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Spremna beseda
(2010)
James Joyce represents one of the most significant novelists of the twentieth century and an adherent of the great tradition of humanistic ethics. The purpose of this paper is to critically examine, primarily in the light of humanistic ethics, the process of the artistic coming of age of the main character of Portrait, Stephen Dedalus. The basic principles of Humanism tend to view man in his physical and spiritual totality, believing that man’s fundamental aim is to >be man< and that the major prerequisite for achieving that aim is to be >man for himself<. Stephen Dedalus epitomizes Fromm’s type of man of productive character, in the sense that he gradually frees himself from the >nets< of Irish society represented in the form of constraints of nationality, family, and religion which he sees as threatening forces bent upon annihilating his own individuality. Stephen Dedalus manages to accomplish true affirmation of his individuality only through artistic vocation. Moreover, it could be argued that Stephen D. (Joyce himself) stands for the epitome of a genuine intellectual living in self-imposed exile and who is, according to the words of philosopher Julien Benda, a guardian and a bearer of independent thought who is loyal solely to truth.
Laudation for Noam Chomsky
(2010)
Attachment and the driving force of development: A critical discussion of empirical infant research
(2010)
Empirical infant research has led to an enormous expansion of our knowledge of the psychological functions of the infant. From a psychoanalytic perspective, however, it must be questioned whether this research has increased our knowledge of internal psychic life and helped answer the questions of what initiates and drives development. In the first part of this article, we argue that psychoanalysis must necessarily adopt a critical stance towards a scholarly ideal that rests on the positivist empirical tradition. Psychoanalysis has as its object unconscious processes that cannot be directly observed. In the following section, we take as our point of departure the project of attachment theory that Peter Fonagy and his colleagues have developed in an attempt to reconcile psychoanalysis with the empirical and experimental study of small children, and we demonstrate concretely the limitations of such a project vis-à-vis the exploration of the psychic reality of the child. Our line of reasoning continues to demonstrate how drive theory can be shaped so as to contain an object relations theoretical perspective – as has taken place in Jean Laplanche's reinterpretation of the theory of seduction – without abandoning the psychoanalytic theory of the drive and the unconscious.
The author examines the role that the buying of commodities plays in the identity formation of the individual. He concludes that it is nowadays no longer the instrumental utility value but a psychical utility value that influences the decision to buy a commodity and that the psychical utility value can have different functions for consumers. In neurotically structured individuals, normal consuming can end in an identity extension where the individual identifies transitively unconscious scenes with those in advertisements, thus making these unconscious scenes conscious in their guise. When individuals are mainly narcissistically structured, an >identity of commodities< can be found, that is, a non-personal identity formation mediated by commodities in which the individuals identify reflexively with the scenic figures from Internet games, movies, television programs, and commercials.
The author examines different definitions and applications of the terms >psychic energy< and >libido.< With regard to the >psychic energy< terminology, he shows that its application and usage relate in particular to the perspective of Brenner and not to Freud's definition. He argues that Freud uses the term >psychic energy< as a synonym for >libido,< and not >libido< as a synonym for >psychic energy.< It is demonstrated that in Freud's view, up until 1914, >libido< relates to manifestations of bodily sexual tensions, and subsequently this term applies to the manifestations of sexual energy in the psychic field. The author rejects this change in terminology and also challenges Freud's attempt to use dynamic-economic considerations as an explanatory device for epistemological reasons. Freud's concept of energy is inconsistent with the meaning of energy as defined in the physical sciences, and whereas the metapsychological topographical, dynamic, and structural viewpoints have a solid foundation in the representational world to which the psychoanalytic process affords unique access, this is not true of the economic viewpoint. It is claimed that bodily tensions only exist in the representational world in the form of affects, so that, in the author's opinion, the economic viewpoint should be abandoned in favour of an affective one. In the context of the endeavour to obtain pleasure and avoid unpleasure adduced by Freud, this viewpoint focuses on the relationships between affects and the different elements of the representational world, thereby serving as the subject of metapsychological investigation.
Psicoterapia y género
(2010)
En este ensayo se revisa el pensamiento de Michel Foucault sobre la literatura en su libro Las Palabras y las Cosas. Al parecer un tema marginal con relación a la investigación principal del libro, la literatura está presente a través de toda la obra, de manera sutil pero, nos parece, muy relevante. La literatura juega un papel atípico en la arqueología del saber que lleva a cabo Foucault: ilustra los límites difusos entre las epistemes de distintas épocas, traza un territorio inaccesible para los saberes, interroga sobre la capacidad del pensamiento de acercarse al lenguaje. La gran paradoja que presenta Foucault en Las Palabras y las Cosas con relación a la literatura es el por qué ésta, en donde acaece la fuerza nuclear del lenguaje, queda relegada de los saberes de la época clásica y la época moderna. En su búsqueda por la regularidad de los discursos Foucault encuentra en la literatura una fuerza subterránea que se resiste a ser pensada y a ser reducida al saber de cada época, incluida la nuestra.
Fromm crítico de Freud
(2010)
O presente artigo retoma a crítica de Fromm a Freud, mostrando as divergências entre os dois pensadores. Fromm realiza uma crítica metodológica do materialismo burguês e mecanicista de Freud, uma crítica teórica ao seu biologismo e pansexualismo e, por fim, uma crítica política ao seu conservadorismo, patriarcalismo e autoritarismo.
Inicialmente, esta investigación pretendió enfocarse exclusivamente al análisis de la filosofía moral lockeana; sin embargo, para subrayar la novedad de esta propuesta consideré conveniente contrastarla con aquella que constituye su antecedente más cercano, es decir, con la filosofía moral cartesiana. Esta estrategia de tratamiento, favorece el planteamiento de la idea que me interesa defender; es decir, que racionalismo y empirismo -también en los temas de la moral—no constituyen dos bloques opuestos de manera irreconciliable y polar, sino, más propiamente, líneas de investigación que conforman objetos de estudio diferentes, ante sus también diferentes derroteros; no obstante lo cual, comparten concepciones comunes, mismas que aquí me propongo mostrar, tomando como ejes del análisis el >ideísmo< y el >mecanicismo<.
El análisis aristotélico de las pasiones o emociones responde en cada contexto teórico a un interés filosófico particular y apunta a contestar un problema específico conectado de manera directa con la cuestión de la naturaleza de las emociones. Esto explica porqué Aristóteles pone mayor o menor énfasis en diferentes aspectos o componentes de las pasiones en sus distintos tratados. Su teoría concibe las emociones como fenómenos o procesos complejos que involucran alteraciones fisiológicas, sensaciones de placer y/o dolor, y ciertos estados y procesos cognitivos variables, de acuerdo con cada tipo de emoción y situación o contexto, así como actitudes y disposiciones hacia uno mismo y hacia los otros. En este artículo discuto interpretación la cognitivista extrema de M. C. Nussbaum y propongo una lectura alternativa, más moderada, de la noción aristotélica de la relación entre las emociones y la ética, distinta también de la A. Kosman.
In this paper, I outline a history of critical marketing studies. The argument put forward that marketing lacks any substantive critical edge is questioned. In surveying our history and finding extensive engagement with a variety of critical perspectives, I connect these with appropriate literature from non-marketing sources to flesh out an account of our critical marketing heritage. I devote considerable attention to the period 1940 to 1990, as this is the historical range of critical marketing literature that most scholars will be unfamiliar with, linking this through citation and discussion to more recently published work. In this way, this paper provides a guide to sources of literature that may have passed marketing scholars by because they violate our disciplinary demands for >recency< (Baker, 2001). As I document, critical marketing studies examines a variety of areas that represent consumer culture theory’s (CCT) >next frontier< if we accept Arnould and Thompson’s (2005) diagnosis. In opposition to Arnould and Thompson’s assertion, CCT’s new frontier, this paper contends, is a frontier that has long been of interest to critical marketing scholars whose work might usefully be re-examined.
The process of a de-territorialized or multilocal world productive system, which is more informational than industrial and more speculative than productive, has led to a crisis in social structures and the breakdown of identity referents that formerly had provided a sense of meaning to individual and social life. We are facing both a breakdown and a disarticulation of institutional and symbolic mediations from the past, and also a process of reorganization of differences and inequalities that are having a strong impact on identities. The individual and collective construction of subjectivity is acquiring multiple forms, some of them unexpected, others unprecedented. In what way does reality question psychoanalysis?
Erich Fromm and the Public Intellectual in Recent American History: An Interview with Larry Friedman
(2010)
Spremna beseda
(2010)
A partir de los drásticos cambios introducidos a la terapéutica contemporánea han iniciado por necesidad, su replanteamiento, algunos principios filosóficos y sociológicos fundamentales de los métodos de enseñanza y su finalidad en el personal de salud. Este grupo profesional requiere de saber utilizar las nuevas técnicas, herramientas, informática aplicada, etc., a la par de una enseñanza sistematizada de la clínica, donde la ética deviene indispensable para una adecuada estructuración. Se describe la importancia de la ética, sus antecedentes {corpus hippocraticum) y utilidad práctica en la clínica diaria, así como las expectativas de pacientes y personal de salud respecto al acto profesional, para destacar el carácter formal del profesionalismo que debe tener todo aquel dedicado a la terapéutica de los problemas bio-psicosociales humanos.
Para Fromm existen dos tipos de conciencias, la autoritaria y la humanista; las cuales fungen como legisladores morales, éticos y como sancionadores entre otras cosas; la consciencia autoritaria es la voz de una autoridad externa interiorizada que dicta mandatos y tabús y gobierna mediante la fuerza del temor y de la culpa -este tipo de conciencia la podemos encontrar en el superyó-; se le atribuye el derecho de mandar, recompensar y castigar; en el carácter autoritario encontramos cierta cantidad de sadismo y destructividad que obstaculizan los poderes del hombre. – La conciencia humanista es nuestra propia voz, en tanto seres humanos independientes de sanciones y recompensas externas. Es la voz de nuestro verdadero yo que nos invita a desarrollar las potencialidades humanas.
Este artículo trata de la destructividad humana, a través de una revisión teórica de diversos autores, la idea de este escrito es ligarla a algunos fenómenos sociales que estamos viviendo actualmente, la conclusión la tendrá cada uno de ustedes al llegar al final de este artículo. Aparte de de las acotaciones personales que haré referente al tema y revisión de algunos temas sociales, principalmente me guiaré de las páginas del libro >Ética y Psicoanálisis< donde Erich Fromm nos habla entre otras cosas de este tema. Siempre se ha hablado de la destructividad humana, ya sea a favor o en contra, desde San Agustín, Lutero, Calvino, Rousseau, Voltaire, Freud, etc. Lo cierto es que el hombre siempre está en pugna entre estas dos polaridades; vida y muerte.
Lacan comenta: >El yo es un sujeto a medias<. El ser humano se compone de una parte consciente en donde entran enjuego todos los fenómenos neurofisiológicos que permiten el saber del sí mismo y del entorno socio-natural que esta alrededor del ser. Por otra parte, se encuentra todo el fenómeno de lo inconsciente, lo que paradójicamente significa no saber del sí mismo. Conciencia (fenómenos neurofisiológicos) e inconsciente (lo existente no conocido por el sujeto) no se encuentran disociados, muy por el contrario; y es el motivo de este trabajo; hay una relación que no puede omitirse. Lenguaje, aprendizaje y memoria, áreas cerebrales y los fenómenos éticos son en sí una totalidad que se fundamenta en la naturaleza del ser.
Global warming – reality or fantasy? Certainly, global warming is a dystopia linked to other catastrophes in human history, such as the Flood and Noah's Ark. Noah's belief in God saved his life and the life of his family. In our time, we need to sustain our belief in the human capacity to cooperate and survive. This is a necessary background when thinking of the future and analysing the border between fantasy and reality, between fear and paranoia, and in the process in which a new worldview takes form.
El Tratado de Hume es una obra que oscila en dos extremos: el constructivo en el que el autor intenta elaborar una ciencia de la naturaleza humana y el escéptico; cuyo blanco es la razón. El impacto de tal actitud filosófica en relación con la ética, dio como resultado algo sugerente ya que ella en primer lugar, no tendrá su fundamento en la razón. En segundo, no será prescriptiva sino descriptiva; pues al formar parte del proyecto original del Tratado que consistió en elaborar una ciencia, Hume como buen newtoniano prefirió observar su objeto de estudio (el hombre) y describirlo, sin censurar, limitar o cambiar el curso de los acontecimientos como un fiel seguidor del método experimental de Newton.
Psychoanalysis is in a somewhat better position in French universities than elsewhere in Europe. Although the situation can at times be difficult, psychoanalysis remains the major reference for students in clinical psychology, both in the adult sector and in that of children and adolescents. This is to some extent related to the setting up of a European interuniversity study group on teaching and research in psychoanalysis and psychopathology (SIUEERPP), which brings together psychoanalyst lecturers (belonging to various schools of thought) in order to defend the ongoing presence of psychoanalysis in training clinical psychologists. Conditions are not quite as good as regards the training of psychiatrists, where it is much more difficult for teaching based on psychoanalysis to survive, even in the few >strongholds< that it still manages to occupy. Things are slightly better in child psychiatry, where the illusion that medication alone is sufficient for treatment is somewhat weaker.
Spinoza considera que la verdadera felicidad es el aumento del poder y de la libertad por medio del deseo de la Naturaleza guiado por su conocimiento adecuado. Para el ser humano, esa libertad es autonomía y autorregulación, pero no nace libre sino esclavo de las pasiones, y la conquista de su libertad implica el dominio sobre las pasiones, no su eliminación ni exclusión. Para comprender la esclavitud de las pasiones y la libertad de las acciones implica, así como para posibilitar el paso de una a otra, Spinoza estudia algunos procesos psicológicos para comprender el papel de la imaginación y del ingenio en el paso de la tristeza que produce la ambición, a la felicidad que produce la piedad.
Ayer y hoy, la decadencia
(2010)
Existe una correlación entre los ideales o convicciones compartidas por el líder y la masa. Aquel no es más que la encarnación y ejecutor de tales convicciones. En el caso del tirano y del genocida se comparten la suprema indiferencia y el desprecio a la vida. Esto generalmente ocurre a nivel inconsciente ya que la apariencia conciente pudiera ser de oposición o desacuerdo a las ideas del líder. Las superestructuras sociales y especialmente los medios de comunicación al servicio del estado y sus intereses, juegan un papel decisivo en el manejo y condicionamiento de la conciencia de las masas. Hitler es el prototipo histórico del genocida, del carácter decadente, que encarnó los ideales o convicciones destructivas de miles de seguidores.
This paper proposes the use of social psychological and philosophical foundations for designing affective technology that promotes the experience of love. The adopted theoretical basis is the concept of productive love, which is heavily based on Enrich Fromm but also includes theories and scientific findings of numerous psychoanalysts, social psychologists, and philosophers. We conducted a review of the theory about the nature of love and found that social psychological and philosophical approaches differ regarding peoples' understandings. The findings were used to elaborate eight principles of productive love. Based on these principles, we derived criteria for designing affective technology when the objective is to promote productive love. We reviewed the existent studies on affective technologies and implemented the criteria into a system design, the Pictures' Call. A prototype of the system was pretested to illustrate how productive love technology could be based on established criteria.
Vergesellschaftung im Schulbetrieb. Zur schulischen Reproduktion des Gesellschafts-Charakters
(2010)
Lebendiges Lernen mit Texten von Erich Fromm. Anregungen und Vorschläge für die Arbeit in Gruppen
(2010)
Seminario su, A un anno dalla scomparsa. Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, Napoli. 11 pp.
(2010)
This article presents the evolution of a face-to-face analysis of a severely disturbed 16-year-old girl. In the first part of the analysis, communication was mainly at a nonverbal level, via gestures, body movements, gaze, long silences and the coded language of dreams without associations. The importance of listening is stressed, including a >hearing with eyes,< in order to attune to presymbolic levels of the patient's psychic organization and to gather preverbal elements of her subjective expression. The analytic device is considered as a transformation system through which unconscious somatopsychic processes – sensorial, emotional and protomental states – acquire the quality of representability. In the final phase of the analysis, thanks to her acquired capacity to narrate, relive and work through what had been enacted in the relationship and what had been discarded, repeated and transformed in dreams, the patient succeeded in revealing and signifying her internal experience in the context of the transference. The author is confident that the introjection of the analytic experience and the elaboration of the separation from the analyst will further modify, in the post-analysis, the traumatic memory of the death of the patient's mother, which is repeated in the transference at the end of the analysis.
The fruitful philosophical thought of Erich Fromm reaching into the onto¬logical secrets of man’s native guaranteed essence by duality of possession and being in their dialectic opposition is important and yet sufficiently unexplored source of value paradigms of the social work science. Fromm’s thought opens up for the humanities of social work the issues of human totality and to him immanent existential teleology the aspects of which are practically met on a daily basis by social workers without them being aware of it. In that context social work (spontaneous through professional one) presents a particular type of prevailing/existing asceticism (self-abnegation) in which historical- civili¬zation roots have settled the principles of activity self-creation, inter-humanitarian sharing, commonness, mutuality, solidarity and love as pivotal bases of existential sense and joy.