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>Theonome oder autonome Ethik?< Ein Vergleich der Ethik Fromms mit einer theologischen Position
(2001)
A Fond Farewell
(2001)
The author presents a clinical case to illustrate the consequences of a history of loss, beginning with the early death of the mother. The creation of a complex defen-sive system based on internal division and manifested through the existence of an alternate world is analyzed. The author stresses the importance for the patient of re-experiencing the sense of emptiness within an analytical setting and learning to tolerate it thanks to dependence on the auxiliary self of the analyst. D. W. Winni-cott’s suggestion of a relationship between the experience of emptiness and the fear of breakdown are also discussed.
Adolescent Trauma in Japanese Schools: Two Case Studies of Ijime (Bullying) and School Refusal
(2001)
Already in the first decade of the 19th century and of its existence psychoanalysis has been under attack. Freud the psychoanalyst, the moralist, and the healer, and his new message to mankind, were under fire both ad rem and ad hominem: people attacked both the message and the messenger. In the recent decades, one of the most powerful challengers of Freud's legacy is Pittsburgh philosophy professor Adolf Gr nbaum. This paper is the author's answer to Gr nbaum's challenges, as presented at the 1998 IFPS Congress in Madrid. The author offers a rebuttal of a number of Gr nbaum's critical contentions about the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a method, a theory of disorder, and a healing profession and analyzes the flaws in Gr nbaum's arguments.
The psychoanalyst's ethics at issue – referred to a paradigm of complexity in the postmodern age – is to affirm as a fundamental value the recognition of determinism of unconscious desire, which implies a renunciation to any exercise of power, even the power of influence that can guide and support. Intending through interpretation of the partial truth of desire to be accomplished as a process that subverts the subject's relation with its own history, psychoanalysis, as it undoes the imaginary fixations of the subject, cannot predict the >politics< of the unconscious desire. Nor can it confront the possibilities of decision and choice of a relative and finite freedom. Using the interpretative elaboration of an intersubjective field of values, the psychoanalytic practice reveals the limits of a knowledge restricted by the context where the interpretation takes place. It differentiates between deciphering and decoding by emphasizing the attribute of the uncognoscibility of the unconscious Thus it reveals the cryptogram, a cipher designed as an ambiguous puzzle that is not exhausted by interpretation as a symbolic act, and it refers to the unrepresentable and the inaccessibility of the real.
Instruments designed to measure Fromm's marketing character (SCOI; Saunders & Munro, 2000) and the vertical and horizontal dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism (Singelis, Triandis, Bhawuk & Gelfand, 1995) were administered to 167 Ss. The hypothesis that scores on the SCOI would be positively correlated with Vertical Individualism was supported. However, there was only partial support for the hypothesis that scores on the SCOI would be positively correlated with Individualism, as the SCOI scores had the same relationship with Collectivism – which was unexpected.
During the final years of Weimar Germany, two Marxian psychoanalysts, Wilhelm Reich and Erich Fromm, proposed related psychodynamic models of an ‘authoritarian character structure’ in their attempts to account for the attraction of Germany's lower middle class to Hitler. Subsequent development by the exiled Frankfurt Institute's Critical Theorists linked up with empirical research on antisemitism by psychologists at the University of California. In 1950, the Berkeley Group (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, and Sanford) produced a massive volume entitled initially >The Antidemocratic Personality< and then >The Authoritarian Personality<. Soon the highly praised work inspired literally thousands of research reports of sometimes indiscriminate applications. Later, it also stimulated related work abroad, especially in West Germany. But the theory gradually succumbed to methodological criticism, spotty empirical confirmation, and changed societal priorities. More recently, attempts to revive the Authoritarian Personality failed to make much headway. Social psychological textbooks of the 1990s usually devote only a few – respectful – paragraphs to it. Although it had been an intriguing idea, promising some understanding of major historical-political developments, its empirical applications had failed to be convincing.
Befreiung zum Sein
(2001)
Calidad de vida
(2001)
This is a study of the social character of managers and staff at the U.S. ACTION Agency. The context of the study was a joint union-management work improvement program that took place in the U.S. ACTION Agency from 1977-80. The author, with others from the Harvard Project on Technology, Work and Character, was contracted by ACTION, to be a third-party researcher-consultant for the program. The methods of this study include in-depth interviews with 30 people, both managers and staff. The instrument for these interviews was an >interpretive questionnaire< originally developed by Erich FROMM to elicit both ethnographic and characterological information. Additional data were gathered through dialogues with individuals and office groups, and through participant observation. The findings of this study include a typology of five social character types at ACTION headquarters: sociable idealists, craftsman-idealists, political idealists, technical administrators and diplomat-administrators. The study discusses their adaptations to the organization of work, and how people of different social character types interact with each other around the work tasks, both productively and unproductively. This research demonstrates the importance of understanding local meanings, values, and motivations when planning organizational change. It is an example of using social character theory and participant research as significant methods for achieving such understanding.The theoretical framework for interpretation is Erich FROMM's theory of social character as adapted by Michael Maccoby for use in organizational change projects. FROMM's theory develops a typology of shared character syndromes functionally related to the socioeconomic and cultural environment; Maccoby develops empirical typologies of adaptations to work in each work setting, conceptualized and named through >participant research< with the people studied. Participant research creates new knowledge that can stimulate and support change in the workplace.
The article discusses the application of the ideas of evidence-based medicine or empirically supported treatment to the field of psychoanalysis. The author argues that empirical support is gradual rather than categorical, and that the randomized clinical trial (RCT), which is commonly heralded as the appropriate method of support, confounds patient suitability factors with treatment 'as such'. As a consequence of the exclusive reliance on the RCT, empirical validation of psychological treatments has generally favoured cognitive-behavioural treatments, although there is ample evidence – albeit non-RCT – for the beneficial effects of short-term and long-term psychoanalytic treatment. The author argues for a suitability matching approach to empirical validation, where each treatment is tested, as powerfully as feasible, on samples based on selfselection (patient's choice, clinical assignment, suitability judgments etc.). The paper concludes by referring to two recent studies, indicating that there is reason to evaluate alleged empirical support with caution.
The health service systems of the Western world are transforming rapidly. These systems are under pressure from an increase of new biomedical possibilities for intervention in the processes of the human body, from the rising expectations of the public, and from demographic developments that are leading to an increase in the number of elderly people in the Western world. Parallel to these changes on the macro level there are major changes on the micro level, that is, there is a search for methods to manage the basic way that the health system functions. In short, the financing, organization and practice of medicine will be changed considerably over the next 5-10 years. In the search for a harmonious development in this field the concept >evidence< must be seen in a broad perspective that encompasses, among other things, the increasing multidisciplinary nature of modern medicine.