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Acerca de Erich Fromm
(1982)
Erich Fromm war ein Pionier der psychoanalytischen Sozialforschung. Mit der Untersuchung Der Gesellschafts-Charakter eines mexikanischen Dorfes wollten er und sein Mitarbeiter Michael Maccoby >eine neue Methode testen, welche die Anwendung der psychoanalytischen Theorie auf die Untersuchung von gesellschaftlichen Gruppen ermöglichen sollte, ohne dabei die einzelnen Glieder der Gruppe einer Psychoanalyse zu unterziehen<. Die 1957 begonnene und 1970 publizierte Studie verbindet quantitative und qualitative Untersuchungsmethoden und verfolgt zugleich das Ziel einer partizipatorischen Sozialforschung. Stellte Fromms frühe Arbeiter- und Angestelltenerhebung aus dem Jahr 1930 eine wissenschaftliche Pioniertat dar, so illustriert er mit der mexikanischen Untersuchung, dass sich seine Konzeption von Analytischer Sozialpsychologie mit Hilfe der Charaktertheorie operationalisieren und durch empirische Untersuchungsmethoden bestätigen lässt. Zugleich zeigt diese Studie, dass das benützte Konzept des Sozialcharakters weiterhin Aktualität besitzt. Mit der E-Book-Ausgabe ist diese psychoanalytisch orientierte empirische Studie erstmals als Einzelpublikation im Deutschen zugänglich.
Erich Fromm's scientific contributions were based on his theory of social character and the methods he developed to test it. Social character describes the deep-rooted emotional attitudes shared by people raised in the same culture. Family, schooling, work, and play shape the social character so that people want to do what they need to do to prosper economically and socially in a particular culture. Fromm's first study of German employees and workers before the rise of Hitler showed that despite subscribing to a democratic ideology the majority would support whoever gained power. The second study of Mexican peasant villagers provided statistically significant results demonstrating that social character explained both productivity and psychopathology. These findings were reinforced by subsequent studies. The nucleus of social character is the psychoanalytic character types discovered by Freud and modified by Fromm. This theory makes use of knowledge from economics, sociology, anthropology, and history. Maccoby has continued to show the relevance of the concept of social character in understanding leadership and motivation at work.
>Methods of Social Character Research in Erich Fromm<: In the 60s team of cultural anthropologists from Mexico and the United States headed by Erich Fromm conducted a socio-psychological survey, the findings of which were published in 1970 under the title >Social Character in a Mexican Village. A Sociopsychoanalytic Study<. The author of the present essay, who closely collaborated with Fromm on this field project, reports both on the data collection methods and evaluational practices used and on the findings reached by the survey. This co-production with Fromm can certainly lay claim to exemplary status for a large part of the Mexican rural population, pointing to a narrow link between the various manifestations of the social character of the villagers, the role of tradition in the culture and family respectively, and the nexus of economic relationships. This research project resulted in the practical conclusion that the situational realities of the most strongly disadvantaged group in the rural population – young people – needed to be improved by educational programs and agricultural projects, so as to stem the growing polarization between rich and poor among the villagers.