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This is a review article of the following five recent studies on populism: 1) Ruth Wodak’s The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean (Sage, 2015); 2) Benjamin Moffitt’s The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style and Representation (Stanford University Press, 2016); 3) Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser’s Populism: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press, 2017); 4) Jan-Werner Müller’s What is Populism? (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016); and 5) John B. Judis’ The Populist Explosion: How the Great Recession Transformed American and European Politics (Columbia Global Reports, 2016). The review argues for a return to early Frankfurt School Critical Theory to address some of the shortcomings of these studies.
The tripod of terrorism
(2017)
Violent attacks against innocent civilians occurring on an everyday and global basis have intensified the discourse on terrorism. However, like pornography, terrorism seems readily recognizable but hard to define. The designation is applied to the destructive acts of religious zealots, mentally unstable individuals, terror-inducing despots, separatist militia, and, at times, even legitimate freedom fighters. Ordinary language fails to define terrorism’s nosological circumference and is itself defiled in the process. While acknowledging this denotational conundrum, this paper will propose that the origins of the current mayhem by the radicalized few reside in three geopolitical realms. These include the long shadow of colonialism, the hypocrisy and violence of certain Western foreign policies, and some fundamental problems in the societies that form the crucible of such rage. As a result, ameliorative strategies need to be directed at (and require the collaboration of) all three parties at the root of this tragic and bloody scenario.
Bu çalışmada, sosyal bilimler alanında yeni olan ama gittikçe önemi artan sosyal sermaye kavramının Fromm düşüncesindeki yeri gösterilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Böylece, sosyal sermaye üzerine; henüz yeterli olmayan literatürün zenginliğinin oluşmasında mütevazı bir katkı yapmayı başarmak amaçlanmaktadır. Fromm, >sağlıklı toplum< analizini ortaya koyarken toplumun akıl sağlığının en önemli göstergelerinden birini, bu ilişki ve iletişim bağlarının varlığı ya da yokluğuna bağlamaktadır. Özellikle >yabancılaşma< kavramına yaptığı atıflar ve modern toplumlarda bireylerin ürettiklerine bizzat dahil olamamaları ile ortaya çıkan anomik durumun ürettiği iletişim sorunlarına değinir. Fromm’a göre, >sosyal sermaye< açısından değerlendirilebilecek ikinci husus da toplumu oluşturan bireylerin akıl sağlığını koruyan dini, vicdani ve ahlaki değerlerin varlığını sürdürerek bir dayanışma ve yardımlaşma duygusu üretmesidir. Buna göre sevgi, güven, dayanışma gibi iletişim biçimleri toplumun akıl sağlığını olumlu anlamda sosyal bir sermayeye evrilten dinamiklerdir.
Fromm, Marx y humanismo
(2017)
Los primeros trabajos de Fromm en los que vincula a Marx y Freud como parte de la Escuela de Frankfurt han recibido una atención desmesurada, mientras que sus trabajos posteriores interpretando a Marx como un humanista, un pensador democrático y antitotalitario, han recibido poca atención en las últimas décadas. Esta ponencia va a analizar obras como Marx’s Concept of Man (1961b) y Socialist Humanism (1965a) en términos de su contexto, su impacto y las controversias que provocaron entre liberales de la Guerra Fría, como Sidney Hook y el joven Richard Bernstein. También se analizan las diferencias entre Fromm y Marcuse respecto del humanismo. Asimismo, esta ponencia examina la correspondencia de Fromm con la marxista feminista y humanista Raya Dunayevskaya y sus relaciones con los disidentes marxistas de la Europa del Este. El diálogo persistente de Fromm con Marx durante las dos últimas décadas de su vida tuvo un fuerte impacto sobre la generación de la década de 1960 y posteriores. En esta época en que la crisis del capitalismo está provocando un nuevo interés en Marx tras el colapso de la Unión Soviética, Fromm también nos habla hoy en día.
Rock-A-Bye Baby
(2017)
Isu kebhinekaan atau keberagaman akhir-akhir ini diserukan kembali oleh orang-orang yang dianggap tokoh atau menokohkan diri dalam kehidupan masyarakat Indonesia. Pengangkatan kembali isu-isu tersebut bisa dimaklumi karena akhir-akhir ini tindakan-tindakan yang mengarah pada radikalisme muncul di berbagai tempat di Indonesia. Artinya, terdapatnya kelompok masyarakat yang anti kebhinekaan (tidak terang-terangan) itu pernah muncul pada masa-masa sebelumnya tetapi frekuensinya tidak sebanyak yang terjadi pada akhir-akhir ini. Bukan tidak mungkin gerakan-gerakan tersembunyi seperti itu membahayakan keutuhan negara. Tokoh panutan-kharismatis yang mengedepankan kebhinekaan demi keutuhan negara selalu dibutuhkan agar masyarakat Indonesia terbebas dari kekacauan yang disebabkan oleh sara (suku, agama dan ras).
How can some classical Freudian concepts such as defense, transference, infantile sexuality, and the role of the body ego and superego in the first year of life be applied to help the analyst working with parent–infant dyads? The case of a newborn that could not look at her mother, who did not feel empathy towards this child conceived as a result of an egg donation, was understood using Winnicott’s notion of early superego and the lack of libidinal pleasure. The notion of defenses towards primitive anxiety and the role of unconscious maternal functioning were helpful in helping the child as well as the parents to regulate their interactions.
La relación del hombre con el trabajo es una problemática transversal a la historia humana, la deformación que ha atravesado esta actividad en los modos de producción que el hombre ha creado, hacen del contexto un factor determinante que aqueja la vida del hombre. Las relaciones que se establecen en torno al trabajo han sido analizadas y cuestionadas por un sin número de autores sin embargo, la perspectiva de Erich Fromm consigue entablar un diálogo entre dos vertientes teóricas que favorecen este análisis, el Marxsismo y el Psicoanálisis, con el fin de generar una visión más amplia del ser humano y encontrar las soluciones apropiadas al problema de su existencia. En este trabajo se realiza una investigación teórica sobre estos fenómenos individuales y sociales, con el fin de determinar la relación que existe entre la alienación en el trabajo y la constitución de la neurosis como categoría clínica en el marco del sistema capitalista. En este recorrido teórico se encontró que la alienación es la base estructural que determina las condiciones que impone el sistema capitalista sobre el trabajo y sobre los vínculos humanos, dando lugar a que el individuo degenere en una de las patologías psíquicas más comunes en la modernidad, la neurosis.
Mainstream social science has struggled to explain the appeal of suicide terrorism to so many Muslim youths, relying as it does on standard socio-economic indicators and research meant to identify suicidal tendencies. The existential emphasis is missing. This commentary is inspired by the work of clinical psychologist Erich Fromm (1900-1980) and his investigation of the social psychology of modernity, as well as how this intermingles with existential fears related to mortality (death-related fears) and the passage of time (the end of the world or apocalypse). Modernity, explained Fromm, makes one feel small, insignificant and isolated in the larger scheme of things. This demands a violent response, often involving self-sacrifice, to reassert the balance, which allows Islamists to take advantage of death-related anxieties and exaggerate the sense of confrontation with the world through apocalyptic prophecies. Current psychological research on death and studies of terrorism and religious extremism both confirm many of Fromm’s findings and expand on them. In this commentary I argue that the religion of Islam, far from being a source of suicide terrorism, has historically restrained both suicidal tendencies and political violence directed at civilians, but it is the slow yet sure encroachment of modernity that has eroded these theological and communitarian defences. Other problems, such as household politics, gender roles, and theological teachings concerning death likewise feed this process, as documented by Arabic researchers in contexts other than political violence.
Commento alla relazione di Jorge Silva-Garcia. L'infausta, ignorata minaccia della sovrappopolazione
(2017)
Discussion of the paper by Jorge Silva-Garcia. The Ominous, But Ignored, Overpopulation Threat
(2017)
奈保尔是一个关注人类、尤其是后殖民背景下人类的著名作家,是2001年诺贝尔奖的获得者,擅长写作移民文学。他出生在特立尼达,一个先被西班牙、后被英国殖民的国家。他的祖先是印度移民,他主要的学习和写作的生活在英格兰,他被这三种文化强烈影响。小说《毕斯沃斯先生的房子》是奈保尔的杰出作品之一。先前关于奈保尔和他的小说《毕斯沃斯先生的房子》的研究,主要可以分为两个方向。起初,人们主要关心奈保尔的多元文化背景。研究者通过细节来说明移民者在后殖民社会失去了根,独立和自由,生活在较低的社会阶层,所以他们的命运是悲惨的。之后,人们进一步讨论奈保尔笔下的小说人物对失去根基、没有自由和尊重的反抗,研究小说中有哪些细节能表现移民者在殖民地为独立、自由做出的斗争,对根的追寻。在《为自己的人》一书中,弗洛姆提出了对性格比较系统的分析方法的性格取向的分类类型、例子和性格的功能。本文由五个章节组成,运用弗洛姆的性格理论分析主人公毕司沃斯先生的性格,研究毕司沃斯先生的人生经历和大事件对他心理变化的影响,从而促使他在人生不同阶段产生特定的性格取向,从而促使他在面临抉择时,做出符合其性格取向的选择。第一章是简要介绍作者奈保尔、奈保尔的主要写作内容和他的代表作《毕司沃斯先生的房子》,并讨论了本文的理论和现实意义,并介绍了这篇文章的结构。第二章首先对前人关于本小说的研究进行了梳理,介绍了弗洛姆和他的理论系统,接着探讨了弗洛姆的性格理论。第三章主要从三个方面探讨毕司沃斯先生不同人生阶段性格的形成。第一,毕司沃斯先生生存的社会历史环境怎样影响他性格养成。第二,毕司沃斯先生生存的社会经济环境怎样影响他性格养成。第三,在毕司沃斯先生生命的不同阶段他的个人经历怎样影响他的此昂个养成。第四章说明了毕司沃斯先生生命的不同阶段性格倾向类型和功能,分析了每次生命选择的内因,解释性格如何影响毕司沃斯先生争取平等、独立、尊重、自由等行为。第五章是结论部分。生活在不同社会环境中的人们结合个体的不同经历,会形成既定的性格倾向,这些性格倾向会影响人们在生活的每一个阶段的选择。它可以帮助调整和控制人的心理变化,向积极的取向发展,积极主动、有意识地培养积极的性格,从而选择更合适的方式应对社会生活的挑战。未知是恐惧的来源,一旦了解社会生活对人心理产生的影响、了解人的性格,我们便能消除困惑的恐惧,形成健全性格,为社会稳定做出贡献。本文通过运用弗洛姆的性格理论研究毕司沃斯先生性格,发现毕司沃斯先生在他人生的不同阶段有不同的主导性格取向,影响他在不同阶段的选择。在早期阶段,他是受殖民地、移民的家庭背景影响,所以他的主要特点是非生产性的。他父亲死后,当他母亲带他去投靠他的姑姑之后,他的性格取向朝生产性转变,学校和宗教教育经历都对他的生产性性格产生积极影响。性格的研究有其重要性,是社会伦理学研究的真正主题,有助于创造一个健全的社会。
The title of this research is >The Polyamorous Behaviour in 'Detruire, dit-Elle' Novel by Marguerite Duras<. This research analyze about the polyamorous behaviour by the characters. The aim of this research are to describe and explain the polyamorous relationship between Alissa, Max Thor and Stein in >Detruire, dit-elle< novel. Alissa is the wife of Max Thor has the romantic relationship with Stein. However, Max Thor is not questioning that relationship and accept it. The research uses the characterization theory and love theory Fromm. In this research, the writer explains about the important characters in the novel. Then, the writer sorts the events which are considered as the polyamorous behaviour by the characters. The last, the writer analyzes the data and features the erotic love affair by which is done by third character. The result of this research shows that Alissa, Max Thor and Stein are done the polyamorous relationship based on the love concept that is classified as a care attitude (attention) intimacy and physical closeness factors.
Principal objective of this work is to illustrate the clinical usefulness of confrontations in the initial interview. Balint, Kernberg, Sullivan, Fromm-Reichmann are the authors, among many of them, who pointed out importance of the initial interview and the consequences of the interview for the future psychotherapeutic work. Initial interview represents two persons; therapist and person who needs help who meet for the first time and do not know anything about each other. Interaction between therapist and the patient through communication is a major source of information about potential patient in the initial interview. The nature of disorder, capacity of motivation for psychotherapy can be evaluated in the current interaction with the person who needs help. Confrontation is a routine technique in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy, unilateral and potentially dangerous, especially when working alliance is not established and that is the case in the initial interview. Purpose of confrontation in the initial interview is to collect information about patient, his psychopathology, his structural personality features, presence of defensive operations, capacity and motivations to work and what kind of psychotherapy is best suited for him. Confrontation can be very harmful so it requires tact, patience and timing. Incorrect use of confrontations which are poorly conceptualized, premature could stop the flow of the material, make sense of chaos in the interview, increasing anxiety and risk the possibility of leaving interview.
Numerous veterans have observed that one does not heal from war, but rather one learns to surrender to the complicated losses that wartime experiences bring. Veterans have pushed back against stereotyped images of themselves as heroes, victims, or perpetrators. Many have challenged the implications of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a diagnosis, as well as the effectiveness of evidence-based treatment procedures for PTSD. Work emerging from the Veterans’ Art Movement by a poet, a photographer, and a >Combat Paper< maker will be discussed in relation to the tasks of mourning, reparation, and formation of postwar narratives. The work of these veterans offers useful insights into the psychosocial implications of unresolvable traumatic loss, as well as detailed strategies for the creation of therapeutic mourning spaces. Through a variety of artistic practices, veterans have created opportunities to transform themselves and their communities from mere bystanders to attuned witnesses of the dire consequences of war. Their work calls our attention to the therapeutic actions of aesthetic representation and art-making in the communalization of war trauma. Additionally, they expand our understanding of art practices for the identification of postwar losses and the working-through of moral injury.
近年来,在社会主义核心价值观的教育引领下,大学生思想状况的主流是积极、健康、向上的,普遍具有较强的社会责任感。但是,有关大学生社会责任感缺失或者淡化的报道也屡见报端,同样引起社会的广泛关注,如>云南大学学生马加爵杀害4名同学事件<、>复旦大学研究生饮水机投毒事件<、>5•8中南大学杀人事件<等等,诸多事件表明,个别大学生社会责任感不强,有的甚至严重缺乏社会责任感。这些问题虽然出现在少数大学生身上,但其影响却很大,需要引起高度重视。高校是培养人才的摇篮,是传播精神文明、传承先进文化的阵地,承担着创新知识、培养人才和服务社会的三大任务,同时也肩负着培养大学生社会责任感的重任。本论文首先以杜威的实用主义德育理论、弗洛姆的责任心理学及蒂里希的责任伦理学作为大学生社会责任感生成的相关理论依据,对大学生社会责任感的相关概念作出准确界定和科学概括;通过对大学生的历史责任感的考察,找出大学生社会责任感历史沿革的规律性,分析阐述提高大学生社会责任感的重要意义;同时,以调查问卷的统计结果为依据,通过实地调查对大学生社会责任感的现状进行了解,深入分析当今大学生社会责任感方面存在的问题以及高校社会责任感教育存在的问题,并阐述了产生问题的原因;最后,从立德树人、教学改革、实践养成、文化建设以及过程评价等方面提出培育大学生社会责任感的策略。
Liebe im Konsumkapitalismus (Springer Essentials), Wiesbaden (Springer Fachmedien) 2017, 49 pp.
(2017)
Esta ponencia presenta algunos aspectos de la psicología social analítica de Fromm que pueden relacionarse con el capitalismo de consumo. En vista de los límites a su crecimiento, las consecuencias destructivas del estilo de vida consumista son cada vez más evidentes. Un consumo sano es algo que debemos practicar. Este nuevo consumo fomentaría un desarrollo sostenible como contrapeso a la tendencia que mercantiliza al consumista y el mundo. El planteamiento del carácter social describe la adaptación social de los poderes psíquicos del hombre a las necesidades económicas. En la actualidad, ese proceso adaptativo ha transformado la educación y el aprendizaje, creando estudiantes que pueden ser usados fácilmente por el sistema económico y que habrán de ser consumistas perfectos. Para acortar una vida potencialmente sin sentido, la producción y el consumo deben limitarse y recortarse a un nivel razonable. Más personas deben cambiar su forma de vida. La propuesta de Erich Fromm presenta razones por las cuales el consumismo es un callejón sin salida para el desarrollo humano y plantea soluciones salvadoras que implican cambiar nuestros sistemas educativos.
Decades of psychoanalytic developmental studies on children one year of age and under point to the need for maternal soothing when the infant is crying. Contrary to behavioral theorists who recommend letting the infant >cry it out,< data from analytically informed researchers of very different orientations converge on the conclusion that rocking, feeding, and/or verbal soothing by the mothering figure are requisite to set the stage for good mental health during the rest of the child’s development.
Mentalization defines the capacity to attribute mental states such as desires and beliefs to others and to understand that these can differ from our own. Such a capacity can be compromised in several psychiatric conditions and is the main target of many types of psychotherapy. Here we propose a theoretic model in which mentalization is achieved through a process we have termed >alphabetization< of the emotions. In this model, the patient–analyst relationship is observed within the analytic field so that all the communications of the patient and/or the analyst can be considered as >dreams< narrating the emotional >climate< of the field itself. Both the analyst and the patient contribute to the generation of the >climate,< and the analyst’s role is to promote the patient’s capacity to convert the unknown sensations into >dreams< or stories so as to make the emotional experience symbolized and meaningful.
The initiator of the conference and (together with Sophie de Mijolla-Mellor) conference co-chair, Harold Blum, introduces the objectives of the interdisciplinary and psychoanalytic conference on >Parent–Infant Disturbance: Theory and Therapy.< In the epilogue, the author brings up the coincident Paris terrorist attack of November 13, 2015 – the first day of this two-day conference.
The mother’s intrapsychic mental representation of her infant begins before pregnancy and is modified during pregnancy and thereafter. Parents have conscious expectations and unconscious fantasies about their infant, which are all too often not consistent with reality. Early intervention in infant–parent disturbances is important for repair of the relationship and prevention of later pathogenic development. A clinical example of a mother’s unconscious ambivalent mental representations of her infant is presented.