,摆脱内心的孤独与压抑。结语部分概括了《奥莉芙•基特里奇》中的异化表现,指出了小说文本与异化理论结合的意义。通过对小说中异化的研究,读者能从全新的视角理解本小说。此外,小说中的异化也是现实世界异化的缩影,折射出人与人之间普遍存在的异化现象,而对通往健全之路的分析则有利于改善人与人之间的异化。
As one of the most prominent and prolific writers in contemporary Canada, Margaret Atwood has won the Booker Prize twice. >Oryx and Crake< is Margaret Atwood’s eleventh novel, which mainly describes the clear recollections of sole human survivor Jimmy-Snowman before the crack of doom. His best friend Crake has destroyed humanity by creating a deadly virus that quickly spreads to the whole world and causes the destruction of human beings. By depicting the alienation phenomenon in the novel, Atwood reveals the predicament of modern people in a modern society and shows her humanistic concern. Based on Fromm's alienation theory, this thesis analyses the phenomenon of alienation from three aspects: the self-alienation, the relationship alienation and the social alienation. Firstly, the self-alienation means that man loses his creativity and subjectivity. Through creative activities and self-love, man can achieve his spiritual development and subjectivity. Secondly, this thesis also explores the relationship alienation. In modern society, people tend to make use of each other to safeguard their interests, which leads to the love that between family members and lovers is not pure. Through mature motherly love and erotic love, children will establish a more harmonious relationship with their parents and lovers will have a deeper understanding of each other. Thirdly, it comes to the social alienation. Technology alienation and consumption alienation are embodied in the social alienation. The misuse of technology and the possession of material things cause the alienation between man and society. In order to establish a humane society, humans can establish a harmonious relationship with society by having a humanistic planning and humanized consumption. By discussing the alienation phenomenon and the methods to eliminate alienation, this thesis attempts to provide a salutary lesson. In order to eliminate alienation, people should establish a harmonious relationship with themselves, others and society with the creativity, love and humanistic spirit. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
多丽丝•莱辛(1919-)是20世纪著名的女性作家之一,于2007年以87岁高龄获得了诺贝尔文学奖。《野草在歌唱》是莱辛的第一部小说,完成于1950年。本文拟用埃里希•弗洛姆的异化相关理论来解析该小说中所体现的异化主题,阐述在殖民社会中人们为了逃避生存的无力感和孤独感所表现出来的异化。弗洛姆关注个体和社会之间的关系,认为人在社会中的无力感与生俱来,并随着个体的成长愈加强烈,而不健康的社会将加剧人的无能为力感,迫使人们为了生存放弃自我,屈从外界权力,导致自我异化;他引入弗洛伊德的人性冲动与马克思的异化劳动概念,提出社会条件对社会性格的决定性影响,强调在既定社会条件下人的能动性,在个体性格无法迎合社会条件和社会性格时,个体所表现出来的异化心理机制。据此,本文首先分析殖民地南罗德西亚的社会条件的异化,它的白人优越性文化、殖民经济和男性家长制的家庭关系共同促成了该社会性格的剥削特质;进而分析个体在剥削特质的殖民社会中所表现出来的为了寻求心理安全,个体依附外界权力时所表现出的异化。白人集团对其优越性的执迷、查理•斯莱特等人对物质财富的疯狂追求和玛丽夫妇对婚姻家庭的迷茫无助分别表现了机械趋同、破坏欲和权威主义的心理机制,但是他们对自我的逃避并没有带来心灵的安全,反而加剧了自我异化和社会的异化。本文得出结论小说中异化的人性是异化社会下不可避免的悲剧,并指出人的全面异化最终也将导致社会的毁灭,警示只有满足人类精神和自身潜力发展的社会才能健康发展。
美国著名剧作家大卫·马梅特①(David Mame, 1947-)曾多次获得美国和英国戏剧界大奖, 包括美国普利策奖、奥比奖、英国西城剧院奖等众多荣誉, 是当代美国最高产也是最受欢迎的剧作家之一。马梅特戏剧作品的人物设置、语言特色及其社会关怀博得众多学者的好评。他自早期戏剧作品如《湖舟》、《鸭子变奏曲》、《芝加哥的性堕落》等面世后就开始受到学界关注, 目前已有相当数量的研究成果。中国的马梅特研究虽起步较晚, 但由于马梅特的戏剧成就和国内学者的热情, 现已经逐渐成为美国戏剧研究的热点之一。国内对马梅特研究的视角主要有伦理学研究、女性主义批评、权利话语分析、文体学研究等, 但基本都是以单篇论文呈现, 未能展现马梅特戏剧的整体面貌。此外, 囿于研究视角比较集中, 国内的马梅特研究视野不够开阔。本论文对国内外马梅特研究现状进行比较系统的梳理后, 尝试以西方心理分析领域的马克思主义代表人物埃里希·弗洛姆的异化理论分析马梅特的《美国野牛》、《拜金一族》等剧作, 揭示剧中人物矛盾纠葛产生的深层原因。论文绪论部由四节构成。该部分包含对研究对象、研究现状、异化理论及研究方法和创新点的介绍和梳理。由于马梅特的作品较多, 可以切入研究的视角也纷繁复杂, 必须对其作品及现有研究成果进行合理分类, 才能发现已有成果的局限并为自己的研究找到契合点。其次, 绪论部分也对异化理论进行了梳理。多位哲人和学者从哲学的角度运用过异化概念, 但定义各不相同, 因此需要对论文中使用的异化理论予以界定。最后, 论文归纳了撰写过程中使用的研究方法、论文的创新点及后期研究的方向。除绪论外, 论文主体部分由三章构成, 分别研究商业活动、日常关系及情感活动中的异化现象。商品经济大潮对当今社会产生的冲击最强烈, 影响也最明显;商业活动又是商品经济中最常见、最普遍的活动, 因此论文主体部分首先讨论了商业活动中异化现象的表现及其影响。论文第一章题目是>《拜金一族》与《燃水引擎》中商业活动异化研究<。本章分别以马梅特的普利策戏剧奖获奖作品《拜金一族》及另外一部涉及商业犯罪的作品《燃水引擎》为研究目标, 分析两部作品中的物欲崇拜异化对社会的正常运转所造成的负面影响。《拜金一族》围绕推销员、主管威廉姆森的表现及公司老板的角色展开研究。论文通过分析上述角色的言行, 发现推销员的卑劣行径源于异化, 而推销员的异化则根源于公司的竞争制度和管理方式。《燃水引擎》将研究重点聚焦于商人劳伦斯·奥伯曼的言行, 通过将其言语与实际行为进行对比, 揭示这位道貌岸然的商人在物欲崇拜的驱使下如何与他人沆瀣一气追逐偏颇目标的。论文揭示了两部戏剧中商业活动缘何偏离正常轨道及商业活动中异化现象产生的原因, 认为两部戏剧都涉及因商业活动导致的犯罪问题, 其诱因表面上要归结为伦理缺失、道德失衡, 然而背后的原因却是人的异化观念导致了物欲崇拜现象。本章第四节从语言技巧出发探讨马梅特如何通过人物语言表现商业活动领域的异化现象。人际关系是链接人与人关系的重要纽带, 它决定着人际互动的展开方式并会从根本上影响社会的运转, 在社会生活中具有举足轻重的地位。马梅特在戏剧作品也非常关注异化对人际关系带来的影响, 因此论文在第二章研究了日常交往中的异化现象。本章研究异化如何影响日常交往, 研究对象是马梅特的戏剧作品《美国野牛》与《奥利安娜》。正常社会氛围中诸如相互照顾、帮助、关心都是较为常见的人际互动方式, 而>异化<会瓦解上述良性互动方式并导致社会中冷漠、仇恨等消极因素不断滋生蔓延。《美国野牛》中蒂奇说服店主更换合作伙伴、策划大部分作案细节、持续不断地中伤他人, 推动着戏剧情节的发展, 因此他的言行是研究的重点。论文运用社会表演学理论透视蒂奇言语与行为的矛盾之处, 揭示他行为表现出的深刻的异化特征。《奥利安娜》中卡罗尔经历了由>请求者<到>霸凌者<的转变, 她在要求没有得到满足的情况下执意提出控告并意图毁掉教授拥有的一切。论文分析了卡罗尔在>弱势<及>强势<身份时迥然不同的表演, 发掘其言行中异化特征。论文通过对两部戏剧的研究, 剖析了异化对人际关系的影响并揭示了人际关系异化形成的根源。本章的第四节从两部戏剧的情境入手, 以具体文本为出发点, 分析了马梅特如何巧妙地选择情境表现异化对日常生活产生巨大影响的。爱情是人类情感的升华, 是人类生活不可或缺的一部分, 同时也是文学研究的重要方面。巧合的是, 马梅特也有多部作品与爱情异化相关。因此, 论文主体的第三章研究感情生活中的异化现象。本章对《树林》与《波士顿婚姻》展开分析, 通过剧中人物的言行透视异化对情感生活的巨大影响。《树林》在上演后引起多家媒体的追捧和评论, 关注的焦点多集中于戏剧语言、情节等方面;《波士顿婚姻》引发的关注多集中在同性婚姻、爱情忠诚等方面。但在作者看来, 这两部戏剧反映的是资本主义工业化生产方式塑造的异化性格在爱情中的具体体现。《树林》中尼克对情人如丝的兴趣漠不关心, 他在爱情中只会索取, 却逃避应该承担的义务并仅仅追求即时的性欲。论文以表演学理论展现了>爱无能<在戏剧中如何体现及其产生的负面影响;《波士顿婚姻》中安娜以帮助同性恋人克莱尔的名义同已婚男性开始了新恋情。论文通过表演学理论分析其言行, 阐明她这一做法的真正动机是满足虚荣心。此外, 论文还就安娜身上所体现的金钱崇拜、不受挫原则等几个特征进行分析, 指出安娜的行为是不切实际的。论文认为, 异化改变了人的爱情观并损害了感情生活的基础。本章的最后一节阐述马梅特在戏剧中如何利用>陌生化<效果强化异化对爱情生活的负面影响。论文结论部分总结了主体部分的研究内容, 认为商业活动、日常关系及情感生活中的异化现象在马梅特的戏剧中普遍存在, 体现了马梅特对社会运行中异化、疏离现象的焦虑。论文借助相关戏剧理论分析了六部戏剧中形态各异的异化现象, 指出了异化对社会产生影响的具体方式, 揭示了异化产生的根源以及马梅特是如何通过多种艺术手法表现异化现象的。由于异化会对社会生活的各个方面都会产生消极的影响, 阻碍社会良性发展和社会个体间的良性互动, 因而社会所有成员都需要对此予以关注和重视。异化理论不仅可以解读出戏剧人物怪诞言行的深层原因, 而且可以追根溯源挖掘这些现象产生的社会原因。从异化视角解读马梅特的戏剧作品所获得的研究成果也为如何构建和谐发展的社会提供了比较有益的思考.
麦克尤恩被普遍认为是当今英国文学领域最优秀的小说家和剧作家之一。作为一个多产的作家,《星期六》只是他的杰作之一。自2005年发表以来备受评论界的关注和研究,研究的角度也各不相同。他们大都研究小说中的主人公心理、伦理道德、社会政治危机及创伤主题,同时也有从叙事技巧对其进行研究的,主要包括空间叙事、时间及自由叙事等。本论文作者发现异化也是《星期六》的一个重要主题,很值得深入系统地进行研究。因此,本论文主要运用埃里希•弗洛姆的异化理论来探究麦克尤恩《星期六》所表现的这一主题,希望本研究对该经典作品的解读提供一个新视角,拓展对该小说和作家的研究。本论文将借助埃里希•弗洛姆的异化理论研究分析《星期六》这部小说,主要从社会异化、人与人关系异化、人的自我异化三个方面分别进行阐释。通过以上详细分析,文章最后得出结论,《星期六》这部小说充分表现了现代社会和现代人异化这一深刻主题。它体现了麦克尤恩对和谐社会、友好人际关系、健康人性的企盼以及对人类社会的终极关怀。
埃德加•爱伦•坡是19世纪美国杰出的小说家、诗人和文学评论家,是美国文学界最具世界影响的作家之一。同时,他也是美国文学史上最有争议的作家之一。进入20世纪以来,爱伦•坡作为美国浪漫主义时期的作家引起了现代派的极大的关注和兴趣,各批评流派都从不同的角度来审视他和他的作品。爱伦•坡的《人群中的人》不同于他被众人熟知的侦探小说、哥特小说、恐怖小说,是爱伦•坡最具现代意识的小说,也被认为是那个时代最出色的艺术品。作品中透视出来的异化现象,值得深一步的探索与研究。本文拟借助马克思劳动异化理论、弗洛姆的心理异化理论以及文学作品中异化观点的应用,对爱伦•坡具有自传性质的小说《人群中的人》进行分析。对穿梭于伦敦大街小巷的形形色色的人群做了细致的描写,也通过他对城市人群孤独、虚无的内心世界的描绘,对叙述者与追逐对象踪动机的探寻,折射异化这一社会现象产生的严酷的影响,表现了人类在现代工业文明笼罩之下人性被扭曲和异化之后所衍生出的精神空虚、情感孤寂的精神状态,呼吁人们要重视人类的生存状态,彰显了作者对人类生存困境和发展危机的深刻焦虑和人文关怀,为走出异化的迷途,构建和谐社会而努力。论文包括引言、正文、结论三大部分。引言介绍国内外对爱伦•坡《人群中的人》这一作品的研究现状,从而体现本文的创新之处。正文部分为论文主题部分,拟分为四章。第一章为介绍理论。在整个异化理论的起源和发展分析中,主要集中在马克思的异化劳动和弗洛姆的异化的心理分析上。此外,在这一部分论文还对文学中异化主题及与人群中的人这一作品进行了概括性分析。第二章分析人群中的人这一作品中的异化主体的体现,是论文的最主要部分。论文把马克思劳动异化理论、弗洛姆的心理异化理论与具体作品进行结合分析。阐述作品中的老人与人群、人群与自然、社会以及老人自身的异化关系。第三章分析了《人群中的人》中异化产生的原因。主要包括社会环境影响、作者爱伦坡的生平经历对主人公异化的影响、关爱的缺失、归属感和安全感的缺失、以及自我认知不清。第四章根据之前的分析,提炼出异化的结果,这些危害性结果在作品及当代社会都有所显现。在异化无法消除的情况下,针对其产生原因及结果提出一些抑制异化危害的措施。最后一部分是结论部分。概括论文主要观点,点明主旨,并结合文章的分析,揭示出本论文研究的现实意义。随着异化现象越来越普遍的情况下,透彻的了解无论是文学作品或是显示社会中的异化,都有助于减轻其不良影响。希望本篇文章能够给致力于研究异化理论和埃德加•爱伦•坡的文学爱好者提供参考和借鉴,并为现实社会中减轻异化危害,提供一些行之有效的建议,从而走出异化的生活困境。
Since the 1990s, urban literature has risen and become the most important literary landscape. As an important part of urban literature, urban poetry has been gradually developing in the middle and late 1980s. With its constantly spring-up, the research on urban poetry has gradually increased. In the early days, most of the research and discussion of related concepts. After the 1990s, along with the introduction of Western urban poetry theories, urban poetry research showed a diversified research trend as well as achieved a fruitful result. The Chinese cities after the 1990 s have striking similarities with Baudelaire’s Paris described by Benjamin. Therefore, based on the texts of Chinese urban poetry after the 1990s and took reference of Western multidisciplinary urban studies, this thesis analyzes the writing of urban poetry in this period and its modern urban consciousness in a comparative perspective, and demonstrates the urban development and human spiritual dilemma of universal significance in the process of urbanization. The first chapter of the thesis mainly analyzes the urban landscape as imagery. Based on the research ideas of Roland Bart’s semiotics and Kevin Lynch’s urban planning, it draws and studies the formal characteristics and semantic structure in Chinese urban poetry after the 1990 s, which applied the related concepts and methods of urban space theory and architectural phenomenology, using basic units such as city streets, nodes, landmarks to combine urban architecture and the space. Dense streets are a typical feature of urban space, which also present the most authentic people’s life. In poetry, abstract and conceptual streets often symbol the urban space, representing fastness or congestion. The specific streets with clear directivity become the memory carrier or the emotional projection in the poet’s narration. The constantly demolished old streets are regarded as the epitome of urban culture. Typical urban nodes are like squares with the nature of gathering points as well as railways and stations with the nature of connecting points. The connotation of city squares in poetry has gone from a space with rich political accommodation or ideal accommodation to a huge public entertainment function. The urban railway is not only a symbol of modern civilization, but also a metaphor of time, and a symbol of the ideal love of urban people. The station with a strong spirit is not only a place for strangers and nostalgia, but also the maternal symbol of the initiator of era and nurturing new life. As the symbol and unique characteristic of a city, tall buildings transcend reality and enters the imaginary level in poets’ writing from symbolizing power and rebirth to squeezing, siege and becoming an ancient behemoth. To get rid of the invisible majesty and pressure brought by the shape of tall buildings, poets choose to take the top or glass windows, curtain walls of tall buildings to determine their position and perceive the shape of the city. The second chapter shows the modern crowds wandering in the city. It divides into three types, i. e. wanderers, aliens and margins, defined by Benjamin, Simmel, and Robert Parker on the role of urban people combining the poet’s subjective life experience, urban vision, and self-identity. Wanders are further divided into wandering meditators, lonely garbage pickers, and angry critics. Wandering meditators walk through the streets to achieve a complex relationship among the city and urban people; lonely garbage pickers observe the people and objects in the city as a >garbage picker< in Baudelaire’s pen to collect his own poetry; angry critics take the angle to stand on the opposite side of the city, revealing the deformed development of the city in a manner that is incompatible with the city, and the ecological crisis and human survival crisis. There are two types of aliens. Some of them can >dwells on this earth poetically< in the city. They eagerly present and examine the city’s unique mundane feelings with their own original vision and take a proactive attitude toward the city. Another part are people ran back and forth between the countryside and the city. They were >dual-aliens< between the countryside and the city. Marginal people mainly include those who have a real-world marginal situation and those who have a >self-marginal< mentality. The marginalized people with realistic marginal situations often have rural growth backgrounds, and most of them still live in small towns. By showing the urban life and living conditions of urban fringe people, they express the filth and greatness, lofty and despicableness of the city on the one hand, and on the other hand the aspect also completed the identification of the marginal identity of the self, and realized the comfort and salvation of the self. Although marginalized people with a self-marginal mentality live in cities, they all have long or short experiences in rural life. They are particularly aware of the sadness, bitterness, and heaviness of life. They express the hidden worries and sorrows in the process of urban modernization by writing about the lives of people on the periphery of the city. The third chapter presents the alienated modern urban spirit. It takes on Simmel’s sociological theory, Fromm’s theory of human nature, and Jungian personality analysis psychology to illustrate the alienated urban spirit in modern cities. Modern cities continue to throw people into new experiences, new environments, and new crowds. When these new stimuli make city people feeling the threat, they will use their rationality and then produces indifferent. Indifference makes people form reserved interpersonal relationships. Indifferent individuals are forced to enter various relationships, so personality masks are caused and lead to constant splits in personality. Finally, indifferent modern people seek psychological balance, occasionally reveals his sincere emotions, creating a stranger’s emotional penetration. The biggest impact of indifference on modern urbanites is to make individuals suffer from loneliness. The loneliness with multiple faces has become a common mental state of modern people. It originated from the poet’s attitude of self-estrangement and the decline of the physical home (country) and the nowhere to put the spiritual home in the process of urbanization. Facing loneliness, different poets have different attitudes, which reflect the different moods of the poets. In addition, the rise of a consumer society, the expansion of material desires, and the pressure of survival forced poets to change their attitude towards commodities and strive to approach poetry in the material flood. The objects of modern civilization will gradually be degenerated with the passage of time and the changing environments. The meaning and value of money will continue to collapse, and people will never be able to achieve a poetic dwelling. Finally, the expansion of body desires is a typical symptom of modern society. Cities are full of erotic desires, and sexual desire has become the >top priority< of modern society. Herein, love is no longer a pure spiritual pursuit, but a vain term tied to material needs and even equates to prostitution. He inspires individual passions and desires, and at the same time turns individuals into puppets controlled by passions and desires. [Translation: www. cnki.net, 4/2023]
《烦恼的冬天》是约翰•斯坦贝克创作的最后一部长篇小说,被认为是其获得诺贝尔文学奖的直接原因。本论文以埃里希•弗洛姆的异化理论为基础,通过分析《烦恼的冬天》中主人公伊桑内心所经历的痛苦和随之而来的道德沦丧以及最后为重新找回自我所做的努力,旨在更好的理解这部作品以及斯坦贝克对于人性的关怀和信心。本文首先指出伊桑异化的原因在于身处一个金钱至上的消费社会以及个人试图逃避精神孤独而走向迷失、堕落。其次,本文从三个方面深入分析了伊桑的异化,即与曾经熟悉的家乡新港镇的异化,与他人的异化以及与自我的异化,展现了生活在20世纪中叶的美国人所遭受的无法逃避的疏离感和孤独感。最后,文章详尽地探讨了伊桑走向异化解除的倾向。虽然最终即将过上富裕的物质生活,伊桑内心却备受罪恶感和羞耻感的折磨,于是他开始重新审视自己,逐渐改变了一些生活实践,在准备自杀的时候获得了新生。论文结尾部分通过对前面内容的总结,得出结论阐明生活在一个物欲横流的社会,人的异化是不可避免的,但人性是可以完善的,通过自身的努力和觉悟个人一定能够重拾自我,走向异化解除。通过运用弗洛姆的异化理论解读《烦恼的冬天》,本文再现了斯坦贝克作为一个现实主义作家对社会观察的细致、认识的深刻以及对人类坚定的信心。
弗洛姆认为,资本主义社会虽然创造了高度的文明,但它只是一个病态的社会。它造成了人性的极端异化,尤其在消费领域最为严重。从依附于人到独立于人,消费成为凌驾在人之上的控制力量。消费地位的演变不仅是人性异化的结果,也归因于资本主义生产方式和经济制度等社会因素。在消费异化的社会里,人们非但没有享受到物质文明带来的愉悦,反而遭受着巨大的精神痛苦。他们在异化的消费世界里失去了人性和尊严,失去了主动性和创造性,变成一台台消费的机器,只能体验虚假的幸福和自由,并且面临着潜在的生存危机和战争危机。弗洛姆对异化之人的遭遇寄予了深切同情和无限担忧,在批判异化现象的同时,也积极探索了扬弃消费异化的改革方案。他从弗洛伊德的精神分析学和马克思主义理论出发,以二者的结合为基础,创立了人道主义伦理学,希望通过人道主义消费观和生产性人格的建立来促成一个健全的社会。本文第一部分解释了消费异化的含义,阐明了消费异化是在人的关联需求缺失、宗教改革以及资本主义经济制度等诸多因素的共同作用下产生的;第二部分描述了消费异化给人带来的种种危害,如人性的毁灭、消费体验的缺失、生态危机、战争危机等,并探析了弗洛姆对于解决消费异化所提出的建立人道主义公有制社会、生产性人格等具体方案;第三部分总结了我国社会现有的消费异化现象,并分析了弗洛姆的消费异化理论对我国改善当前消费现状的启示。
自18世纪工业革命以来,全球现代化进程高歌猛进,人们生活水平显著提高的同时,环境治理问题和生态危机也在蔓延全球。如何应对生态危机、加强生态文明建设成为中国乃至全世界共同关注的焦点问题。学术界也围绕如何改善人与自然的关系问题从不同领域展开研究,形成了诸如生态现代化、生态后现代主义、生态中心主义等阵营不同的理论学派,大都倡导技术创新改变世界的观点。生态马克思主义者特别是法兰克福学派则以技术批判理论而闻名,在此基础之上,埃里希·弗洛姆将马克思的生态思想、弗洛伊德的精神分析理论以及犹太传统中的环境思想相结合,分析当前的生态问题,形成独特的环境思想理论。首先,弗洛姆以人走出自然为出发点,结合圣经神话故事,提出人类自我保护的生存欲望和存在的二律背反的观点,进而剖析人与自然必然产生矛盾的最初心理起源。其次,资本主义社会下重占有的生存方式导致消费异化的现象,以及当权者运用核武器的态度,迫使弗洛姆引入心理学分析人与自然产生矛盾的原因,认为资本主义社会下的人们形成的市场性格的控制论崇拜、逃避机制和其他心理论断,阻碍了人与自然和谐相处,是造成当前生态环境危机的幕后推手。最后,弗洛姆创新环境危机解决方案,将爱护自然作为一门艺术来指导人与自然的关系,在转变资本主义社会消费模式的基础上,发挥教育的作用,开展心理变革,构建一个健全的社会,以此来解决当前的生态环境危机。本学位论文以唯物史观为指导,通过对弗洛姆环境思想的时代背景和理论渊源进行考察,结合弗洛姆的文本著作,尝试在系统梳理并全面把握其环境思想的同时,对其环境思想做出客观的评述。弗洛姆关于人与自然关系的论述丰富和发展了马克思主义环境思想,在重新评估犹太教环境观的同时,创新环境危机解决方案。但是,弗洛姆的环境思想以人本主义为出发点,对>人<的分析不够全面,对资本主义社会抱有幻想,改革措施没有涉及根本的社会变革,难以下沉。总之,弗洛姆的环境思想不仅在理论上丰富发展了马克思主义的环境观,深化了对于资本主义消费观的批判,对于我们推动当今的生态文明建设也提供了有益的启示。
埃里希•弗洛姆是人本主义的马克思主义的重要理论家,一生著作颇丰。他的主要代表作有《逃避自由》、《自我的追寻》、《健全的社会》、《马克思论人》、《弗洛伊德思想的贡献与局限》等。弗洛伊德的精神分析学说和马克思主义学说是其思想的主要来源。作为一个精神分析治疗师,弗洛姆创造性地发挥了弗洛伊德的无意识理论,提出了自己的社会无意识理论,这也成为他的社会理论的基础。在研究人的心理状态时,他不仅考虑到了人的生理本能因素,更多地看到了社会历史文化因素对人的心理状态的影响。只有深入研究这些因素对人的性格结构的影响,才能理解现代人为什么要逃避自由,也才能看清现代资本主义社会的病态本质,从而寻求一种健全的人道主义社会。本文试图理清弗洛姆社会理论的逻辑进路,研究他的理论的核心基础和基本内容,发现从人性层面到社会层面的弊病以及解决之道。最后从总体上对弗洛姆的社会理论进行批判性的评价。第一章是阐述弗洛姆社会理论的生成背景和思想渊源,使我们对弗洛姆其人有一个整体上的认识和把握。第二章首先指出了弗洛姆社会理论的基础—无意识理论,其次探讨了社会理论的基本内容及其丰富内涵。其中,弗洛姆分析了现代人逃避自由的心理机制,并探讨了社会性格的两种类型。弗洛姆认为我们应当与世界建立起自发创造性的联系,用爱与理性的力量创造性地生活。在这里他重点强调了社会无意识和社会性格在联结经济基础和意识形态之间的中介作用。最后阐述了弗洛姆对病态社会的剖析及他对健全的人道主义社会的构想。第三章从马克思主义的视角对其理论进行了批判性的评价,分析了它的理论价值和局限性。
自由,从古至今就是人们所关心的最重要的问题之一。自由是什么,人是不是自由的,自由如何实现。这些问题都是历来思想家和哲学家们所要回答的最重要的问题。而对于这些问题,不同的哲学家和哲学流派又有不同的看法。弗洛姆作为二十世纪著名的思想家、哲学家,是一名关心社会现实,积极参与和促进社会变革的学者。在弗洛姆看来,自由是人类一切活动的最高的目的和追求。在自由理论方面,弗洛姆通过对马克思异化理论和弗洛伊德精神分析理论的融合,揭示了人类追求、渴望自由但又逃避、恐惧自由的心理原因,探究了逃避自由的心理机制。弗洛姆从现代人的社会心理和人格结构入手,对现代人所面临的逃避自由的困境进行了细致深刻的分析和考察,并且想要通过这些分析来找到消除现代社会弊病的方法和途径。在今天的中国,由于社会经济的迅速发展,我们也面临弗洛姆所说的逃避自由的心理困境。本文希望通过对弗洛姆自由理论进行分析,为我们提供一些有益的参考意见。本文共五个部分。第一部分介绍弗洛姆自由理论形成的背景。首先,弗洛姆自由理论的产生有着深刻的社会历史背景。二十世纪集权主义,特别是纳粹主义的兴起,对弗洛姆自由理论的形成产生了极大的影响。人们对纳粹和集权主义的狂热追随和崇拜让弗洛姆对人和自由的关系产生了深刻的思考。在弗洛姆看来,逃避自由的社会心理是纳粹和集权主义产生的土壤。其次,弗洛姆自由理论的形成也有着深厚的思想渊源。弗洛姆一方面接受了弗洛伊德的潜意识理论和心理因素影响社会现象的观点。另一方面又接受和发展了马克思的社会批判理论,特别是其中的异化理论。弗洛姆出生和成长在一个犹太基督宗教传统深厚的家庭,从小的耳濡目染使得犹太基督宗教对弗洛姆产生了重要的影响。第二部分介绍弗洛姆的自由概念。首先阐述弗洛姆自由的含义。在弗洛姆看来,自由是人与生俱来的属性。不同于传统理论抽象地讨论自由,弗洛姆以具体的生活在一定社会现实中的人为对象讨论自由,从而把>自由<和>历史中的人<连接在了一起。其次阐述自由是人的本质。自由的产生包含了自然状态,始发纽带和独立个体三个阶段。在自然状态中,人与自然是一体的。在始发纽带中,人是以民族、城邦和国家的整体形式而存在的。现代人是自由的个体,是个性化的,独立的人。第三部分介绍弗洛姆的逃避自由机制。为了摆脱孤独感,现代人急切地想要始发纽带和自然状态中去,这使得现代人产生了逃避自由的心理机制。权威主义人格是逃避自由机制的核心,而权威主义人格的人在情感和世界观上是一种施虐—受虐倾向。在弗洛姆看来,人性虽然可以随环境和历史发生变化,但人性能承受的变化是有限度的。权威主义人格对于人性的扭曲和压抑使得人丧失了应有的情感、态度和世界观而扭曲成了变态的人。第四部分介绍弗洛姆关于健全社会的构想。为了解决现代人逃避自由的困境,弗洛姆提出了要彻底变革权威主义社会,建立健全的社会来帮助人成为自由的人。健全的社会是人道主义的社会,个体化力量的正常发展是其首要的目的。为此,必须对现存的权威主义社会进行全面的变革。在健全社会中人与人相处的根本性原则是爱。在爱的原则下,个体能够在保证正常发展自身个性的前提下与他人和外界建立起融洽良好的关系。第五部分是对于弗洛姆自由理论的评析。弗洛姆自由理论具有独特的理论意义和现实意义。在理论上弗洛姆的自由理论给予了我们看待自由问题的新视角。弗洛姆继承和发展了弗洛伊德的精神分析方法和马克思的社会批判理论,并且将二者进行了创造性的结合,形成了他独具特色的自由理论。当前,我国社会正处于工业化发展的关键时期,我们所面对的许多问题正是弗洛姆自由理论所要解决的。所以弗洛姆的自由理论对于我们看待和解决当代社会问题和建设美好和谐社会具有重要的参考价值。当然,弗洛姆的自由理论也存在一些值得商榷的不足之处。
弗洛姆在对前人思想的继承批判和社会活动的实践中,立足人的主体性,从深不可测的精神世界和变化多端的行为入手,引出了对现代社会中人们>逃避自由<现象的深刻思考,构筑起自己关于人的自由状况、表现及如何实现的一系列鲜明独特的观点。首先,文章力图从时代的重大事件和他的特殊经历来理解弗洛姆本人及自由观点,重大事件包括两次世界大战、资本主义和社会主义阵营的军备竞赛、资本主义经济危机和经济繁荣、法西斯和纳粹主义的肆虐等,特殊经历包含弗洛姆忧郁的童年生活、辗转逃离纳粹的迫害中受到疾病的纠缠、坎坷的爱情生活等,并在此基础上梳理了弗洛姆自由观形成的历史阶段。同时,他的自由观也是在多种思想交流和文化观念的碰撞中形成火花,弗洛姆主要吸收了弗洛伊德的无意识、性格学说和本能理论为主的精神分析理论和马克思主义的历史唯物主义、部分阶级分析工具和关于人的全面自由发展的理论,尤以马克思主义理论对他的影响最大,另外,他的自由观点还受到犹太文化传统的影响。其次,弗洛姆自由观的基本思想主要划分为4个版块。研究他的自由观点当然不能仅仅局限在《逃避自由》这一著作中,受限于人们对自由逃避的心理状况和对自由追寻的社会全方位的变革途径。纵观弗洛姆一生的所有著作,可以发现与自由作抗争的活动与人本身的存在难以分割,自由更多地与人格或性格相关,存在着积极自由和消极自由两种形式,及与此相对应的重存在和重占有的生存方式,弗洛姆将矛盾聚焦现实的社会环境中人们面对的自由困境,解析了人们逃避自由的心理、社会机制,最终满怀希望地构思出在社会各个领域进行变革和通过塑造健全人格来实现人的全面发展的自由之路。最后,文章对弗洛姆的自由观点给出了一个综合的评价。他侧重从人的微观心理方面分析和关于人类主体的理想实现的自由观点具有一定的理论和实践价值,这体现在弗洛姆的自由观点创新了心理概念在历史唯物领域的运用,深化了对资本主义社会的批判和丰富了劳动异化理论,这对人的创造性发挥和和谐社会建设具有重大的实践价值,但是弗洛姆的自由观也存在着理论局限性,它仍是一种人本主义伦理的自由观,过分关注了人的人格、信仰、情感等因素,在关于新社会的构想中充满了空想社会主义的色彩。
Erich Fromm(1900.03 – 1980.03)is not only a famous psychologist, philosopher and sociologist in the 20th century, but also a Western Marxist and one of the main representatives of Frankfurt school. He has made great achievements in many disciplines. Although his thought is broad, humanism is the core and an important symbol of his thinking system. China today has built a well-off society in an all-round way, and people’s livelihood is still the focus of attention. Fromm’s humanistic thought can also bring enlightenment for the Chinese government to improve public services and better meet the needs of the people. At the same time, in order to realize a harmonious society, we must enrich Marx’s thought of >human<, because it can promote the Sinicization of Marxism and implement the requirements of >people centered<. Fromm’s detailed description of the situation of people in the capitalist society makes us more aware of the real state of people in the capitalist society, which can not only resist the unhealthy trend of thought, but also make the development of Chinese society more stable. The study of Fromm’s humanism still has a certain reference value for us to study today’s capitalist society, especially the modern western society with highly developed commodity economy. Therefore, Fromm’s theory still has profound theoretical value and practical significance today, which is worth learning. This paper studies Fromm’s humanistic thought from the following four aspects: The first part is about the formation and development of Fromm’s humanism. We mainly discuss from two aspects, namely, the formation background and the theoretical source. The first angle is the theoretical background of Fromm’s humanistic thought, mainly including the collision of the three trends of thought and Fromm’s choice of thought; the second angle is Fromm’s personal experience. We introduce his family experience and academic experience, and discuss the influence of his personal background on his thoughts. We mainly discuss Fromm’s humanism from four aspects: how to inherit Marx’s humanism, how to carry forward Freud’s humanism, how to develop Maslow’s humanism and Frankfurt School’s humanism. This part summarizes and combs Fromm’s humanistic thought. This paper explores Fromm’s ideological system from three perspectives: the view of existence, the view of human nature and the view of freedom. Based on the analysis of Fromm’s works, this paper tries to restore the whole picture of Fromm’s humanistic ideological system. The third part focuses on the theoretical characteristics of Fromm’s humanistic thought. Taking >human< as the fundamental is the logical starting point of Fromm’s humanistic thought. Fromm describes the general nature and sociality of human, because human is always his most concerned problem. At the same time, Fromm also has a common characteristic of Frankfurt School scholars, he is also very good at using criticism to construct theory. He criticized from two dimensions of human and society. Most importantly, his value pursuit of human liberation makes his theory full of humanism and humanistic care. Finally, from the perspective of Marxism, this paper examines and analyzes Fromm’s humanistic thought. This paper affirms the constructiveness of Fromm’s humanistic thought in many fields, such as human nature theory, capitalist research, and the healing of society and human beings. On the other hand, it also finds its limitations by digging deeply into Fromm’s humanistic thought. The main mistake lies in the misinterpretation and deviation of some theories from Marxism. In addition, it also discusses the Contemporary Enlightenment of Fromm’s humanistic thought, that is, to reasonably enrich Marx’s >human< thought, to strengthen the direction of guiding social construction, and to continue to care about the living situation and mental health of modern people. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Erich Fromm (1900 – 1980) was not only one of the key members of the Frankfurt School, but also a prominent German-American social psychologist, psychoanalyst and humanistic philosopher. Using Freudian psychoanalysis, Fromm synthesized the Marxian humanist doctrine on the basis of social character and the social unconscious as mediators. This led to the construction of a unique system of thought covering multiple levels of society and psychology, and an in-depth discussion of a series of externalized psychological problems that have emerged since the development of capitalist society.– This article attempts to clarify the logical progression of Fromm’s thought on alienation by looking at the realistic background and theoretical sources of the formation of his thought system. First of all, it examines Fromm’s need for human survival in the light of the dilemma of existential alienation in Western capitalist society, and grasps the unique connotation of his alienation thought and interprets it. Fromm explores the dilemma of survival in human society by combining the process of individuation and socio-historical development, and exposes the state of spiritual alienation of individuals. Secondly, Fromm’s diagnosis of the roots of pathological alienation in Western society is outlined in both subjective and objective dimensions. Again, Fromm’s critique of the consequences of alienation in developed industrial societies is explored, elucidating the logical correlation between the emergence of freedom-avoiding mechanisms, non-productive personality tendencies, possession-oriented ways of being and the alienation that occurs in the inner world of individuals. This is followed by an examination of the consequences of the interaction and conflict between the psychological alienation of the individual and the alienation of society in general, revealing the relationship between the individual and society.– Finally, Fromm’s search for a way to overcome alienation and build a sound society that meets human needs is discussed, and the rationality and limitations of his vision are objectively assessed. Fromm made a positive contribution to the evolution and enrichment of human culture and spirituality in the twentieth century. However, he does not fully acknowledge the role of material production and only overemphasizes the influence of psychological factors on human beings, while ignoring the fact that private ownership is the fundamental cause of the limitation of human freedom. Neither spontaneous activities nor social changes can fundamentally solve the problems caused by total alienation, but they can still provide a reference for the path of building a human-centered >harmonious society< in China: after the material enrichment of Chinese society, it should pay more attention to the spiritual existence of human beings and leave behind the possession-oriented way of living; promote humanistic culture and calmly We should also pay attention to the psychological and spiritual state of human beings and cultivate a sound personality. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 5/2023]
埃里希·弗洛姆是20世纪二十年代法兰克福学派的重要成员,其突出的理论贡献在于他结合弗洛伊德的精神分析学说和马克思主义哲学理论,创造性的提出了>逃避自由<思想。在关注到现代人生存境遇时,他揭示了资本主义社会结构的不健全之处,以现代人的性格结构为出发点,对现代人普遍存在的>逃避自由<的现象做出了深刻分析,他借鉴弗洛伊德创立的精神分析方法,挖掘出现代人逃避自由的真正心理根源。弗洛姆的>逃避自由<的思想不仅能帮助寻求一种解决生存困境的途径,而且对积极自由之路的探寻和对理性信仰的构建以及对健全社会的设想都具有巨大的启示意义。本文基于前人研究的成果,在弗洛姆学术思想体系背景下,梳理了弗洛姆逃避自由思想的主要内容以及其论证进路,企图从弗洛姆对理想人格、理性信仰和健全社会的阐述中,挖掘解决个人自由却孤独的生存困境的启示。本文分为三个部分,第一部分阐释了弗洛姆>逃避自由<思想产生的社会背景和理论渊源;第二部分主要是勾勒弗洛姆>逃避自由<思想的主要内容和弗洛姆论证现代人为何逃避自由的线索;第三部分分析了弗洛姆>逃避自由<思想在揭示现代人生存困境、描绘理想性格、阐述理性信仰以及构建健全社会的启示,最后对这一思想理论的不足和存在的缺陷做一个简要的评析.
埃里希·弗洛姆是法兰克福学派的代表人物之一,是著名的社会心理学家、精神分析学家。弗洛姆致力于研究现代人的性格结构及有关心理因素和社会因素相作用的关系,他对二十世纪人类的自由困境进行了深刻的剖析,从个体的不自由状况出发,分析了现代人追求自由又逃离自由的原因,指出人们通过“权威主义”“破坏欲”“机械趋同”三种方式来逃避消极自由,摆脱孤独与无助。他认为需要通过爱和自发性的活动使人们获得力量和安全,实现积极自由,与异化了的“单向度的人”和缺乏自发性的机器人区分开来。从马克思主义的视角来看,弗洛姆的自由是一种理想中的状态和境界,但他过分强调心理因素对人的自由的作用,没有充分肯定物质生产的基本作用,也并未看到私有制是限制人自由的根本原因,忽略了阶级对抗,这使得他在对西方资本主义的态度上和马克思背道而驰。弗洛姆的异化思想具有人本主义抽象性,他期望通过自发活动实现自由的想法具有空想性,他对资本主义的批判具有不彻底性,依靠人类的自发活动和社会变革都不能从根本上解决自由问题。弗洛姆的逃避自由思想对于二十世纪人类文化精神的演进和丰富做出了积极贡献,拓宽了对自由问题的理解,丰富了社会变革的思想,创新了问题研究。
文学是一项以审美为目的的生存体验活动,具有一定的审美性、时代性与客观性。文学作品中具有>典型性<与>普遍性<的人物形象,不仅能够更有力地揭示作品主题、揭露社会问题,而且能够丰富作品内容、增强作品的审美性;对现实世界中人物的真实描写,也能够更加准确与真实地反映当时的社会时代面貌。可以说,作品中的人物是时代精神的体现者。对人物形象的分析包含外在分析与内在(心理)分析两大类。外在分析主要着重于对五官能够感知到的部分进行分析,如听到的语言、看到的人物行为及人物的外貌特征(肖像)等部分。内在分析则侧重于对人物的内心世界进行分析,或者说对人物的潜意识—>我是谁<进行分析。内在分析的研究结果具有更高的客观性,因而研究价值要高于外在分析。然而,人物内心世界复杂而多样,这主要根植于他们各自所属的情境。此处的情境既指他们生活的时代,也指他们各自所属的社会系统。因此,对人物的分析离不开对其所属情境的考察。如1950年代的韩国文学作品不可避免地会受到朝鲜战争的影响,战争对民众生活的破坏性成为作品表现的主要内容;1960年代的4.19革命与5.16军事政变使参与文学不断发展,军事独裁政府的暴戾与普通民众的激扬斗志是这一时期文学叙述的主题;进入1970年代,维新体制营造了压抑与恐怖的社会氛围,专制政治体制下经济反而得到高速增长,倒退的政治体制与不断发展的经济之间的矛盾既反映在民众的意识之中,也成为那个时代文学作品的主要内容。韩国作家金容诚在其20世纪70年代的代表作品《黎巴东将军》中,成功地塑造了在军人专政时代里,>军队<这个特殊机制内的三个典型性人物。笔者在本论第二部分运用艾瑞克·弗洛姆的逃避自由理论,详细分析了作品中三个典型人物所属的逃避自由机制以及各自的心理性格特征。为进一步探究三个典型人物所持不同性格的形成原因,增强研究的完整性,笔者在本论的第三部分运用菲利普·津巴多的情境影响理论,重点探讨1970年代的社会背景以及军队这个特殊的>情境<在人物性格的转变过程中所产生的作用。
伊迪斯•华顿(1862-1937)是二十世纪美国文学史上重要的女作家,其多数作品主要关注十九世纪末二十世纪初上流社会背景下女性的内心挣扎与精神困境。她的首部成名作品《欢乐之家》围绕女主人公丽莉•巴特展开,讲述她欲入豪门未果,步步跌落至社会底层,最终不堪忍受精神折磨而自杀的故事。二十世纪西方著名理论家埃里希•弗洛姆在马克思的劳动异化理论基础之上,结合弗洛伊德精神分析学,将异化概念引入到了心理学领域。他分析了资本主义社会各个方面的异化,重点阐释了人与自我的异化关系。弗洛姆认为异化无处不在,且人的内心随之出现严重的无力感和疏离感,进而可能导致人的精神危机。弗洛姆指出,人们可通过改良社会和培养爱的能力来消除异化。本论文以埃里希•弗洛姆的异化理论为基石,分析《欢乐之家》中女主人公丽莉的异化境遇,旨在从异化角度探索丽莉的悲剧成因,进而体悟作者在作品中体现的人文关怀。除引言和结论外,本论文共有三章。引言部分概述伊迪斯•华顿和她的小说《欢乐之家》,综述《欢乐之家》的相关研究文献并介绍埃里希•弗洛姆的异化理论。第一章从三个方面分析丽莉的异化表征:她在浮华都市生活中的异化感,她与其他人的异化关系以及她与自我的异化关系,展现了丽莉在都市生活、社会交往以及个人内心三方面所经历的无力感、孤独感和疏离感。第二章从社会、家庭和个人三个方面分析导致丽莉异化的原因。认为导致主人公异化的社会原因在于当时男权社会对女性的客体化,消费社会对人的抽象化和社会交往中隐形经济规律对人的操控;家庭原因在于主人公父爱的缺失、母亲的控制以及亲人的冷漠;个人原因在于主人公的市场取向性格与缺乏爱的能力。第三章从两个方面探析丽莉为消除异化所做的努力。丽莉感受到了异化带来的心里痛苦与精神折磨,希望通过积极培养爱的能力和努力建构自我身份来消除异化感,但却没能成功消除异化。结论部分指出:通过分析《欢乐之家》中丽莉的异化表现及原因,可以看出,丽莉感受到了异化带来的心里痛苦与精神折磨,希望通过培养爱的能力和建构自我身份来消除异化感。虽然丽莉最终精神彻底崩溃选择了自杀,未能走出异化的泥沼,但主人公为消除异化做出了巨大的挣扎与努力。它警醒人们异化给人带来的无力感、孤独感和疏离感,启示人们可通过培养爱自己和爱他人的能力来克服异化,实现人的完整性.
卡森麦卡勒斯(1917-1967)作为20世纪美国南方作家中的重要一员,以其作品独特的艺术风格和深刻的思想内涵而在美国文坛上占据重要一席。在她的五部小说作品中,最能代表其创作特色、也最为人所称道的是其中三部:《心是孤独的猎手》、《婚礼的成员》和《伤心咖啡馆之歌》。孤独是世界文学史长河中永恒的话题,亦是麦卡勒斯所擅长表现的领域。由于其特殊的成长经历,麦卡勒斯对隔离、孤独的理解和体验比任何人都深刻,在表达孤独这一主题时,再也没有人能像她那样>集中而有力,富于戏剧冲突和悲剧音调<①。麦卡勒斯的作品以工业化社会为背景,深刻描写了人类对未知命运和自我丧失的内心恐惧,突出表现了机械化社会之下人类陷入更加孤独的精神状态。在麦卡勒斯的作品中,我们不仅看到孤独所蕴含的人类本质意义上的精神隔绝,同时更能体会到其孤独书写中所传达出的强烈的批判现实意义。本文将围绕麦卡勒斯的三部代表作品,即,长篇小说《心是孤独的猎手》、《婚礼的成员》及中篇小说《伤心咖啡馆之歌》,采用文本分析的方法,首先分析作者孤独主题所呈现的具体方面,无论是环境、人物还是事件,都深深地刻上了孤独的烙印;其次从社会历史、文学传统及作者成长经历的角度追寻孤独主题确立之成因;最后再借助作家的创作理论及美国社会心理学家弗洛姆相关理论,进一步探究作品所体现出的批判现实意义。作者的孤独意识并非简单的、封闭的,她的创作是为了指向现实,为了帮助人们摆脱生存与苦难的困境,摆脱沉重的孤独意识,走向更美好的明天。
The theory of social character is a creative theory that Fromm combines Marx’s social thought and consciousness view on the basis of Freud’s theory of character. Fromm regards Marx as a person of world historical significance. Although Freud sees personal psychological factors, he neglects the influence of social environment on human personality, which limits his vision. Marx thinks far more deeply and more than Freud. He examines human behavior from the social and economic structure, but the irrational factors were ignored, so Fromm tried to >melt the two into one furnace<. Meanwhile, the misreading and Misreading of Marx thought by >pseudo Marxism< made Fromm spend a lot of energy on studying and thinking about Marxism, not only criticizing it, but also expounding his understanding of Marxism. The author proposes the theory of social character to make up for the deficiency of Marx in the micro psychological level and the concrete transformation mechanism between economic foundation and superstructure. The concept of >social character< clearly reflects the traces of Marxist thought. Under the influence of Marx’s thought, Fromm examined the character in the relationship between man and the world, insisted that >the main thing of human is social existence<, and modified Freud with Marx ’social tendency, and explained the decisive effect of social economic structure on social character from the root and change of social character.– At the same time, we also noticed the role of >bond< and >explosive mortar< of social character, so as to explain the relative independence of social character. Not only that, Fromm also explored the foundation and premise of social character, namely, social unconsciousness. He put unconsciousness in the concrete world of reality for understanding, insisted that >consciousness is the product of society< and modified Freud’s >libido< with Marx’s >historical power<. He not only expounded the decisive role of social existence on social unconsciousness, but also saw the negative effect of social unconsciousness on social existence, and tried to make people realize the repression of facts, and seek the way of social change to break this repression.– Fromm’s theory of social character is influenced by Marx’s thought. Although he always bases on the people in the real society and examines the human character in social history, he still regards Marx thought as spiritual existentialism in essence, and the theoretical focus is on the role of social character on human behavior and thinking, and does not really understand Marxism, not only does the understanding of human nature stay in the abstract theory of human nature, but also does not touch the fundamental contradiction of capitalist society, and it is not realistic with a strong utopian color. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
《1844年经济学哲学手稿》自发表以来,受到西方及中国理论界多方释义和分析。马克思异化理论不仅体现在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中,在《黑格尔法哲学批判》、《神圣家族》、《德意志意识形态》以及后面的《资本论》中都体现马克思异化理论。马克思异化理论不是静态的,它随着马克思思想的不断成熟和深入而不断发展。 《1844年经济学哲学手稿》、 黑格尔法哲学批判》等马克思早期异化理论更体现了马克思人道主义的价值观。《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》、《德意志意识形态》等马克思中期异化理论更体现唯物主义、方法论解决方面的异化思想。后面随着马克思唯物史观的形成,异化范畴在其认识论意义上揭示了商品拜物教、资本拜物教、货币拜物教等在资本主义社会存在的普遍现象。人是马克思的终极关怀,脱离了人的世界,脱离了对人的存在与本质的研究是不切实际的,马克思异化理论反映了马克思对人的价值的终极探索和研究。本文以马克思唯物史观的发展脉络为线索,把马克思异化理论分为马克思早期异化理论、中期异化理论和晚期异化理论。通过研究,可以看出马克思异化理论的时代鲜明性,马克思异化理论不仅对一百多年前中国面临社会主义道路和资本主义道路的道路选择时起到一定作用,对当下社会主义初级阶段存在的诸多异化现象的消除也能起到一定的折射性思考和帮助作用。本文分为五个部分,第一部分即前言部分,笔者对马克思异化理论的研究缘由、>异化<概念的界定、马克思异化理论的国内外研究现状、马克思异化理论的研究的目的和意义、研究的基本的方法、文章的创新之处进行了说明。第二部分即第一章,笔者对马克思异化理论产生的背景和理论渊源进行了分析和说明。资本主义条件下人的命运和文艺复兴之间形成的鲜明的对比,是马克思异化理论产生的背景。霍布斯关于人的权力转让的异化、卢梭的异化思想、黑格尔绝对精神的异化、费尔巴哈关于人本质的异化都对马克思异化理论的产生起了推动作用。它们是马克思异化理论产生的理论渊源。第三部分即第二章,这也是文章重要的一章。笔者对马克思异化理论的发展历程和主要内容进行了分析和研究。马克思的异化理论反映在马克思的很多著作中,笔者以马克思唯物史观的发展历程,将马克思异化理论分早、中、晚期详细进行了说明。第四部分即第三章,笔者对马克思异化理论在西方的演变进行了简要分析。对西方马克思主义的典型代表人物卢卡奇、弗洛姆、马尔库塞以及列斐伏尔的异化理论进行了一定的介绍和说明。第五部分即第四章,笔者分析了马克思异化理论的当代启示。结合十八大,十八届五中全会提出的以人为本、促进人的全面发展的倡导,从发展生产力;倡导和谐社会、加大人文关怀;倡导生态文明,人与自然的和谐共处这些方面入手对马克思异化理论的当代启示进行了分析和说明。
教育是一项需要关爱的事业,师爱常常被视为教师从教的首要条件。但在现实教育场景中,教师辛苦付出的许多关爱行为却得不到学生的认可和回应,甚至遭遇反抗。只有对实践中的师爱样貌进行考察,分析当前师爱实践中存在的问题与改进的可能性,才有望让学生得到更好的关爱,并让学生在师爱的沃土中成长为有能力关心人、爱人也值得爱的人。本研究对S市A中学的10名教师和8名学生进行了半结构式访谈,并借助开放式问卷向30名学生收集了和主题相关的案例和资料,以此来考察实践中师爱样貌的复杂性,特别是存在的问题及改进的可能。本研究认为师爱是教师在教育实践过程中体现出来的真诚地关心爱护学生,为学生的成长和发展付出努力的专业精神和职业情感。本文参照弗洛姆和诺丁斯等学者对关爱的定义和理解,以及其他相关文献中对师爱内涵的讨论,并结合本研究实证资料中所显露的问题,建构了本研究的研究框架:(1)师爱之目的在于激发学生的潜能;(2)尊重学生是师爱之过程的必然要求;(3)面向全体学生,教师需要公平地分配关爱资源。依据收集到的观察与访谈资料,本研究发现师爱实践中存在以下的问题:(1)>为了学生好<的师爱滑向了弗洛姆批判的>占有式关爱<,表现出占有倾向,造成了对学生发展潜能的阻碍;(2)教师将关爱理解为单方面严格管控学生,缺少对学生的信任与尊重。这使得教师的关爱行为常常演变为控制行为,忽视了学生的自主和独立,表现出霸道倾向;(3)面向学生群体,教师忽视师爱作为职业爱的公平性要求,呈现出偏狭的师爱样貌。为改进上述问题,应从专业伦理的立场理解师爱的内涵,做到:(1)重视学生当下的感受和真实的需求,以激发学生的发展动力与潜能,让师爱变得更具生产性;(2)在规范学生和适度尊重学生自由之间保持一定的张力,让尊重成为师爱的根基;(3)克服人际偏见,认可每一个学生的长处,不断提升专业知识与技能,努力让每位学生都感受到被关爱.
乔伊斯·卡罗尔·欧茨是美国著名女作家,她一生致力于文学创作和研究,其发表的小说曾一度在社会中引起了巨大的反响,她的小说作品大多扎根于美国现实社会,从基本的人性着手,深入至人物的内心世界,对人物的心理活动进行细腻的描写,从而对美国的社会现实中存在的问题进行揭示与批判,表达出欧茨对社会与人性的独特见解。本论文以弗洛姆的社会性格理论为支撑,通过分析欧茨作品中的人物性格特点,结合文本的社会背景和弗洛姆理论找出病态社会性格形成的深层次原因,最后寻求解决的途径。欧茨擅长描写人物的心理活动,以此展现出人物的性格特征。通过分析其小说,能够发现小说中人物的性格都存在着不健康的成分,盲目接受外界的声音而忽略自我内心的真实意志;采取剥削的手段向外界索取一切事物,成为剥削者或被剥削者;对于生活保守而消极。笔者从美国社会、家庭和个人三方面对这些病态社会性格的类型进行了详细分析,糟糕的社会环境、冷漠而疏离的家庭关系以及个人复杂的心理活动都是造成病态社会性格形成的原因。文学作品最终都要对个体进行一定的关怀,为了寻求幸福的途径,建构健康的性格类型,个人要利用自己的理性建立一个独立的人格,用一颗充满>爱<的心去对待身边的一切事物,而从社会层面来说,政治、经济、文化的改变不可或缺。欧茨通过不断的小说创作,旨在揭示出美国人的生存现状,不断地寻求实现独立人格和追求幸福的途径。
伊恩•麦克尤恩是英国当代最著名的作家之一。他的作品以揭露社会现实和人类的伦理困境 而 著 称 并 受 到 高 度 重 视。其于2010年发表的《追日》以全球变暖为背景, 吸引了来自世界各地读者的关注。麦克尤恩在这部作品中将全球关注的气候变化问题与人们的道德困境相结合, 反映了当代社会存在的生态和人文危机。以往对《追日》的研究主要集中在生态主义和伦理学方面。相比之下, 人们对这部小说异化主题的研究 则显得不够充分。本文以弗洛姆和马尔库塞的相关异化理论为基础来阐述小说中的异化主题。文章主要 从三个方 面 来 分析小说中 的异化主题:人的自我异化, 人与人关系的异化和人与自然关系的异化。本论文由三部分组成。第一章主要概括并介绍了作者伊恩麦克尤恩及其作品、《追日》的文献综述、异化理论及中心论点、研究方法和研究意义。正文分为四章包括第二章、第三章、第四章和第五章。第二章分析了人的自我异化主要表现为情感麻木和信仰的缺失。第三章阐释小说中人 与 人关系的异化主要 体现在两个方面:不和谐的家庭关系和扭曲的工作关系。第四章通过人对科技的过度依赖和对自然环境的破坏 两 方 面阐述了人与自然关系的异化。第五章总结了当代人的过度贪婪, 父权制社会的根深蒂固和人类中心主义的盛行是导致《追日》中异化问题的主要原因。第六章为结论。本论文最后得出结论, 异化这一主题贯穿于整部小说。当今社会, 人们不断增加的贪欲使其成为一个失去情感和信仰的物质化存在。异化了的人际关系和人与自然的关系也反映了父权主义和人类中心主义的根深蒂固。本文同时也表达了对人们生活现状的关注并呼吁人类对自己的行为进行深刻的反思。
二十世纪开始以来,世界范围内发生了巨大的社会及经济变革。激烈的竞争及商业化使人们面临前所未有的压力。人人追求自己更大的利益及更高的社会地位。结果是传统的生活方式和价值观念发生了动摇。人与人之间的信任与真诚遭到破坏。人与人之间的诚挚的交流变得日益困难。因此人们便转而封闭自己的内心世界。不可避免得人们开始感到精神隔绝及孤独。因此孤独便成了20世纪的一个普遍主题。对美国南部各州的作家尤其如此。在这里经济落后,同时又保留了特殊的历史及文化传统。卡森•麦卡勒斯就是其中杰出的一位。她因刻画孤独,异化及精神隔绝的人物而著称。卡森•麦卡勒斯本人遭受不幸婚姻及疾病之苦。因此难以摆脱压抑及孤独心理。由于她对生活的特殊理解及感受,她对精神隔绝,孤独及异化这一类主题驾御起来得心应手。她把故事设置在美国南部小镇,解释孤独人物的内心世界及人们无法沟通及理解的现实。她的重要作品包括《心是孤独的猎人》,《金色眼睛里的镜象》,《伤心咖啡屋之歌》及《婚礼成员》。本文主要分析《心是孤独的猎人》这部小说。以小说文本为基础,从分析创作动机出发,本文将从弗洛姆社会心理学角度挖掘孤独的根源。导轮部分概述了小说创作的背景,以往的研究状况及本文研究的目的和意义。第一章从作者的人生经历和美国南部各州的文学传统角度,分析作者坚持写孤独主题的原因。卡森•麦卡勒斯创作的一系列,其中人物大都被精神隔绝和疏离感所困扰.如果我们跟踪作者的人生经历,透视南方历史,文化背景和文学传统,不难看出原因。第二章揭示孤独不可避免的原因。第一个原因是小说中的人物都无法与周围的人进行有意义的交流与沟通.其次是他们都需要自己的上帝,而他们自己创造的>上帝<却自杀,欺骗的他们的信任.最后,一个原因是人类的爱之情感的无能。第三章分析作者呈现孤独主题的独特手法。她利用了独特的音乐结构,象征和哥特式风格,使作品的主题,即,孤独,精神隔绝和疏离表现得更加生动鲜明。第四章运用弗洛姆的社会心理学来分析孤独的根源。弗洛姆结合里马克思和弗洛伊德,他提出了人类的五种需要,同时指出现代社会恰恰违背了人性,使人们不可避免地产生了孤独感。本章将利用他的理论来具体分析造成小说人物孤独的深刻社会原因。结论部分总结全文,揭示小说中人物不能交流沟通,隔绝和暴力倾向的不可避免性。小说中,每个人都怪异,自私,不成熟,性挫败,都从生活的社会隔离出去,但是作者把重点放在了人物生活的社会上。当人们都以自我为中心,当然无法与人沟通,但是由这种人群组成的不健全的社会让人们更加孤独。
田纳西•威廉斯是美国二十世纪杰出的剧作家之一,其剧作在国内外引起广泛的兴趣。然而,我国对田纳西•威廉斯剧作的研究始于上世纪八十年代,仅有少量的专著问世。多数国内外批评家和学者将注意力集中在剧作中研究的主题。基于前人研究成果,本篇论文致力于探索田纳西•威廉斯剧作中>救赎<这一主题。>救赎<这一主题不仅是对田纳西•威廉斯以同性身份为代表的精神危机的回应,也是对1950年至1960年间,麦卡锡主义至文化运动这一动荡社会转型时期的一种深度回应。本篇论文在探讨>救赎<这一主题时,选取了田纳西•威廉斯的五部剧作:《玻璃动物园》、《欲望号街车》、《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》、《琴神下凡》、以及《蜥蜴之夜》。这五部戏剧见证了田纳西•威廉斯戏剧的辉煌开端以及落寞退场。本篇论文通过对>救赎<这一主题表现形式的分类,概括出其流变过程的具体三个阶段,它们分别是:麻醉式的自我救赎,性救赎,以及以流亡者为最终体现的自我和解。这三个救赎阶段不仅见证着田纳西•威廉斯在救赎思想上的成熟,也与一个分崩离析的时代相互辉映。在此基础上,本篇论文认为,>救赎<这一主题的第三个阶段——>流亡<,使>救赎<这一主题在田纳西•威廉斯的笔下别具一格。从《玻璃动物园》到《蜥蜴之夜》,田纳西•威廉斯笔下的剧中人深陷来自道德伦理、社会、政治以及文化的桎梏。也是为此,田纳西•威廉斯一生沉浮在现实与思想危机的漩涡中,以谋求<救赎<的出路。伴随着剧中人所面临的的漫漫长夜,田纳西•威廉斯渴望为那些深陷困境的人书写出>救赎<。本篇论文一共分为六个主要部分。第一部分为前言,前言部分简要的介绍了田纳西•威廉斯的生平以及创作生涯。并围绕本篇论文选取的五部剧作进行了国内外研究综述的梳理和总结。在前言的最后,扼要的指出本篇论文的中心论点,研究方法以及学术意义。论文的第一章,从词源学角度出发,对田纳西•威廉斯剧作中的救赎一词下定义,以明确研究的主旨与内容。论文的第二章,分别从五部剧作中总结归纳救赎的三中表现形式,并以黑格尔的异化理论以及弗洛姆的社会心理学对这三个阶段的递进关系进行分析。论文的第三章,结合内部研究与外部研究,对田纳西•威廉斯救赎主题的社会成因以及个人成因进行分析。论文第四章,总结与提炼出田纳西•威廉斯剧作中对>救赎<这一主题的独到见解。论文的结论部分,重新回顾了>救赎<这一主题在田纳西•威廉斯剧作中的流变过程,并再次点明中心论点。
二十世纪开始以来,世界范围内发生了巨大的社会及经济变革。激烈的竞争及商业化使人们面临前所未有的压力。人人追求自己更大的利益及更高的社会地位,结果是传统的生活方式和文化价值发生了动摇。人与人之间的信任与真诚遭到破坏的同时,人与人之间的诚挚的交流也变得日益困难,因此人们便转而封闭自己的内心世界。人们不可避免地开始感到精神隔绝及孤独,于是孤独便成了20世纪的一个普遍主题。美国南方在这方面则有着更为深刻的体会,内战后随着社会的进步和物质文明的发展,工业化不可避免地侵入保守的南方,南方人在传统道德和现实精神的夹缝之间挣扎不已,他们比以往任何时候都孤独。作为一位重要的南方作家,卡森•麦卡勒斯自然也不遗余力地挖掘人们内心深处的孤独,并使之在作品中留下印记。她的所有小说几乎都贯穿着这样一个主题:人在社会中永远被禁锢于孤独状态,人不惜一切代价试图冲破这种孤独,但努力最终总是无济于事。随着社会的发展,人们发现上帝不是万能的,于是越来越多的人抛弃上帝,试图找到一条自我救赎的新路。然而,现实往往和人的意愿背道而驰,失去了上帝的人们无所依傍,精神空虚,寻找的路途又困难重重。于是迷惘、困惑、孤寂的情绪困扰着每一个陷入信仰危机的人。麦卡勒斯的小说深刻揭示了20世纪初期美国传统价值观崩溃的人们被信仰危机困在孤独迷惘之中得不到救赎的社会现实。卡森麦卡勒斯本人遭受不幸婚姻及疾病之苦,因此难以摆脱压抑的孤独心理。由于她对生活的特殊理解及感受,她对精神隔绝,孤独及异化这一类主题驾御起来得心应手。她把故事设置在美国南部小镇,解释孤独人物的内心世界及人们无法沟通及理解的现实。她的重要作品包括《心是孤独的猎手》《金色眼睛里的镜象》《伤心咖啡屋之歌》及《婚礼成员》。在她的所有作品中,最能代表她创作特色,也最能打动读者的是《心是孤独的猎手》和《伤心咖啡馆之歌》。孤独是麦卡勒斯作品的一贯主题。生活在特定的历史时期以及独特的人生经历使得麦卡勒斯对人的孤独有着深刻的了解。在她的作品中,所有的一切都要为孤独主题服务。本文主要分析《心是孤独的猎手》和《伤心咖啡馆之歌》这两部小说。以小说文本为基础,从分析创作动机出发,挖掘孤独的根源。导论部分概述了小说创作的背景及作品中孤独主题的由来,对麦卡勒斯作品的研究状况及本文研究的目的和意义。第一章不仅从作者的人生经历和美国社会背景探求作者坚持写孤独主题的原因,并运用弗洛姆的社会心理学来分析孤独的根源。卡森麦卡勒斯创作的一系列小说,其中人物大都被精神隔绝和孤独感所困扰。通过对作者人生经历的剖析,文学传统和社会背景等因素的探求,不难让读者看出原因。第二章具体从麦卡勒斯《心是孤独的猎手》和《伤心咖啡馆之歌》杰出的两部小说分析孤独在文章情节的体现,及在小说要素的体现,并针对小说具体分析孤独之因。第一个原因寻找上帝之爱的失败,其二爱之无能,其三是亲情的疏离。第三章分析作者呈现孤独主题的独特手法。她利用了独特的音乐结构和聚焦手法使作品的孤独主题和精神隔绝表现得更加生动鲜明。结论部分总结全文.揭示小说中人物孤独感和精神隔绝的不可避免性以及对现代社会逃离孤独感的深远意义。对《心是孤独的猎手》和《伤心咖啡馆之歌》这两部小说深入归纳和原因分析不难看出小说中人物无法交流沟通,隔绝和暴力倾向的不可避免性。小说中,每个人都怪异,自私,不成熟,性挫败,都从生活的社会隔离出去,但是作者把重点放在了人物生活的社会上。当人们都以自我为中心,当然无法与人沟通,但是由这种人群组成的不健全的社会让人们更加孤独。因此,只有通过人际交往,尽量协调好人际关系,与他人沟通交流去追求更好的精神世界才能构建和谐共生的社会。综上所述,通过挖掘麦卡勒斯作品中的孤独主题对现实生活的指导意义,以此论证麦卡勒斯是一个独特的现代主义文学代言人。
同性恋已成为了文学创作中的一个重要题材,但由于其特殊性,学者们至今尚未给予充分关注。然而,对同性恋现象及其文学书写问题进行客观审视,于推动社会观念进步具有重大意义。美国作家帕特里夏·海史密斯在女同性恋文学的早期代表作《卡罗尔》中,为主人公们安排了相对圆满的结局,并藉此表达了她对同性恋群体的同情。本文旨在以弗洛姆的新人道主义伦理学和文学伦理学批评的相关方法,解读该作品中的同性恋困境书写问题,主要聚焦于同性恋困境的表征、作者呈现同性恋困境的方式、作者书写同性恋困境的原因等三个方面。基于二十世纪五十年代西方社会的道德与伦理环境,本文首先讨论了同性恋者面临的三重困境,即特殊的身份定位、遭遇社会的边缘化和被迫逃避道德责任。接着在文中分析了作者具体的书写方式——并置外部和内部困境、插入人物间的讨论和运用副文本。最后观照作者的个人经历、生活背景和心理状况,本文探讨了其对自身性取向的担忧、对同性恋群体的关切和对建立健全社会的呼吁。海史密斯书写同性恋困境,意在引发读者正视和思考同性恋群体的生存状况,并推动社会观念的进步。本文旨在通过解读《卡罗尔》中的同性恋困境书写问题,引起人们对所有边缘群体生存困境的进一步关注和研究。
[1993年诺贝尔文学奖得主托妮•莫里森,无疑是当代最杰出的一位非裔美国作家。莫里森关注非裔美国人受奴役史及其对黑人身份和种族构建的影响。她的处女作《最蓝的眼睛》讲述了一个叫佩克拉的黑人小女孩“寻爱不遇”的故事:佩克拉在她所生活的黑人群体中看不见爱的踪影,留给她的只是嘲讽和羞辱。许多评论家已经注意到作品里白人主流文化的侵蚀及其对黑人群体的心灵造成的灾难性的影响。然而,从社会心理学视角分析造成黑人人格扭曲的社会原因的研究,尚不多见。本论文主要从弗洛姆的爱的理论及社会性格形成理论分析《最蓝的眼睛》。论文首先运用弗洛姆爱的理论分析《最蓝的眼睛》中的爱的异化和缺失,包括黑人对白人、上帝的爱的异化以及黑人群体内爱的异化和缺失。论文接着运用社会性格形成理论分析作品中黑人群体如何形成这一非创造性的社会性格、形成怎样的社会性格以及这一性格对黑人群体产生的负面影响。论文认为,《最蓝的眼睛》中黑人群体绝大多数成员丧失爱的能力,因而他们的性格结构中非创造性的性格倾向占主导;黑人边缘化、卑下、从属的社会经济生活对黑人心灵产生塑型并使之形成受虐-施虐的社会性格,从而内化了白人主流意识形态,而白人意识形态反过来又加强并稳固受虐-施虐社会性格。总之,黑人受虐-施虐的社会性格倾向给黑人的心灵造成巨大的创伤,也极大地破坏了黑人群体的内部团结]
卡森•麦卡勒斯是二十世纪美国南方文学的代表人物之一,她对青春期少女的描写,由于带有浓厚的自传色彩,具有重要的研究意义。本文主要以《心是孤独的猎手》和《婚礼的成员》两部作品作为研究文本,两部作品中的女主人公米克和弗兰淇为研究对象,运用弗洛姆关于人类生存困境的理论,结合西蒙娜•德•波伏娃的女性>他者<地位的观点,从自由和爱的角度分析两位青春期少女在走向独立和成熟的过程中作为>他者<的形象是如何在孤独中不断挣扎,寻求自由和自我真实身份,最终以失去自我的代价成长为南方淑女的过程,并探讨了两位女主人公追寻梦想和爱最终失败的深层原因。通过对麦卡勒斯生平的分析得出米克和弗兰淇深受麦卡勒斯童年孤僻性格的影响,她们身上有着和麦卡勒斯一样强烈的男性气质并对爱有着执着的追求。她们离经叛道的行为在传统的南方父权文化下显得格格不入,深受孤独压抑之苦。为了摆脱这种孤独,她们采取了各种方式来实现自我身份。或向社会权威妥协,开始尝试向女性气质转变,或通过音乐和写作来排遣内心的孤独与苦闷或尝试与他人建立一种亲密的>我的我们<的关系来寻找归属感,成为世界的一员。但是由于女性身份的限制和爱的能力的缺乏,在追寻自由与臣服社会权威的挣扎中,米克和弗兰淇最终梦想破灭,彻底放弃了自己的男性气质,成为标准的南方淑女。通过对米克和弗兰淇这两位青春期少女的分析得出结论,在南方父权文化体系下,叛逆的青春期少女无论如何挣扎,都难以对抗强大的社会无形权威,最终只能以社会和他人期待的样子走向平庸。
彼得·汉德克(1942.12.06—)是奥地利著名作家、剧作家、电影编剧和导演。2019年汉德克获得了诺贝尔文学奖。20世纪70年代汉德克发表了两部以女性为主人公的作品——《无欲的悲歌》(1972)和《左撇子女人》(1976)。在这两部作品中,汉德克笔触细腻地书写了两个女主人公——母亲和玛丽安娜对自由的追求,揭示了男权社会对女性长久的压迫以及女性在弱势境况下的抗争,作品一经发表就引起了社会的高度关注。汉德克笔下的两位女主人公对自由的追求是贯穿两部作品的线索。国内外大多数学者对两部作品的研究都集中女性主义、互文性、叙事手法等角度,尚未有学者从女性追求自由的角度对两部作品进行阐释。因此,本文旨在以弗洛姆自由理论解读母亲和玛丽安娜的追求自由之路并深入剖析两个女主人公追求自由不同结局的原因,进而阐明汉德克的女性自由观。个体为获得自由而摆脱了既为其提供庇护又束缚其发展的>始发纽带<后,陷入了无能为力的孤立状态。面对巨大的无助和孤独,个体有两种选择:一种是逃避自由带来的负担,以牺牲自我为代价逃向>继发纽带<,重新建立依赖与臣服关系;另一种则是继续前进,积极发挥自发性,努力实现以个体的独一无二及个性为基础的积极自由。母亲被原生家庭保护的同时,也被其束缚,因此她选择逃离原生家庭。然而面对着失去原生家庭这一>始发纽带<后的巨大的孤独和无助,母亲以牺牲自我为代价,试图通过臣服于男权、盲从于他人在>继发纽带<中获得安全和稳定。然而>继发纽带<只是禁锢个体的又一个枷锁,母亲最终心灰意冷,选择逃避现实,而这更加剧了母亲的孤独和无助。最终,在现实和理想之间的困境中徘徊的母亲没能获得自由,而是走向了灭亡。玛丽安娜在获得看似幸福,实则枯燥乏味的婚姻庇护的同时,也被其压抑了个性,束缚了发展。因此玛丽安娜选择逃离婚姻这一>始发纽带<。但与母亲的选择相反,玛丽安娜在面对逃离婚姻后的孤独和无助时,并未逃向>继发纽带<,而是选择正视孤独,坚持自我,勇敢反抗男权,在积极同世界相连中探寻生命的意义。最终,玛丽安娜获得了积极自由。母亲和玛丽安娜追求自由结局不同,究其原因可从主客观两个层面进行分析。在保守压抑的环境中长大的母亲习惯性依赖他人,害怕孤独且抗拒独处,并在不平等的感情关系中愈发失去爱人与爱己的能力,这些都一定程度上对母亲追求自由产生消极影响。而玛丽安娜则在较为开明宽松的家庭氛围中长大,在追求自由过程中不仅始终坚持自我,正视孤独,在独处中通过内省反思自我,而且能够有尊严地爱人和爱己,保持对生活的热忱,在爱中积极与世界相连。此外,玛丽安娜所处时代正值女权运动兴起,女性意识觉醒,这为玛丽安娜追求自由创造了有利客观条件。对比母亲和玛丽安娜对自由之追求可窥汉德克的女性自由观。汉德克认为女性只有在良好的客观生存环境和自身主观努力缺一不可的情况下方能获得积极自由。在他看来,独处是女性通往自由的必经之路,在独处中女性方能通过自省找到与世界相处的模式;对生活、自我及他人之爱是女性追求自由的动力源泉;良好的日常生活环境则为女性获得自由创造了必要条件。
DeLillo)被认为是20世纪美国当代最杰出的小说家之一,总是被冠以>后现代派小说家<的头衔。自此书发表以来,虽然许多文学评论家都对这本书钟爱有加,但是从异化理论出发的研究为数不多。本文根据西方马克思异化理论以及当代马尔库塞和弗洛姆的异化理论,分别从消费,科技,环境,精神,家庭关系五个方面找出《白噪音》中的异化现象,分析由异化引发的后现代人们在日常生活,人类社会和自然环境中所面临的种种危机,并根据弗洛姆的理论提出了解决异化所带来问题的方案,即回归情感并树立理性的观念来消除异化,以期对当代个人、社会、自然的发展有借鉴意义。本文包括引言和结论共分六部分。第一章引言,分为三部分介绍,第一部分简要介绍了作家德里罗生平,主要作品及相关成就。第二部分为国内外对《白噪音》的相关论述研究及选作这篇论文的理论研究意义。第三部分为这篇论文的结构框架。第二章异化理论,共分为三部分,第一部分介绍异化,第二部分介绍了马克思异化理论的起源与发展,第三部分介绍继马克思之后当代异化理论的发展以及马尔库塞和弗洛姆的理论,从而为本论文的分析研究奠定了理论基础。第三章分别介绍了《白噪音》中几种不同的异化现象,分别是消费异化,科技异化,精神异化,关系异化,自然异化。第四章探讨了小说中异化所映出来的严重后果,主要分为对个人产生的危机,对社会和环境产生的危机两个大方面,具体体现在信任危机,身份危机,对死亡的恐惧,大众媒体的泛滥,环境的污染,表演性暴力,以及人们使用科技时的犹豫。第五章讨论如何走出异化的方案:第一,通过回归人心中的爱,去拯救个人,帮助个体摆脱个人危机;第二,通过建立正确的个人和社会价值导向,让人们有正确的观念特别是理性消费观,理性的环境观念,理性的生产观念,参与到全社会共同应对异化危机的活动中来。第六章结论总结本研究的主要观点。本文根据异化理论,让人们认识到异化现象的普遍存在和异化所带来的一切问题和危机,给出人们走出异化的方法和建议,促进人、社会、自然的可持续发展。
对宗教、信仰的讨论是弗洛姆整体思想中的重要有机组成部分,但无论国内还是国外,有关这一主题的研究都存在较大局限。本文试图在考察弗洛姆思想发展脉络的基础上,借鉴国内信仰学的研究成果,运用>信仰主体——信仰行为——信仰客体<的动态逻辑框架系统重构弗洛姆相关理论,并将其置于伴随现代化进程而出现的>信仰危机<的历史背景下,通过横向与纵向比较发掘其理论之独特性,旨在为研究弗洛姆思想提供新的视角,也为当下社会信仰困境提供一定的启示。经历1926年放弃犹太教信仰与1937年扬弃正统弗洛伊德主义的两次思想转折后,弗洛姆形成无神论的>激进人道主义<思想,>人<成为弗洛姆研究宗教、信仰的逻辑起点和最终目的。>人的诞生<开始后,信仰主体作为一个处于自然、社会历史与生存两歧三个相互关联的维度中的身心、知情合一的人,其独特的多层次处境与生理-心理结构、机制,使其产生了追求生存意义、指向>谐一<的>x体验<,它在无意识层面构成了信仰的经验基础,其意识化与意识形态化都受到社会的制约,由于知性语言的社会过滤器作用和思虑作用,只有用普遍象征语言才能表达其丰富含义。信仰行为则是信仰主体对>x体验<的反应,不但是一种相信、信服的思想状态,更是信仰主体在具体的社会历史条件下全身心的、对自己生存答案的探索和践行。>同化过程<与>社会化过程<中形成的社会性格是信仰行为的基础。按照性格结构中创发性取向的多少,弗洛姆将信仰行为分为理性与分理性两种形式。弗洛姆将理性置于人格整体之中,剖析了理性、信仰、怀疑三者之间的辩证关系。理性信仰植根于人自己的体验,对自己思考力、观察力及判断力的了解与信赖,与理性怀疑相关联,它不仅体现在思考和判断领域,也体现在人的生活实践中。它促使人们怀着希望,进行一种持续的、积极的自我创造,有利于>人的诞生<。而非理性信仰是对某个神、某个人、某种思想或某种象征的盲目迷信,并非出于人自己的思想或情感的体验,而是以人对非理性权威的情感屈从和对现有意识形态的接纳为基础。如果社会宣扬的意识形态与社会性格之间具有差异,会造成人们思想与行为的分裂,形成>假信仰<现象。同时,弗洛姆还研究了自由意志与信仰选择的问题,作为温和决定论者,他为人们自由选择信仰的可能性留出了余地,并探讨了先知与禅师等理性权威的作用。信仰客体被弗洛姆视为> x体验<在不同社会历史文化结构中的概念系统呈现,按照>原始崇拜——母性人格神宗教——父性人格神宗教——理性一神论宗教——无神宗教——宗教消亡<的路线发展。在他看来,宗教演变是一个客观过程,与生产力水平、生产关系、人自身的心理状况、理性与情感能力等因素密切相关,并且在不同的阶段发挥着不同的历史功能,但这种发展并非后者取代前者的线性更迭,而是一种以某种宗教形态为主、显隐并存、进化和倒退交织并行的过程。根据社会条件所塑造的社会性格结构所导致的不同存在体验,弗洛姆将宗教分为权威主义和人道主义两种类型;根据它们对>人的诞生<的作用,分为积极和消极的宗教,但这些分类只是对其特征的分类,而不是对现实存在的宗教的分类,任何现存成体系宗教中,积极和消极、权威主义与人道主义均混合出现。最后,在呈现弗洛姆信仰理论的完整面貌后,本文指出了它的贡献与不足,并试图对其作出客观评价。
This paper takes Erich Fromm’s exposition on faith crisis as the research object, and places the background of worldwide faith crisis as the entry point, trying to discuss the negative effect of faith crisis. As a psychologist and psychoanalyst, Fromm studied the formation and development of the belief crisis theory from the perspective of >human<, fully explained the theoretical core of Fromm’s faith crisis theory, and conducted a dialectical analysis and discussion of Fromm’s faith crisis theory.– First of all, the article analyzes the formation background of Fromm’s faith crisis theory and introduces the historical background and current status of development from a historical macro perspective and a micro personal perspective, by analyzing the changes in Fromm’s personal faith patterns, we can have a holistic overview of his faith crisis theory. Fromm’s faith crisis theory inherited and developed Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis and Karl Heinrich Marx’s theory, especially inherited Freud’s character theory, and then it created social character theory, and provided research for the crisis of faith. The connection between Fromm’s faith crisis theory, Marx’s alienation theory, and historical materialism theory lay a solid basis of this paper.– The second is to sort out the content of Fromm’s faith crisis theory and analyze the concepts related to faith, including the definition of faith, religion, and faith crisis. By analyzing the subject of faith crisis, Fromm carefully sorted out Fromm’s exposition of >the birth of man<, reflecting Fromm’s principle of paying attention to the subject status of man. By analyzing the social character structure and spiritual structure in Fromm’s faith crisis theory, it is found that the theory of human spiritual structure and character structure is not only a standard for dividing faith types, but also an important basis for solving the crisis of human faith.– Thirdly, it makes a dialectical evaluation of Fromm’s faith crisis theory. On the one hand, it explains the rationality of inheriting and applying Marxist theory in Fromm’s faith crisis theory, On the other hand, it explains the limitations of the theory.– Finally, it discusses the practical enlightenment of Fromm’s faith crisis theory, and mainly explains how to play the role of social personality theory in the process of cultivation and shaping of creative personality as well as rational faith. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
弗洛姆的人学思想主要来源于弗洛伊德和马克思的思想,集精神分析和马克思人类解放学说于一身。弗洛姆对人学思想的研究,总体上是作为西方马克思主义的一部分展开而来的,他科学地、系统地、全面地阐述了他的人学思想,具有人本主义的色彩。弗洛姆的人学思想围绕工业化的资本主义社会下人的生存困境和心理问题展开如生与死、生命的有限性与个体潜能的无限性以及个体化与孤独感的矛盾,人焦虑、不安等负面情绪问题,他的关注点是迷茫而孤立的现代人以及资本主义社会中人的异化,试图用弗洛伊德的本能理论、性格学说等理论从个人角度揭示人心理的问题,并用马克思的异化理论、社会主义理论等解决社会的问题。其主要内容包括三个方面:人性思想包括人的生存境遇、人的需要、人的性格以及社会无意识,人的异化以及通过心理革命和社会革命对人的拯救。弗洛姆的人学思想对于个人心理问题的研究如现代人的抑郁、焦虑以及自爱等方面提供了一种积极的爱的理论,同时,对我国社会和谐发展从经济、文化和情感角度具有理论支撑作用,经济方面,为个体创造生存条件;文化方面,为人们提供和平民主的成长环境;情感方面,教育人们如何>爱<。此外,弗洛姆的人学思想存在局限性,如人性定义的局限性,理论的矛盾性及健全社会思想的幻想化。
[Chinese abstract not available.] Erich Fromm was a famous American psychologist, philosopher and one of the most influential thinkers in the 20th century. His consumption alienation theory provides a theoretical perspective to analyze the crisis of human nature development in capitalist society. He used Freudian psychoanalysis to analyze Marx’s theory of alienation, and combined the two theories to analyze the social contradictions of capitalism, especially the spiritual crisis and the crisis of human nature, which enriched the social psychology content of Marx’s critical theory of capital. Avoiding consumption alienation is not only conducive to promoting the harmonious development of our society and economy, but also conducive to reducing the pressure on resources and environment. Here, based on Marx’s theory of labor alienation, the perspective of contemporary Chinese Marxist theory to the thought of Fromm’s consumption alienation from Fromm, but is not limited to Fromm’s economic philosophy interpretation, it can be seen that Fromm adopted Freud to the unconscious mental analysis method, (1)analysis of the capitalist society inevitably causes of consumption alienation, namely to boost consumption is to alleviate the crisis of overproduction of capitalism;(2)From the perspective of social psychology, this paper analyzes the negative effects of con¬sumption alienation on human beings, which means that human beings lose their rational and loving ability and are reduced to >robots< under the control of capital logic. (3)It predicts the bleak prospect of the collapse of the logic of capital. Consumption alienation has brought about a negative effect on the capitalist society, leading to the crisis of human nature and natural ecology, and finally the collapse of the capitalist society. (4)Finally, the author gives a utopian plan of >sound society< to cure capitalist group neurosis from three aspects of economy, politics and culture. Sublation of Fromm’s thought of consumption alienation, in under the guidance of Marxist theory, social psychology on the basis of critique of capital and the consumption object, subject, consumption process in the dual economic philosophy and social psychology, aiming at the current situation and existing problems of consumer, to evade the potential consumption alienation, put forward the corresponding countermeasures. Therefore, it will be discussed from the following five aspects. The first chapter aims to clarify the philosophical and psychological origins of Fromm’s idea of consumption alienation. Fromm’s alienation of consumption is the derivation theory of Marx’s alienation of labor. The focus of contemporary capital logic is shifted from the field of production to the field of consumption, which leads to the transformation of alienation of labor to alienation of consumption. Consumption alienation also includes the ideological control of capitalism, which is unconscious. Freud’s individual unconscious can be extended to Fromm’s collective unconscious, which can reveal the social psychological manipulation mechanism behind consumption alienation. The second chapter discusses the variation of the relationship between consumer object and human in the consumption alienation from the theoretical level, which is an abstract analysis, and analyzes the philosophical and psychological reasons of consumption alienation. In the alienation of consumption, people pay more attention to the symbolic value and non-functional attribute of goods, and people’s >false demand< is stimulated. This further leads to the variation of human relationships, including the lack of human initiative, the materialization of human relationships, and human’s demand for nature. Although these are not conducive to the development of human nature, they are conducive to the logic of infinite capital appreciation, which means the inherent irreconcilable conflict between >humanism< and >capital<. The third chapter discusses the internal destruction of human nature caused by consumption alienation, the illusion of happiness deliberately created, and the inevitable ecological crisis. This is an empirical analysis, which analyzes the multiple serious consequences brought by consumption alienation. In the alienated consumption, human beings do not establish their subjectivity, but become >robots< of unconscious consumption. The happiness gained through consumption is based on >false satisfaction< and can only be illusory happiness. Excessive consumption stimulates the expansion of production, which surpasses the carrying capacity of natural resources and ecology, and inevitably leads to ecological crisis.
The fourth chapter discusses the way of sublating consumption alienation from the socialist market economy. The foothold is to sublating the logic of capital and establish the primacy of >people-oriented< rather than >capital<. At the individual level, we should establish human subjectivity through creative labor, emphasize fraternity and cooperation, and realize human’s free and comprehensive development. At the social level, based on the character cultivation of the productive society, we should discard the logic of capital appreciation, establish a green consumption culture, and promote the construction of a harmonious society in economic, cultural and political aspects. The fifth chapter discusses the limitations of Fromm’s criticism of consumption alienation. Fromm’s critique of consumption alienation is a profound revelation of the social contradictions of contemporary capitalism, which is characterized by social psychological deconstruction. However, Fromm overstated the influence of psychological factors, and his >healthy society< program was Utopian in nature, which deviated from the Marxist standpoint to a certain extent. On the whole, (1)Based on Marx’s criticism of political economy, this paper analyzes Fromm’s idea of consumption alienation in both philosophy and social psychology, and this reinterpretation undoubtedly has the background of Marxism in contemporary China. (2)To reveal the >conscious< and >unconscious< control of the whole society by the capital logic behind consumption alienation, especially its suppression of human nature in both physical and mental dimensions;(3)Let people see the real mask of consumerism in the ideological control and economic expansion in the capitalist society, as well as the inherent paradox and inevitable collapse trend of the logic of capital;(4)The criticism of Fromm’s criticism of consumption alienation is for the purpose of >the West serves China<, so as to strengthen the Marxist view of green consumption with Chinese characteristics and promote the healthy and orderly development of China’s socialist economy. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 9/2021]
Fromm is one of the well-known .humanistic ethicists. His whole life had focused on people. In his view, loving is an art that can guide people to better survive and promote liberation. The existing researches on the ethical thought of loving mainly revolve around his theory of love and his practice of love, while relatively few studies are conducted from the perspective of overall humanistic ethics. It would help us, investigating his ethical thought of love into a humanistic perspective of ethics, so this paper attempts to grasp the ethical thought of love and its ideological implication with comprehensively. The tradition of Judaism love planted the seeds of loving in Fromm’s heart, while the difference of Johann Jakob Bachofen’s parental love inspires him to extend love from family to society, and Zen’s enlightenment method and Freud’s psychoanalytic theory helped him cast his psychological basis, Marx’s theory of humans and the critical theory of Frankfurt School provided him with theoretical weapons to criticize the abnormal phenomena of human being and society. Thanks to these theoretical basis from the great thinkers and schools, Fromm put forward his own theory on people, setting out a logical kick-off for his discourse on ethics of love. Fromm highlighted that loving was the answer to human existence. He underwent explorations of human survival dilemma and spiritual needs, approached a >prescription< that rooted in human beings, and prescribed his medication->recipe for love< involving both theory and practice, in which >giving< is the heart of love, and >caring about oneself<, >knowing oneself<, >respecting oneself<, >taking responsibility for oneself< treated respectively as motivation, prerequisite, necessary condition and fruits, forming the basic substances of his loving. When facing different practitioners, Fromm also called their differences. The general and specific requirements of the art of loving constituted his practicing of love. Fromm believed that only a combination of the two requirements could achieve the ethical goal of self-love and of a healthy society. First of all, the people who acts >self-love< is the ideal >moral newcomer<. He must have a productive character in this way, maintain independence as well as be integrated with others in the process of >assimilation< and >socialization<. Also, he should have good interpersonal relationships, and be able to cultivate a way of survival that emphasizes existence instead of possession, so as to realize the all-round development of people. Second, a healthy society, from Fromm’s perspective, was not only the prerequisite for real love, but also the goal of love of ethics. Fromm did not only carry out ethical criticism of various fields of society, but tried to present reform plans also. He made attempts to save people and restore human nature, and love was one of his criteria and conditions for measuring and achieving goals. In addition, Fromm’s love of ethics was not only a critique of authoritarian ethics or a supplement to scientism ethics, and it’s good for us to view the development of capitalism objectively. At the same time, this Paper is based on the reality of our country, trying to explore the beneficial factors for individual liberation and social development, in order to approach its realistic value. As could be seen, these values cannot erase the limitations of Fromm’s love of ethics, his utopian nature, the bias of the individual and the fragility of the theory of human nature, etc. up to a point, all of which had blocked his ethical purpose from realizing. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
弗洛姆从人本主义出发,力图融合弗洛伊德的精神分析学说和马克思的历史唯物主义理论,以此来考察西方资本主义社会的各种病态现象。异化思想是弗罗姆以自己的人性论为标准,透过当代资本主义社会经济繁荣和生活富裕的表象,考察其内在矛盾而得出的结论。弗洛姆对当代资本主义社会中的异化问题进行了淋漓尽致的揭露与批判,其观点对我们了解与研究人类社会现象具有十分重要的参考价值。本文以马克思主义理论为指导,论述了弗洛姆异化思想的产生背景、理论渊源及其主要内容,在此基础之上着重探讨其思想的理论意义和现实价值。本文分为四个部分:第一部分阐释弗洛姆异化思想产生的时代背景和理论渊源。法西斯主义的崛起和人类生活的机械化倾向否定了人类生命的价值和意义,这个困惑促使弗洛姆寻求救世的良方。他批判地继承弗洛伊德的精神分析理论,汲取马克思主义思想理论的养分,从而提出了自己独特的心理异化思想。第二部分从人性观、异化的含义、异化的内生动力、异化的外生原因以及扬弃五个方面分析总结弗洛姆异化思想的主要内容,旨在对其思想进行逻辑上的整体疏理,一方面阐述其思想的内涵,另一方面显现弗洛姆思想观点的片面之处。弗洛姆认为人性是历史生成的,他将人性观作为其异化思想的基础和前提;在前人异化理论的基础上,弗洛姆赋予异化心理层面的含义:异化是一种心理体验;异化的根源在于人与生俱来的生存处境,即生存两歧;社会对个人的压抑和意识对社会无意识的压抑构成了异化的原因;扬弃异化在主观层面上要健全人的理性,与世界建立创造性的联系,客观上要进行全方位的社会变革。第三部分通过与马克思异化理论的比较,探讨弗洛姆异化思想的价值与缺陷,从理论和实践两个方面指出其思想的积极意义和不足之处。从理论上讲,弗洛姆以抽象的人性论作为理论基础,完全背离了马克思。但是,他从微观心理角度探究异化现象,拓展了马克思主义的研究领域。从实践角度来看,弗洛姆扬弃异化的思想具有乌托邦倾向。第四部分探究弗洛姆异化思想对我国构建和谐社会的启示,从心理角度观照我国的现实状况,指出要实现和谐社会建设的目标,就必须建设心理和谐的和谐社会。本文重点论述了心理和谐对构建和谐社会的作用以及如何构建心理和谐的社会主义和谐社会。
一直以来,存在是西方哲学、西方人文思想所关注的核心问题,在这一问题上,西方马克思主义者在马克思经典文本的启示下,深入探究、阐发存在问题,形成了丰硕的研究成果,其中,埃里希·弗洛姆的存在观具有典型意义。就其思想的内在逻辑来看,弗洛姆的存在观在其思想体系中居于核心地位,是弗洛姆批判发达资本主义的存在观根据。在《占有与存在》中,弗洛姆将存在与占有进行对举,揭示、阐述存在概念的意涵,突出创造性、审美性、自我实现等特质,据此,沿着人的生存处境、体验、精神境况切入对资本主义的分析与批判,以此为线索,将马克思早期的人道主义思想、尤其是《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中对异化劳动的批判与弗洛伊德心理学等有机结合,批判性地>诊断<发达资本主义社会的精神病,借鉴马克思对人之存在的规范性分析,彰显马克思提出的人之存在的自由自觉之维度,揭批发达资本主义的生产异化、消费异化等现象,构想未来共产主义社会中个体的精神维度。本文追溯、探究了弗洛姆存在思想的理论渊源,详细的分析了弗洛姆存在观的核心内涵即创造性、审美性、生产性存在的涵义,归纳其生产性、审美性、自发性的特征,分析存在观在其思想体系中的定位,并较为深入地探讨了这一理论何以构成了弗洛姆的方法论基础。从这一维度出发,彰显弗洛姆对西方二十世纪存在哲学思潮的丰富,对当代资本主义精神危机的克服与超越,对当代资本主义批判角度的丰富与扩展,以及对资本主义现代性逻辑的深入批判。分析、探究弗洛姆的存在观,有助于深入理解当代欧洲发达资本主义所存在的异化与局限、冲突与矛盾。洞悉当代欧美发达资本主义潜存的革命性因素与社会冲突逻辑。同此,深入理解弗洛姆存在观也能在批判消费社会、克服精神异化等方面给予我们以诸多启发。在当代资本主义的语境下,弗洛姆基于马克思主义哲学的原则、立场和方法,将对存在问题的阐释与马克思的资本主义批判进行结合研究,随着时代的发展,与时俱进地推进对马克思主义基本原理的研究与发展,突出马克思主义思索人之存在的方法及视角,这一思想努力有助于为当前马克思主义中国话语的建构提供有益的借鉴与参考。
Humanism is the frequently discussed topic of Western Marxist theorists. As an international thought, the representative school and representative figures of humanistic Marxism exist in European and American area, in particular, the research of Eastern European scholars is more extensive and in-depth. After the World War II, some eastern European countries have appeared the research groups of Marxist theory, which are characterized by the critical theory of humanism. They experienced the socialist model of Stalinism and the process against that pattern. They are the theorists and the active supporters of reform. They stressed the humanistic character of socialism. Academics call them >Eastern Europe’s Neo-Marxism<. Agnes Heller was a Hungarian woman philosopher and a representative of the Budapest School of Eastern Europe’s Neo-Marxism. Heller’s exploration of humanistic Marxist thought began in the late 1950s. At that time, Eastern Europe was in the political and cultural background of >Revival of Marxism< and criticized the cultural crisis in the capitalist society and the socialist society of the Soviet Union. From the micro level of human existence and social structure, she had put forward the way to promote the development of people themselves and the social humanization reform. After World War II, although the Soviet Red Army made some Eastern European countries get rid of the colonial rule, but Stalinist society is a highly authoritarian collective society and humanism has been severely weakened. Driven by the desire to against Stalinism, revive Marxism and guided by her mentor Lukács, Heller joined the humanistic Marxist of Hungarian. Marx’s theory of life practice, alienation, needs and human liberation, Lukács’ reification thought and ontology of daily life, and Fromm’s theory of human nature all had a profound impact on Heller. Her though began to mature from then on. From the analysis of Marxist theory of human nature and alienation, Heller put forward the concept of daily life, emphasized the ontological status of daily life, and explored the way to realize the humanization of daily life from the microscopic perspective, thus forming the theory of daily life. Closer to the theory of daily life is Heller’s theory of needs, which is also a theoretical exploration to guide human beings out of alienation under the trend of humanistic thought. After summarizing Marx’s exposition on need and value, Heller put forward her own radical need thought and the conception of the reconstruction of future social need system, and her criticism of need directly pointed to the capitalist system that meets the need of formalism and the Soviet socialist system that dictates the need. Heller believed that the society should carry out a general revolution, the main body of the general revolution is the individual with radical needs, and the formation of individual radical needs consciousness needs the guidance of radical philosophy. Heller further used the Utopian ideal construction of the rationality of radical philosophy, and conceived a radical democratic society which surpassed the contemporary capitalism and the existing socialism. Both the humanization of daily life and the establishment of a radical democracy to meet the radical needs reflect Heller’s ideal of actively building a truly human homeland and realizing the ultimate concern for human existence. Heller’s humanistic Marxist thought, on one hand, enriched and developed Marxist theory, reflect on people’s daily life from a micro perspective, understand theory and practice from the point of view of human needs, and drew scientific rationality critical spirit from Marx’s thoughts, provides a micro-way for human’s self-liberation. On the other hand, the historical limitations of her thinking are also evident. Such as, Heller’s theory of personality development ignored the value of material production and political and economic change; it laid too much stress on the value category analysis of needs and ignored the practicality and relationship of needs; t negated the contradiction between productive forces and production relations and break away from the essence of social production. Heller’s elaboration and development of Marx’s thought, and the profound explanation of the survival and development dilemma of contemporary human beings, are our important theoretical and ideological resources. [Translation: www.DeepL/Translator, free version, 10/2021]
刘易斯•芒福德是美国著名的技术哲学家和技术史家,被推崇为人文主义技术哲学的开山鼻祖。在技术史与技术哲学的领域,芒福德的主要成就可以归纳为三个方面:以巨机器为核心的技术反思;将技术史分为始技术时代、古技术时代、新技术时代的技术史分期思想;将技术分为多元技术与单一技术的技术分类思想;其中又以巨机器理论最为重要。芒福德在巨机器理论中,对技术进行了深刻的解析与激烈的批判,并提出了对巨机器所带来危害的解决之路。芒福德的技术思想分为前后两个时期,在前期其技术思想倾向于技术乐观主义,后期则对技术持谨慎的态度。鉴于芒福德巨机器思想的学术价值及时代意义,近年来对其思想的研究出现不断升温的趋势。对芒福德思想进行研究,可以补前人研究的不足,挖掘其思想的真正价值,有利于破解现代技术的困境,对现代技术反思产生一些启发,进一步推动技术哲学的研究。单就本文而言,主要做了以下几个有创新性的工作:第一,文章的第二章分析了芒福德生活的时间和空间背景,并通过对这两个背景的分析指出近现代的三次技术革命及纽约的城市发展是造成芒福德技术思想前后差异的主要原因。第二,文章的第三章是本文的主体部分,用芒福德的巨机器思想串联了整个芒福德的技术思想,将芒福德的技术史分期与巨机器的诞生、蓄势、重装、成熟、统治、破除联立在了一起。使得芒福德前后时期的两部代表作《技术与文明》与《机器的神话》有了比较清楚的联系。第三,文章的第三个创新之处体现在对芒福德思想的客观评析中。文章指出了芒福德思想具有的超越性,呼唤了人文主义的回归;同时也指出了芒福德思想的局限性,表现在对人性的过度推崇和提出的巨机器的消解之道是浪漫而不切实际的;并通过对芒福德思想的评析,提出了>建设性的技术批判<的概念。第四,比较详细的阐述了芒福德技术思想的理论来源及学术影响。阐发了李树学教授的思路,将马克思、韦伯、格迪斯三人归结为芒福德技术思想的发蒙者;指出芒福德思想对弗洛姆、马尔库塞、埃吕尔技术思想的影响。第五,分析了芒福德巨机器技术思想的当代价值。从巨机器与自然、巨机器与科技、巨机器与人性三个方面阐述了巨机器思想的价值。
乔治•奥威尔因其讽刺辛辣、思想深刻的政治寓言类小说而独树一帜。鉴于对文学与政治所作出的巨大贡献,他被称为>一代人的冷峻良知<。1950年出版的《一九八四》是奥威尔最杰出的代表作之一,一经出版便成为当时社会各界热议的焦点,与英国赫胥黎的《美丽新世界》(1932)以及俄国扎米亚京的《我们》(1920)并称为>反乌托邦三部曲<,是一部使奥威尔蜚声国际的巅峰之作。《一九八四》是政治小说文学的经典代表作,国内外众多学者及文学评论家已从政治学、语言学、存在主义、女性主义等多个不同角度评析了这部小说。在这部政治寓言中,作者有意为世人展现了一个逼真的未来极权主义世界。毫无疑问,身处这个人性与自由均缺失的反常环境中,人的任何追寻与抗争注定都会以失败告终。然而,以前的研究仅描述了在极权环境下人们的各种异常行为,并未对诸般异常状态进行归类,也未指出导致这些异常现象的根本原因和形成过程,以及人类自我救赎的可能性和出路。>新弗洛伊德主义<精神分析心理学派最重要的理论家、法兰克福学派的重要成员之一的德国精神病学家埃利希•弗洛姆的人本主义心理分析学中的>情感异化<理论恰恰为这一研究提供了理论支持。本文即是藉情感异化理论梳理、归类小说《一九八四》中人性异化的形式,探究其成因,并在一定程度上指出防止异化的可能的途径。全文共五个部分,即引言、三章正文和结论。引言介绍了奥威尔的文学成就和小说《一九八四》以及国内外对该作品的研究和评论,进而点明本文的研究意义:以弗洛姆的情感异化理论为观察视角,分析大洋国专制社会中其社会成员的各种病态表现,揭示引发这类异化现象的根本原因,并着力探寻摆脱悲剧的途径。第一章是本文的理论基础,详细阐述了弗洛姆的情感异化理论。弗洛姆终身致力于将马克思主义的社会分析与弗洛伊德的心理分析相结合,创造了>人本主义心理分析学<。在此基础上,发展出情感异化理论。该理论指出,人性的缺失或实现与所处的社会的状态密不可分。不健全的社会使人们无法进行>爱和创造性的工作<,失去了与世界建立积极联系的能力,造成个人逃避自由的心理机制,最后导致人们情感的异化。情感异化也是暴力、战争等一切罪恶产生的根源。第二章梳理《一九八四》中情感异化的形式。弗洛姆认为,情感异化的形式存在以下三种:>恋死<,一种对死亡、毁灭的爱;>恶性自恋<,无视客观的过度的自我膨胀;>共生性乱伦<,一种恋母情结的极端形式,渴望完全地失去自我。第一节列举了其各阶层社会成员带有>恋死<倾向的行为表现;第二节描绘了大洋国中党的>恶性自恋<的疯狂状态;第三节揭示了党和反抗者之间存在着的>共生性乱伦<关系。三种形式纠结在一起,便衍生出>社会衰亡症<,这是大洋国中一切恶产生的源头。第三章探究《一九八四》中情感异化的原因。弗洛姆认为,如果情感一方面处于>生存两歧<的挤压中,一方面又遭遇>社会过滤器<的限制,自然难成为其自身,异化是必然结局。小说里,人们为摆脱成长中的孤独感而自动选择逃避自由。同时,在极端压抑的大洋国社会中,党通过>新话<、>双重思想<和>思想罪<三种过滤手段,按照极权意志发挥着>社会过滤器<对社会意识的限制作用。故此,人们无法拥有正常的意识,不具备摆脱情感异化的能力。基于以上分析和讨论,结论部分指出:人类的生存和发展并不孤立,而是与其所处的社会环境息息相关,整个社会的文化、经济、政治等各方面的发展会对个人情感的塑造产生决定性影响。健全的社会可以为>爱和创造性的工作<的实现提供前提,为个体摆脱孤独、避免情感异化创造可能。这是抑制现实中各种罪恶行为、避免人性悲剧发生的关键所在,即有效防止个体及社会被异化的途径。推而广之,实际上,解析《一九八四》中人在病态社会中的行为和精神状态,探寻人的内在发展和追求,对当今社会也具有一定的现实意义。
Carson McCullers is an important female writer in the history of American Southern literature, and her works are full of description of Southern society. >Clock Without Hands<, her last novel, describes the Southern people and events in the mid-twentieth century. Most research outcomes focus on characters and mental description in the novel, a few are concerned with its social discourse, but few literary critics probe the alienation and its connection with society and history. This thesis explores the characters’ alienation condition in the South from the perspective of the alienation theory, which Fromm also emphasizes the individual experience and social elements, so as to reveal the panorama of Southern American society in >Clock Without Hands<. This thesis concludes that McCullers’ description on social alienation and social changes of the novel presents Southern advancement in the twentieth century, and it provides a new way to understand Southern society in >Clock Without Hands<, with the analysis of its theme of alienation. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2023]
托尼·莫里森是当代著名的非裔美国作家之一,她的代表作品包括《最蓝的眼睛》《秀拉》《所罗门之歌》《爵士乐》《宠儿》和《天堂》。其中,1992年出版的小说《爵士乐》是她的>历史三部曲<之一。《爵士乐》的故事背景是1926年美国北方的一座大都市,莫里森运用拼接式的叙述方式,讲述了一段扭曲的三角恋故事,记录了故事主人公孤独不安的生存状态,揭露了黑人个体心灵在白人社会中所遭受到的冲击。小说中,主要人物自小缺失父母,基本的生存需求无法得到满足,精神受到重创,所以异化成为了他们无法逃脱的命运。鉴于此,本文在对这部小说进行细读的基础上,从弗洛姆精神分析的全新视角就这部小说中主要人物异化形式,异化的内外因素以及回归健全之路的问题进行了系统的研究。全文由五部分组成:引言、第一章、第二章、第三章与结论。引言部分主要介绍莫里森和她的作品,概述《爵士乐》的故事内容,综述《爵士乐》在国内外的研究状况,论述艾瑞克·弗洛姆的异化观,介绍本论文的研究方法,并阐述本研究的意义。第一章基于弗洛姆对异化形式的阐释分析了《爵士乐》中主要人物维奥纳特·特雷斯、乔·特雷斯和多卡斯·曼弗雷德的异化表现。他们都是将自己的主体边缘化的可怜人,唯有依靠外部力量才能感知自己的存在。维奥纳特爱上了一个不存在的金色男孩,并将其内化为自己的理想形象。依靠着这个虚构的男孩,她体验到了自己的潜在的力量。乔虽是男性,但是在建构自己身份的过程中,他甘愿放弃自己的思想和价值,转而臣服于他的爱人。而多卡斯一心沉迷于外部权威力量的控制,并在控制中感知自己的存在。最终他们都在对外部力量的屈服中得到满足,从而使自己异化与自身,同时也异化与他人。第二章从外部和内部两个方面来分析主要人物异化的原因。就外部原因而言,小说的主人公为了寻求更美好的生活从南方迁入北方。但是生活在白人聚集的大都市中,他们遭受了空前的种族暴力,也感受到了一种强烈的孤独感。最终他们将异化作为逃离不安和孤独的方法。危机重重的外部世界使他们的异化最终显现,但是他们内心的缺失却早已为他们的异化埋下了种子。对与母亲最初那条纽带的渴望始终在他们的心中叫嚣,为了得到短暂的满足,他们被迫寻找了一个替代者。为了与替代者建立起原始的纽带,为了体验完整的自己,他们放弃了自己的主体地位,最终与自己,同时也与他人发生了异化。第三章探析三个主要人物克服异化所采用的方式。遭遇丈夫背叛的维奥纳特爱上了情敌多卡斯,并将其她视为自己生命中缺失的女儿。因此,她找回了缺失已久的那条原始纽带,最终,又因为她对丈夫和家庭的爱而重归幸福生活。乔杀死了自己的爱人多卡斯,这一暴力行为最终帮助他走出异化的禁锢,回归平静的生活。而多卡斯则通过自我毁灭的方式实现了自我的意识,逃离了孤独恐惧的深渊。结论部分指出,小说中主要人物的异化是他们处于白人主流意识操纵的社会中不可避免的命运。一方面,美国社会的历史遗留问题使他们失去了原始纽带,另一方面,他们在白人主导的社会里又受尽了暴力与偏见。所以他们的内心始终充斥着孤独和不安之感。为了摆脱这样的感觉,他们无奈地放弃自己的主体地位,使自己与自己和他人发生异化。最终当他们想要找回自我,摆脱异化时,留给他们选择的只有两条路,一是通过暴力的毁灭手段,二是通过回归家庭之爱和社区之爱。所以小说中主要人物的事迹启示人们,如果想要重归平静,幸福地生活下去,应该通过爱的方式实现自身的完整性,最终摆脱异化。
作为首位获得诺贝尔文学奖殊荣的黑人女作家,托尼•莫里森深切关注美国黑人的生存状况。她的代表作《宠儿》探讨了长期备受关注的种族问题,即在白人占主导地位的社会里黑人往往挣扎于生存的困境。国内外许多学者对其作品从不同的角度进行了详细的研究,而较少有人从弗洛姆社会心理的角度来分析《宠儿》这部作品。弗洛姆社会心理理论认为,病态的社会塑造其成员不健全的人格,人会与自身,他人,社会以及自然之间产生异化;其次,受社会经济、政治以及文化因素的影响,社会结构塑造其成员特有的社会性格;另外,摆脱异化状态需要进行社会改革,良好的社会环境会促进人的创生倾向以及爱的能力的发展。本文从社会心理的视角探讨了《宠儿》中黑人的生存状态。首先分析了黑人在社会生存中丢失存在感的表现,主要表现在黑人个人心理、行为以及思想的异常,黑人与他人关系的疏远,黑人与大自然的脱离;其次分析了黑人丢失存在感的原因,主要有历史,社会以及黑人自身的原因;最后分析了作家通过作品对黑人重获存在感所寄托的希望,托尼•莫里森认为黑人应当提高自身在社会生存中的能力,恢复与他人和谐的关系,实现与社会以及自然的融合。通过分析发现,由于历史、社会以及黑人自身的因素,黑人在病态的社会中形成不健全的人格,丢失自我存在感,陷入了生存的困境。但是在社会环境改善的情况下,黑人通过努力可以实现与他人、世界以及自然的和谐共处,走出生存困境。本研究对今天人们如何面对种族问题以及黑人如何更好地生活,实现社会的和谐具有重要意义,并有利于丰富和发展对托尼•莫里森及其作品的研究。
D. H. Lawrence (1885 – 1930) is one of the most important novelists in the history of English literature in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He lived at a time when capitalist industry was at its peak, but at the same time, a series of negative consequences of the industrial revolution were exposed. The nature of man is poisoned, the integrity of the individual is destroyed, and the relationship between man and man and nature loses its balance in traditional agricultural societies. For Lawrence, he was living in a time when the world was completely out of balance. For this reason, he keeps on writing, with sharp and bold strokes to express the alienated individual, abnormal interpersonal relationship and the imbalance between man and nature under the capitalist industrial civilization, and tirelessly explores the way to restore the balance between individual and self, between man and man, and between man and nature. Furthermore, in his opinion, these three levels do not exist in isolation, but constitute a mutually restrictive whole; An imbalance at any level leads to an imbalance at other levels, or problems at any level reflect problems at the other two levels. Thus, among the >imbalance< and >balance<, the individual, society and nature form an intricate internal relationship, presenting a systematic structure of three and one, one and three, which integrates Lawrence’s whole life exploration and literary creation. This provides an important entry point for us to re-understand Lawrence’s series of controversial topics and reassess their current significance. Based on this, this paper takes Lawrence’s novels as the research object and the concept of >balance< as the entry point to make a detailed discussion of the relationship between man and self, man and man, man and nature in his works.– This paper consists of three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The introduction mainly focuses on Lawrence’s personal experience of >imbalance< and traces the origin of his concept of >balance<. The concept of >balance< is preliminarily defined; Review relevant research results at home and abroad.– The first part of the text discusses Lawrence’s concept of balance from the perspective of individual self. Under the background of industrial revolution, due to the poison of mechanical civilization and rampant materialism, human beings constantly overcome or tame their own nature. But when the civilization overcomes the nature, man gradually moves toward the one-sided. In Lawrence’s works, human nature and civilization correspond to >blood consciousness< and >mind consciousness< respectively, while the individuals in his works can be divided into >brain type< individuals and >blood type< individuals. In Lawrence’s opinion, when the >blood< of an individual is overwhelmed by the >mind<, his emotion and instinct will be suppressed, thus leading to the alienation of human nature. At the same time, the >blood< of the individual must resist the >mind< and call for the return of nature, so as to achieve the >balance< of the individual self.– The second part uses Erich Fromm’s theory of >possession and existence< to explore Lawrence’s thoughts on the relationship between people. In Lawrence’s opinion, due to the dominance of >possessive< value orientation, the lovers’ relationship, family relationship and class relationship in the era of industrial civilization were also out of balance, and they tried to control, dominate and possess others, resulting in the breakdown of interpersonal relationship. In view of this bad situation, Lawrence proposed the concept of >interstellar balance< relationship model, calling on modern people to get out of the dilemma of self-centeredness and build a relationship model of >existence<, sharing and symbiosis on the basis of respecting others, so as to rebuild the balance of human relations.– The third part discusses Lawrence’s thoughts on the relationship between human beings and nature in modern industrial civilization from the perspective of ecological criticism. Lawrence believed that the relationship between man and nature became estranged and antagonistic during the transition from agricultural civilization to industrial civilization. His works deeply reflect on and criticize the anthropocentrism and development-oriented concepts in western culture, and accuse human beings of unrestrained conquest of nature. In Lawrence’s view, human beings are part of nature, and they should Revere nature, return to nature, blend in with nature, and live in harmony with nature. Only by conquering nature and reconciling with nature and restoring the balance between man and nature can modern people overcome the ecological crisis and seek the healthy and all-round development of human society.– The conclusion focuses on the inner constitution and current significance of Lawrence’s concept of >balance<. Lawrence’s works comprehensively present his profound reflection on modern industrial civilization and his grand conception of future ideal civilization. His thought has obvious integrity and systematism. In this regard, his idea of >balance<, ostensibly derived from his meditation on the ideal of love, actually runs through his complex meditation on the whole of modern civilization. In his opinion, individuals, society and nature constitute an organic whole. Any imbalance at one level may lead to the imbalance at other levels and trigger a chain reaction at other levels. In order to restore balance at any level, the reconstruction of balance state at other levels is indispensable. Although Lawrence’s concept of >balance< is obviously utopian, it still has important reference value and significance in today’s era of numerous spiritual problems, continuous cultural conflicts and continuous deterioration of ecological environment. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2023]
Striking a balance between ecological protection and social development is not only intrinsic for humans to attain sustainable development but also a vital principle for China to boost modernization. In contemporary society, >ecology< has been inextricably linked with our production, lives and survival. On the one hand, people cannot live without the air and water provided by nature, and our society cannot produce anything or make progress without exploiting and utilizing sources from nature. On the other hand, nature demonstrates dissatisfaction to humans in various forms such as abnormal weather, resource shortage, reduction of biodiversity, and frequent disasters, as well as confrontation and rejection of human behaviors. Mankind not only bears the environmental pressure imposed by nature on our daily lives but also suffers from psychological depression and mental anxiety since whether we can survive sustainably is unknown, not to mention the continuous wars and conflicts due to competition for resources, which directly threaten human lives. The ecological environment, for us, becomes an increasingly serious crisis that poses a grim challenge to our survival. What lies in the core is that our survival is facing a crisis. Confronted with such a crisis, we need to reflect on how the relationship between man and nature evolves and how to deal with it, and to conduct a critical study on the roots and current situation of the current ecological crisis. This would help us to correctly understand and deal with the relationship between man and nature, probe into the origins of people’s psychology and living style when the ecological crisis erupts, and resolve people’s anxiety and worries about the crisis. After sorting out how humans’ cognition of nature evolves, the paper unfolds mainly from four aspects. First, based on the psychodynamic analysis of Marx’s historical materialism, the paper plunges into the characteristics of the current ecological crisis, such as its globality and complexity, spontaneity and sociality, hazard and severity; in which it analyzed that the current ecological crisis has both natural roots due to natural changes and social roots due to changes in production, life and survival methods brought about by humans’ industrialization; both humans’ cognitive limitations and the drawbacks of human rationality evolving into instrumental rationality. The crisis is also caused by the value pursuit of the capital’s nature, namely, profit-seeking. Second, the paper conducts a psychoanalytic criticism on the current ecological crisis, aiming at illustrating the necessity of introducing psychoanalysis into ecological crisis to solve the conflict between unlimited desire and limited resources, and to meet the realistic requirements of choosing >possession<, >aesthetic<, >fear< as a survival way while realizing human liberation. The psychoanalytic criticism of the ecological crisis sets the relationship between man and nature on the three levels of humans’ desire and drives: instinctual impulses, social unconsciousness, and ideal situation, through which the complexity of ecological crisis is related to the three levels of character tension of human desire, that is, the internal tension among individual character, market character and social character. In this way, the analysis of ecological crisis has added the critical dimension of the theory of human nature. Whether it is Heidegger, who emphasizes the existential concealment of human nature by objects, or Marcuse, who reveals the entanglement and confrontation between desire and civilization, we can infer that human existence is not only a process of continuously satisfying desires and creating new desires, but also a shift from the satisfaction of things and spirit to the pursuit of a higher state of consciousness, meanwhile rising to the control of desire and repeated anxiety of satisfaction. The complexity lying in the choice of survival mode reflects the >flow< of desire and the breakthrough of unconsciousness to consciousness. Third, it puts the ecological crisis and survival crisis under the comparative perspective of Fromm and Zizek's psychoanalysis. It shows that the current ecological crisis is not only an issue concerning the natural environment but also the direct result of human labor alienation, human alienation and even the alienation of modern capitalist society, which even causes the psychological alienation of modern people. Fromm proposed that we should transform the mode of survival from >possession< to >existence<, using the modest way out of constructing a sound society made of a new generation of humans, whereas Zizek claimed that humans should get rid of the setting of >original nature<, >humans are the wound of nature<, >crisis has already occurred<, mankind is in a state of >survival in fear<, that we must confront the ecological crisis pessimistically, finally realize the ideological suture of the >fracture< between man and nature, and we can take radical >social surplus< revolution if necessary. Although the two methods are different, they both reflect the concern about the actual living conditions of human beings and the concern for sustainable survival in the future, as well as the imminent pressure of the current ecological crisis on how to transfer our survival mode. Fourth, to deal with the current ecological crisis, it uses psychoanalytic methods to critically examine Marx’s historical materialism, summarize its advantages and disadvantages, and then propose a symbiotic construction option for China’s ecological civilization. The use of psychoanalytic methods to criticize the current ecological crisis correct people’s misunderstandings of industrial civilization, readdress the root cause of the industrial society’s exacerbation of ecological crises, examine people’s attitudes and consequences towards nature. Such methods also establish a mentality of treating nature equally and avoid the binary opposition between >anthropocentrism< and >eco-centrism<, and rectify the alienation of the relationship between man and nature and the psychological alienation of people caused by over-exploitation of nature. They lead us to correctly cope with the spiritual depression brought about by the ecological crisis and provide possible choices for ecological civilization to surpass industrial civilization. The shortcomings of this analysis method are apparent. It examines nature with a morbid vision by resorting to the mere improvement of individual characters while abandoned the function of man’s practical action in nature. In what depicts in the method, men wander in the >a mille plateau of desire< and the >the desert of the real<, sliding into the tragic dilemma of passive response or direct fear. We should realize that the current ecological crisis is no longer just a natural environmental issue, but a life-and-death issue of human survival. The ecological crisis will not only deteriorate living conditions and navigate mankind to a path of perdition, but also result in mental illness as people are in a long-term crisis state. Mankind should realize the unity of ecological revolution and social revolution in the coexistence of man and nature, so as to realize the unity of natural liberation and human liberation; and resolve the ecological crisis in the community of life coexisting between material, life and mind, thus meeting the real needs and promoting the spiritual realm simultaneously; in the creative ethical practice of man and nature, human’s possession is essentially achieved, so that humans are part of nature and return to nature. In short, only by unifying the love of human beings and the environment around them, getting rid of the binary opposition between >anthropocentrism< and >eco-centrism<, recognizing that man and nature should have a harmonious and symbiotic relationship, and constructing the community of life of humans and nature, using industrial ecologicalization and ecological industrialization to transform the production mode, can we shift from the survival mode of >possessing< materials to the symbiosis type. We shall apply ecological concepts, ecological values, and ecological culture into our production and lives, and truly embodies the modern meaning of >nature is man’s inorganic body< put forward by Marx. Only by replacing industrial civilization with the concept of ecological civilization can mankind turn crises into opportunities, fulfil the liberation of nature and men, and solve the dilemma of ecological crisis, survival crisis, and spiritual anxiety. That’s how we can realize the sustainable development of mankind. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 11/2022]