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Erich Fromm is highly regarded in the Chinese academic field. This preliminary paper reports the major findings of an extensive data gathering project in China that gives us a basic outline of the trends in the reception of Fromm. We conducted several literature searches between June 2012 and May 2013 using different online databases, mostly China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database KNS (CNKI). This paper offers a categorization of the more than 800 contributions of Chinese authors, discusses the most important results, compares Fromm's very extensive reception in China to other countries and makes suggestions for future projects. While we initially expected Fromm to be invoked for criticism of Western capitalism, his views on how to cope with >the predicaments of modern man< are mostly used to underpin critical comments on mismanagement in China itself. In this way Fromm is used as a source of inspiration and creativity in theoretical matters as well as in practical questions, and also to comment on the spiritual and emotional development of the individual in modern China. There are, furthermore, extensive Chinese debates on Fromm’s concepts of >social character<, >the nature of man<, >escape from freedom<, >alienation<, >Marxism as humanism< and >the art of love< and there is an interesting reception of Fromm's concepts of psychoanalysis and social psychology in literature and art studies. Fromm’s humanistic and humanistic-ethical contributions are particularly appreciated with reference to their importance for theory and practice – even though there is a fair amount of criticism of Fromm in China as well.
The author investigates conversion, the process by which psychic contents are transformed into bodily symptoms. The author concludes that this process cannot be explained by libido theory or by assuming the existence of a psychic energy. He argues that although Freud was convinced that >the leap from a mental process to a somatic innervation … can never be fully comprehensible to us,< this process is, nonetheless, comprehensible in terms of Freud's own conceptualisation. To understand this process, one must take the characteristics of the primary process to which the >replacement of external by psychical reality< belongs as radical as his thesis of a hallucinatory wish fulfilment. This thesis includes not only the hallucinatory satisfaction of instinctual wishes, but also the hallucinatory satisfaction of the desire to avoid unpleasure, which is understood as a process by which the internal conditions of this affect are displaced from the presentational world into perceptions via conversion.
Wielcy myśliciele XX w. spostrzegają człowieka jako pewnego rodzaju >wybryk natury<, który wyłonił się nagle ze świata zwierzęcego, aby zaraz utracić większość swojego instynktu charakterystycznego dla zachowań zwierząt (za: Fromm, 1995). Wobec tego człowiek stał się bezradnym i bezbronnym łupem w walce o przetrwanie w świecie zwierząt. Jednak zostało w nim coś, co go odróżniało od jego >pobratymców<. Tę pozostałość stanowią zdolność myślenia, wyobraźnia i samoświadomość, które to pomogły człowiekowi przekształcić całą otaczającą go przyrodę i zmienić siebie.
Leid und Betroffenheit
(2015)
Pierwsza część artykułu poświęcona jest rekonstrukcji narzędzia krytyki społecznej, użytego przez Leszka Koczanowicza w książce Polityka czasu do diagnozy dynamiki zmian występujących w społeczeństwie polskim po 1989 roku. Tym, co wyróżnia propozycję autora, wzorującego się na rozwiązaniu przyjętym przez Ernesto Laclau, na tle innych tego typu teorii, jest koncentracja na społecznych mitologiach i marginalizacja zjawiska ideologii. Druga część artykułu, która poświęcona jest rekonstrukcji założeń krytyki społecznej Ericha Fromma, pozwala, dzięki zestawieniu ze sobą tych dwu koncepcji, postawić pytanie o konsekwencje i potencjał krytyczny projektu Koczanowicza rezygnującego z dopracowania pojęcia ideologii i zintegrowania go z pojęciem mitu.
The Evolving Nature of Psychoanalytic Supervision. From Pedagogical to Andragogical Perspective
(2015)
In what primary ways has psychoanalytic supervision evolved over the course of its 100-year plus history? In this paper, I address that question by: (1) sketching out some of the historical differences that have been identified as characterizing the patient-centered, supervisee-centered, and relational-centered supervision perspectives; (2) placing those three perspectives within an adult education framework; and (3) considering their pedagogical (youth-focused) versus andragogical (adult-focused) nature. Based on this examination, I propose the following. Due to the infusion of interpersonal/intersubjective views into the body psychoanalytic, (1) the >maturing< of vision in psychoanalytic supervision (i.e., the movement from a youth-focused to an adult-focused approach to supervision) was made possible; (2) a shift from a supervisory >one-person model times two< to a triadic conceptualization was actuated; (3) traditional perspective on power and authority in supervision was upended; and (4) a more egalitarian, empowering, co-participative approach to supervision emerged and now endures. Attending to the six core principles of adult learning is presented as one primary way in which that “maturing” of vision is most evident in the contemporary practice of psychoanalytic supervision.
Extensive case material is used to show how some adult patients who have been diagnosed with and medicated for attention-deficit disorder (ADD) may be actually suffering from underlying unconscious object relational conflicts that interfere with their ego-functioning, creating an inhibition of basic concentration, focus, expression, and learning. Early childhood experiences of trauma and neglect can create destructive patterns of projective identification based paranoia, guilt, and intense anxiety. The author proposes that these patients have to sacrifice their own identity, psychological organization, and ability to learn or teach in order to keep the peace with others. In order to avoid conflict, difference, and uncertainty, these patients do whatever they can to placate, please, and not disturb the object. However, they often end up extremely resentful, oppositional, and passive-aggressive in reaction. The overwhelming anxiety these patients experience in relationship to the object and to their own internalized demanding critic blocks their ability to learn and grow. In addition, new knowledge, mastery, and creativity are seen as dangerous, forced upon them, or bringing unsafe attention to them. So, in defense, they adapt an inert, scattered, or formless way of living to keep under the radar. This paper advocates the psychoanalytic treatment of such internal conflicts over the popular diagnosis of ADD. Difficulties of learning, attention, concentration, and organization can be better understood and treated as a set of core psychological issues open to gradual working through and healing rather than neurological defects that can only be controlled or managed with strong medication and behavioral exercises.
Children are particularly vulnerable to structured inequalities in society. Building on the work of Erich Fromm (1900–1980), this article contends that modern (post)industrial capitalism corrupts the human capacity to operate in the ‘being mode’—that is, in altruistic and compassionate ways. Rather, within the individualistic logic of the ‘having’ mode of existence there are morally empty spaces where children become objectified, separated from caring communities, dominated and measured. The second part of this article will discuss these insights in relation to the significant impact of neoliberal regimes on children’s social and physical wellbeing. In particular, it is argued that from the mid-1980s in New Zealand, the restructuring of the welfare state in line with neoliberal ideology has increased the vulnerability of young children to poverty and related issues. The narrow conception of poverty that is integral to the ‘having’ mode of existence merely serves to justify the ruling ideological neoliberal consensus. It is argued that any genuine attempt at human progress and the elimination of poverty needs to operate outside of this logic.
Статья автора посвящена рассмотрению феномена смерти в современном мире. В данной статье производится последовательный анализ отношения индивида к феномену смерти на основании классических текстов (Артур Шопенгауэр, Филипп Арьес, Эрих Фромм и т.д.) в совокупности с рядом статей современных авторов. Цель данной работы – выявление факторов современной действительности, которые являются регулятивными в вопросе формирования специфического отношения индивида к феномену смерти и его дальнейшей перспективы. Поскольку данный вопрос носит философско-антропологический характер, анализ данной статьи стремиться сохранить связь с такой опытной составляющей человека как прогрессивные технологии. Результатом работы является обнаружение специфических взаимосвязей феномена смерти с прогрессом и фантазмом, выявление специфики символизма феномена смерти в современном мире, расширение списка модусов иммортализации, а также намечаются перспективы дальнейшего развития феномена. Так как феномен смерти философски предстает одним из экзистенционалов человеческого бытия, то спектр применения наработок статьи оказывается достаточно широким.
The author discusses love desire in poem of John Clare entitled >First Love<. The purpose of this study is to understand the poem through analyzing intrinsic and extrinsic elements of the poem. The methods used were library research and structural approach. By using the method of library research, the author collects some information and document that support the process of analysis. The structural approach used by the author to discover and analyze intrinsic element inside the poem. The extrinsic element analysis discusses about love desire in this poem by using theory of love by Erich Fromm. The result of the study shows how deep the poet’s love desire and consistency of loving her are, although the girl does not love him.
There is sparse literature on the psychoanalytic treatment of Chassidic Jews. The authors of this article, both secular nonobservant psychoanalysts, have spent over a decade working with Lubavitch Chassidim in the New York area. In the Lubavitch community, the sexes are separated at three years of age, leading to same-sex cohorts from then until marriage. As with all ultra-orthodox religious groups, homosexuality is viewed in Biblical terms as an abomination and yet, not surprisingly, it exists within this community. This article deals with the analysis of homosexual issues that appear in the treatment of both male and female Lubavitch Chassidim. We discuss how homosexuality is manifested, how it is viewed, denied, and rationalized, and the functions it serves in a subculture that is inherently homocentric. The need for parameters in classical technique is discussed as a necessity for successful psychoanalytic work with this population.
Neue Details über die psychoanalytische Ausbildung von Erich Fromm
(und Frieda Fromm-Reichmann)
(2015)
The poem entitled >How Do I love Thee?< was written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. This poem tells about how Elizabeth Barrett Browning loves her sweetheart. Her love to her sweetheart is very wonderful and strong. The purpose of this study is to describe the category of love in the poem by using Erich Fromm’s the theory of love as the method of approach. In addition, this study also explains the characteristic of that category of love in the poem. The writer uses library research in his study for collecting the data. The result of this study shows that love desire that is felt by Elizabeth Barrett Browning is not a sexual contact but it is a wish to be a couple of lover. It can be categorized into erotic love. It has been proven by several characteristics of erotic love reflected in the poem. That characteristics are like it is not universal or it is only specific to one person for craving complete union, it is very exclusive from its own nature and strong commitment of Elizabeth Barrett Browning that makes her love is endless love.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat mekanisme pelarian diri yang digunakan Thia sebagai manusia modern dalam ketiga seri novel KKPK Little Ballerina. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan teori psikoanalisis Erich Fromm, khususnya konsep pelarian diri. Fromm berasumsi bahwa pada dasarnya manusia modern melepaskan kebebasan karena kebebasan selalu hadir bersama ancamannya tersendiri. Terdapat tiga mekanisme yang bisa digunakan untuk melakukan pelarian diri, yaitu: otoritarisme, kedestruktifan, dan konformitas. Data-data yang dikumpulkan berupa kata-kata baik yang bersumber dari data utama, yaitu novel, maupun wawancara. Kemudian data-data dianalisis dengan melihat hubungan-hubungan tekstual yang ada dalam ketiga seri novel dengan konsep mekanisme pelarian diri. Hasil analisis memperlihatkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara kebutuhan-kebutuhan manusia dengan mekanisme pelarian diri. Melalui jenis kebutuhan-kebutuhan manusia yang dipenuhi memperlihatkan mekanisme pelarian diri yang digunakan. Otoritarisme terbentuk dengan memenuhi kebutuhan keterhubungan. Kedestruktifan muncul setelah kebutuhan keunggulan terpenuhi. Sementara itu, konformitas tercipta setelah kebutuhan kerangka orientasi, keberakaran, dan kepekaan identitas terpenuhi. Thia menggunakan ketiga mekanisme pelarian diri tersebut. Dari ketiga mekanisme tersebut terlihat hubungan antara satu dengan lainnya. Pola kebebasan menjadi pola tetap dalam cerita-cerita Thia, sementara pola ketidakbebasan menjadi bentuk tersendiri yang muncul berkaitan dengan perkembangan psikologis dari anak-anak akhir ke remaja awal dan pengalaman mengikuti les balet.
This paper is part of my research into psychotic transference and is also related to the psychotic aspect of any adult or infantile patient in analysis. In my research, I studied the origin of the concept of transference in Charcot's time before Freud, and the transformation of this concept in psychoanalysis. Freud thought that psychotic patients were not able to establish a transference relationship, but some of his early papers show the opposite. In fact, Freud himself and then several other analysts were able to develop a personal experience regarding the possibility of contact and transferring feelings and delusional experiences in a therapeutic context – individual, group, or institution. I provide some clinical examples in this paper, as well as some theoretical, personal views regarding intrapersonal and interpersonal transference. Like Freud and Melanie Klein, I believe that transference starts with life, but that in psychoanalysis it has a particular meaning.
>1984< is a dystopian novel by George Orwell that clearly describes the life under totalitarian government. Totalitarianism is not merely a political system but also movement that goes beyond private, public, and political sphere. Totalitarian government dreams of uniformity in all aspects of life and they pursue for global domination. In order to reach for global domination and their ideal version of state, totalitarian government does not allow freedom in all aspects of life. The pursuit of global domination requires some strategies to make the society in uniformity. The strategies applied are propaganda, terror, and indoctrination. These strategies make the main characters lose the freedom and become alienated from the self and the society. Alienation and the lost of freedom also lead to inauthenticity, since they are related to each other. Inauthenticity can be caused by repression from external agents in which a person cannot do anything spontaneously since he is being dictated by other people and he cannot express what they feel freely.
The central thesis of this paper is that treatment of neglected children can better take place in a caring relationship than in psychotherapy or analysis. In order to create the basis for this idea, Part 1 introduces a milieu therapy for neglected children, developed by the author. In Part 2 of the article, it is proposed that treatment in a caring relationship is in line with the child's dependence on a caring person. It is also argued that the traditional distinction between problems in the child's environment and internal psychological difficulties seems imprecise. Instead, it is proposed that a problem has both an external and an internal aspect. This supports the idea that it may be possible to solve problems that are traditionally considered internal through environmental strategies, for example milieu therapy. The article is hypothesis-generating and builds upon clinical experience inspired by works of, among others, Erikson, Bowlby, Winnicott, and Fonagy and collaborators. Part 1 of the article is the first presentation in English of the main points of the author's books on milieu therapy. The ideas in Part 2 are published here for the first time.
Предметом исследования является феномен внутренней свободы и его связь с социальными детерминантами. Сопоставляются взгляды на проблему Н. Бердяева и Э. Фромма и делается вывод о более глубокой проработке темы свободы русским философом в силу религиозной направленности гуманизма последнего. Н. Бердяев рассматривает свободу как «безосновную основу бытия», как базис, с которого начинается всякое антропологическое философствование. Именно поэтому она не может быть социально обусловленной, напротив, именно свобода обусловливает все на свете. Свобода не определяется и не задается обществом, она – личностный выбор и вызов человека, основа его бытия, от которой он, впрочем, может отказаться. Свобода, как это ни парадоксально, напрямую связана с ограничениями. Именно ограничения, идущие непосредственно от самой личности, отличают свободу от своеволия, позволяют человеку освободиться от ненужного, наносного, мешающего самореализации. Автор ставит вопрос о соотношении свободы и своеволия через призму категорий добра и зла, исследует связь свободы и ответственности. В статье автор использует методы историко-философского анализа, исторического сравнения (компаративистики), а также философского постижения человека. Тема свободы занимала важное место в трудах многих философов, постоянно обнаруживая новые качества, смыслы и аспекты, однако в данном исследовании она впервые рассматривается в качестве внутренней свободы, т.е. свободы, источником которой являются не общественные отношения, а внутреннее самоощущение человека.
W tekście zaprezentowano trójwymiarową perspektywę zachowań agresywnych człowieka. Autorka odniosła się do wybranych egzemplifikacji teorii wyjaśniających zachowania agresywne człowieka, których analizy dokonała zgodnie z po¬wszechnie występującym w literaturze podziałem na: teorie/koncepcje biologiczne, psychologiczne oraz społeczne.
The main theme of my Bachelor thesis is the individualization process in the work of Erich Fromm. I focus on the individualization process as a growth of human freedom and individual identity. The aim of this work is to show how the social, economic and religious changes of human society reflect the progress of the individualization process. I try to explain the connections between the progress of the individualization and human relationship to the nature, authority, means of production, religion social and economic structures. I especially focus on the connection between the individualization process and the origin of the capitalist market and Protestantism and its social, economic, political and religious effects on the society structure. I compare the theories of Erich Fromm and Max Weber to show that they share differences and similarities in their viewpoint on the origin and effects and efforts of the capitalist marketplace society and the protestant ethic. I also mention Fromm’s critical viewpoint which says that capitalist society causes conformity, which is contradiction to individuality.
Einstimmung in die Kontrollgesellschaft. Der >Trainingsraum< als neoliberales Strafarrangement
(2015)
Кількісне збільшення інформації у цивілізованому світі другої половини ХХ початку ХХІ ст. впли- ває на індивідуальну свідомість людини. Це змінює всезагальний розвиток і трансформує природу лю- дини. Агресивне пришвидчення масового виробництва в цей період починає імплікувати спосіб життя людства з усталеними маркетинговими відносинами в середині суспільства. Швидкий темп зміни класу товарів, послуг, прискорення інформаційного потоку змінює свідомість. Такі зміни викликали необхід- ність культурно-антропологічного осмислення та аналізу нової парадигми поведінки людини розумної в умовах інформаційного хаосу. Біологічна неспеціалізованість і наявність інтелекту помістили людину в центр інформаційного простору, який живе за власними правилами. Історія філософсько-антрополо- гічної думки з давніх-давен розвивалась у закритих наукових товариствах формуючи високу культуру. Епоха Постмодерну вивела етичні, онтологічні і антропологічні питання «на вулицю». Дисонанс між теорією і практикою призводить до психологічних зрушень у свідомості цілих націй. Надлишкове захо- плення здебільшого має деструктивний вплив. Стаття має на меті довести можливість організації культури споживання як особистості, так і дер- жавних інститутів. Окреслюється спроба побудови доцільних шляхів такої організації на прикладі Аріс-тотелівського вчення про причини та трьох психічних інституціях людської свідомості за Лаканом. У дослідженні аналізуються роботи Е. Фромма, Т. Велбена, Ж. Бодрійяра та інших дослідників щодо специфіки сучасного процесу споживання. Окреслено ризики стихійного, неусвідомленого споживання товарів та інформації. Пропонується використати методологію Ж. Лакана для класифікації інформації, яку ми споживаємо. Акцентується увага на важливості визначення мети споживання. Виділено та про- аналізовано соціальні інститути, здатні організувати культуру споживання. Висновками запропонована ідея сімейного виховання та самовиховання організації культури споживання.
The aim of these deliberations is primarily to show the relations between creativity and peace. In my opinion, these pedagogic issues are very important, especially because they challenge the commonly held views that an ordinary man in the street cannot have any influence on the issues of war and peace. In accordance with the concepts presented in the text (Montessori, Rowid), each person should be aware of their individual causative power in the creation of peaceful order in the surrounding world. The development of proper attitudes and instilling in a human the sense of responsibility in this regard are among the most significant educational tasks.
The present article aims to reflect on the relationship of man to nature, namely the relationship of culture and environmental crisis. The following considerations are largely based on the one hand, the concept of evolutionary ontology Šmajs Joseph, on the other hand, the idea of Erich Fromm that in the context of the environmental crisis and its relation to culture and humanity offer attractive incentives for reflection. %is concerns in particular the attempt to develop a more moderate approach that could serve as an acceptable platform for further reflection on this issue. While such an approach is based on the traditional view on this issue, which in the last century attempted to justify the extension of moral respect to all living flesh, no response yet on their weaknesses and try to give new impetus to the still current discourse. Therefore your attention article focuses on reflection on the transformation of culture that in these contexts, the words ŠMAJS appears to be an evolutionary possibility and an existential necessity.
The >Freud in Příbor< publication represents the unique record of all the papers presented at the historical symposium >Psychological Birth and Infant Development,< held on August 4–5 2013 in Freud's birthplace, the town of Příbor, Czech Republic. The papers are preceded by a word from the symposium chair, an address by the President of the IPA, and an interview with Stefano Bolognini. These >Introductory remarks by the issue editors: A story of beginnings and continuities< provide the historical-cultural and dynamic context for all the ensuing chapters. This paper reviews the objectives of the symposium, the core ideas of the individual contributions in relation to the unique beginnings of Sigmund Freud in Příbor, and the unique history of psychoanalysis in the Czech Republic. The backdrop of the multidirectional complexity of development, events, and the memory of the back and forth >après-coup< deferred action reverberates throughout.
The paper, highlighting the aspect of Sigmund Freud's presymbolic and early symbolic development, traces how the >Ursprache< and >Ur-Kultur< of Příbor pressed behind other symbolic codes throughout his life's work. Weaving together multiple meanings of the words of Freud's original writings, the paper explores how his early access to a variety of symbolic codes, initially facilitated by his Příbor nanny, who spoke and sang to him in Czech and exposed him to liturgical Latin, in addition to his family's Yiddish and German, contributed to Freud's founding of psychoanalytic theory and clinical practice.
Stefano Bolognini's conceptual clarity, fluency, and originality of thought are evident in this interview with Eva Papiasvili, as he draws broad multidimensional connections between Sigmund Freud's roots in Příbor, the roots and evolution of the International Psychoanalytic Association, and generations of psychoanalysts.
In the Soviet Union Fromm was primarily known as a social thinker. He was highly appreciated for his adherence to socialist principles, his interpretation, in Marx's spirit, of ideology as >false consciousness< as well as his creative reformulation of Marx's concept of man. Furthermore, Fromm's concept of social character gained a lot of attention in the USSR. Through elaborating the idea of social unconscious Fromm warned his readers against modern democracy, consumerism and the power of technocrats. Unfortunately his warnings were ignored by the Soviet and Russian leaders. Nevertheless, Fromm's ideas remain valid today.
The aim of this work is to interpret – by means of the postcolonial strategy of reading – a short story titled Mimesis, published in Paweł Huelle’s collection: Opowieści chłodnego morza. This kind of interpretation reveals a choice of new perspectives, aiming at the healing of trauma by explaining the symptoms and revealing hidden facts. In Mimesis by Huelle, this happens due to the character’s narration. The author of the article presents a process of the characters identity creation during their encounters with different cultures (Huelle exemplifies a multicultural mosaic in his short story). All the way through the imagery of the characters, the author of the article enhances the main axiological features and describes the process of identity creation, thus an act of liberating oneself from restrictions of one’s own culture.
In Fromm's writings, philosophy and psychoanalysis are closely intertwined. The same holds true for Sigmund Freud's self-analysis, giving birth to the psychoanalytic framework in the 1890s. Today, psychoanalytic insights are indispensable whenever philosophers examine the knowledge of oneself or the art of living. The discussion is challenging for both sides. Ehrenberg's theory of The Exhausted Self poses fundamental questions: Does autonomy still promise liberation and insight or has it turned out to be a pathological agent promoting widespread depression, burnout and borderline symptoms? Erich Fromm's contributions help us understand the dynamics of the False Self (Winnicott) and its relationship to the socioeconomic backgrounds of people. Fromm´s philosophy focuses on a critical art of living instead of postmodern self-fashioning.